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Part 4 – Chapter nine (第九章)

探索《格列佛游记》第9章,包含英文原文、简体中文翻译、详细的雅思词汇和解释,以及英文原版音频。聆听并提高阅读技能。

英文原文
翻译
雅思词汇 (ZH-CN)
🔊 A grand debate at the general assembly of the Houyhnhnms, and how it was determined. The learning of the Houyhnhnms. Their buildings. Their manner of burials. The defectiveness of their language.

在慧骃国民大会上进行了一场大辩论,以及它是如何被决定的。慧骃的学识。他们的建筑。他们的葬礼方式。他们语言的缺陷。

🔊
grand /ɡrænd/
adj. 宏伟的;盛大的;重要的
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debate /dɪˈbeɪt/
n. 辩论;争论
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assembly /əˈsembli/
n. 集会;议会
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determined /dɪˈtɜːrmɪnd/
adj. 决定的;坚定的
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defectiveness /dɪˈfektɪvnəs/
n. 缺陷;不完善

在我那个时代,大约在我离开前三个月,举行了一次这样的大会,我的主人作为我们地区的代表前往。在这次会议上,他们重新开始了旧日的辩论,实际上也是他们国家有史以来唯一发生过的辩论;我主人回来后,非常详细地向我讲述了这件事。

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departure /dɪˈpɑːrtʃər/
n. 离开;出发
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representative /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/
n. 代表
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district /ˈdɪstrɪkt/
n. 地区;行政区
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council /ˈkaʊnsl/
n. 委员会;议会
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resumed /rɪˈzuːmd/
v. 重新开始;继续
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account /əˈkaʊnt/
n. 叙述;账户
🔊 The question to be debated was, "whether the Yahoos should be exterminated from the face of the earth?" One of the members for the affirmative offered several arguments of great strength and weight, alleging, "that as the Yahoos were the most filthy, noisome, and deformed animals which nature ever produced, so they were the most restive and indocible, mischievous and malicious; they would privately suck the teats of the Houyhnhnms' cows, kill and devour their cats, trample down their oats and grass, if they were not continually watched, and commit a thousand other extravagancies." He took notice of a general tradition, "that Yahoos had not been always in their country; but that many ages ago, two of these brutes appeared together upon a mountain; whether produced by the heat of the sun upon corrupted mud and slime, or from the ooze and froth of the sea, was never known; that these Yahoos engendered, and their brood, in a short time, grew so numerous as to overrun and infest the whole nation; that the Houyhnhnms, to get rid of this evil, made a general hunting, and at last enclosed the whole herd; and destroying the elder, every Houyhnhnm kept two young ones in a kennel, and brought them to such a degree of tameness, as an animal, so savage by nature, can be capable of acquiring, using them for draught and carriage; that there seemed to be much truth in this tradition, and that those creatures could not be yinhniamshy (or aborigines of the land), because of the violent hatred the Houyhnhnms, as well as all other animals, bore them, which, although their evil disposition sufficiently deserved, could never have arrived at so high a degree if they had been aborigines, or else they would have long since been rooted out; that the inhabitants, taking a fancy to use the service of the Yahoos, had, very imprudently, neglected to cultivate the breed of asses, which are a comely animal, easily kept, more tame and orderly, without any offensive smell, strong enough for labour, although they yield to the other in agility of body, and if their braying be no agreeable sound, it is far preferable to the horrible howlings of the Yahoos."

将要辩论的问题是:“是否应将耶胡从地面上消灭?”一位持赞成意见的议员提出了几条强有力的论据,声称:“耶胡是自然界所产生的最肮脏、最令人作呕、最畸形的动物,也是最桀骜不驯、最难调教、最恶毒、最作恶的;如果不对它们严加看管,它们会偷偷吸吮慧骃母牛的乳头,杀死并吃掉慧骃的猫,践踏燕麦和草地,还会做出上千种其他荒唐事。”他提到一个普通的传说:“耶胡并非一直存在于这个国家;而是在许多世纪以前,有两头这样的畜生同时出现在一座山上;它们是由太阳的热力作用于腐烂的泥土和污泥而生,还是从海洋的淤泥和泡沫中产生,从未有人知晓;这些耶胡繁殖后代,他们的后代在短时间内数量激增,以至于遍布并侵扰了整个国家;慧骃为了摆脱这一祸患,进行了一次大规模狩猎,最终将整个畜群围困起来;杀死年老的耶胡,每一个慧骃都养着两只幼崽在圈里,将它们驯化到这种天性野蛮的动物所能达到的程度,并用它们来拉车和搬运;这个传说似乎很有道理,而且这些生物不可能是 yinhniamshy(即这片土地上的土著),因为慧骃以及所有其他动物对它们怀有强烈的憎恨,虽然它们邪恶的品性足以招致这种憎恨,但如果它们是土著,这种憎恨不可能达到如此高的程度,否则它们早就被根除了;居民们由于喜欢使用耶胡的服务,非常不谨慎地忽略了驴子的繁殖,而驴子是一种外表体面的动物,易于饲养,更温顺有序,没有难闻的气味,力气足以承担劳动,虽然在身体敏捷方面不如耶胡,而且即使驴叫不那么悦耳,也比耶胡可怕的嚎叫要动听得多。”

🔊
exterminated /ɪkˈstɜːrmɪneɪtɪd/
v. 消灭;根除
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affirmative /əˈfɜːrmətɪv/
n. 肯定方;赞成者
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deformed /dɪˈfɔːrmd/
adj. 畸形的;丑陋的
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mischievous /ˈmɪstʃɪvəs/
adj. 恶作剧的;有害的
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malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/
adj. 恶毒的;恶意的
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devour /dɪˈvaʊər/
v. 吞食;毁灭
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trample /ˈtræmpl/
v. 踩踏;践踏
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tradition /trəˈdɪʃn/
n. 传统;传说
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savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/
adj. 野蛮的;凶猛的
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cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/
v. 培养;耕作
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breed /briːd/
n. 品种;种类
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agility /əˈdʒɪləti/
n. 敏捷;灵活
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braying /ˈbreɪɪŋ/
n. (驴的)叫声;粗嘎的声音
🔊 Several others declared their sentiments to the same purpose, when my master proposed an expedient to the assembly, whereof he had indeed borrowed the hint from me. "He approved of the tradition mentioned by the honourable member who spoke before, and affirmed, that the two Yahoos said to be seen first among them, had been driven thither over the sea; that coming to land, and being forsaken by their companions, they retired to the mountains, and degenerating by degrees, became in process of time much more savage than those of their own species in the country whence these two originals came. The reason of this assertion was, that he had now in his possession a certain wonderful Yahoo (meaning myself) which most of them had heard of, and many of them had seen. He then related to them how he first found me; that my body was all covered with an artificial composure of the skins and hairs of other animals; that I spoke in a language of my own, and had thoroughly learned theirs; that I had related to him the accidents which brought me thither; that when he saw me without my covering, I was an exact Yahoo in every part, only of a whiter colour, less hairy, and with shorter claws. He added, how I had endeavoured to persuade him, that in my own and other countries, the Yahoos acted as the governing, rational animal, and held the Houyhnhnms in servitude; that he observed in me all the qualities of a Yahoo, only a little more civilized by some tincture of reason, which, however, was in a degree as far inferior to the Houyhnhnm race, as the Yahoos of their country were to me; that, among other things, I mentioned a custom we had of castrating Houyhnhnms when they were young, in order to render them tame; that the operation was easy and safe; that it was no shame to learn wisdom from brutes, as industry is taught by the ant, and building by the swallow (for so I translate the word lyhannh, although it be a much larger fowl); that this invention might be practised upon the younger Yahoos here, which besides rendering them tractable and fitter for use, would in an age put an end to the whole species, without destroying life; that in the mean time the Houyhnhnms should be exhorted to cultivate the breed of asses, which, as they are in all respects more valuable brutes, so they have this advantage, to be fit for service at five years old, which the others are not till twelve."

另有几位议员表达了同样的意见,这时我的主人向大会提出一个权宜之计,他其实是从我这里得到的启发。“他赞成前面那位尊敬的议员提到的传说,并断言,据说最初出现在他们当中的那两只耶胡,是被海流驱赶到那里的;它们登陆后,被同伴抛弃,于是退入山中,逐渐退化,最终变得比它们原产地的那类耶胡更为野蛮。他这样断言的理由是,他现在拥有一个奇特的耶胡(指我自己),他们中的大多数人都听说过,许多人还见过。然后他向他们讲述了他最初发现我的经过:我的全身被其他动物的皮毛制成的奇怪外衣覆盖着;我说着一种自己的语言,并且已经完全学会了他们的语言;我曾向他讲述过使我来到这里的意外事件;当他看到我脱下外衣时,我完全是一个地道的耶胡,只是肤色更白,毛发更少,爪子更短。他接着说,我曾极力说服他,在我的国家和别的国家,耶胡是统治的、理性的动物,而慧骃则处于被奴役的地位;他观察到,我身上具有耶胡的一切特质,只是由于沾染了一点理性而稍微文明一些,然而这种理性在程度上远低于慧骃种族,就像他们国家的耶胡对于我一样;除此之外,我还提到我们的一种习俗,即在慧骃幼年时对其进行阉割,以使其驯服;这种手术简单而安全;向畜生学习智慧并不丢脸,正如蚂蚁教我们勤劳,燕子教我们建筑(我是这样翻译lyhannh这个词的,虽然它是一种体型更大的禽鸟);这种办法可以应用于这里的年轻耶胡身上,除了使它们变得温顺、更适合使用外,还能在一代人的时间内使整个物种灭绝,而不伤害生命;同时,应劝导慧骃繁殖驴子,因为驴子在各方面都是更有价值的畜生,而且还有一个优点,即五岁时就能服役,而耶胡要到十二岁才行。”

🔊
expedient /ɪkˈspiːdiənt/
n. 权宜之计;应急办法
🔊
artificial /ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃl/
adj. 人造的;虚假的
🔊
rational /ˈræʃnəl/
adj. 理性的;合理的
🔊
inferior /ɪnˈfɪriər/
adj. 下等的;劣等的
🔊
castrating /ˈkæstreɪtɪŋ/
v. 阉割(castrate的现在分词)
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tractable /ˈtræktəbl/
adj. 易处理的;温顺的
🔊
valuable /ˈvæljuəbl/
adj. 有价值的;宝贵的

这就是我的主人在当时认为适合告诉我的关于大议会情况的一切。但他却有意隐瞒了一个与我自己有关的细节,我很快就感受到了其不幸的后果,正如读者将在适当的地方得知的那样,我此后生活中的所有不幸都源于此。

🔊
conceal /kənˈsiːl/
v. 隐藏;隐瞒
🔊
misfortunes /mɪsˈfɔːrtʃuːnz/
n. 不幸;灾难(misfortune的复数)

慧骃没有文字,因此他们的知识都是口口相传的。但是,在一个如此团结、天生倾向于一切美德、完全受理性支配、并与所有其他国家隔绝的民族中,重大事件很少发生,因此历史部分很容易保存而不会加重他们的记忆负担。我已经观察到,他们不会生病,因此不需要医生。不过,他们有用草药制成的良药,可以治疗因锋利石头造成的脚踝或蹄叉偶然擦伤和割伤,以及身体其他部位的各种伤残和伤痛。

🔊
traditional /trəˈdɪʃənl/
adj. 传统的
🔊
commerce /ˈkɑːmɜːrs/
n. 商业;贸易
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physicians /fɪˈzɪʃnz/
n. 医生(physician的复数)
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medicines /ˈmedɪsɪnz/
n. 药物(medicine的复数)
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bruises /ˈbruːzɪz/
n. 淤青;擦伤(bruise的复数)
🔊
pastern /ˈpæstɜːrn/
n. (四足动物的)趾骨部分(尤指马匹的管部)

他们根据太阳和月亮的运行来计算年份,但没有进一步细分为星期。他们很熟悉这两个天体的运动,并且了解日食和月食的性质;这便是他们天文学的最高成就。在诗歌方面,必须承认他们胜过所有其他凡人;他们比喻的恰当、描写的细腻和精确,确实无人能及。他们的诗句大量运用这两种手法,通常包含要么关于友谊和仁慈的崇高思想,要么赞扬在赛跑和其他身体锻炼中获胜的人。他们的建筑虽然非常简陋,但并非不便,而是精心设计以抵御冷热伤害。他们有一种树,到四十岁时根部松动,在第一场暴风雨中倒下:这种树长得非常直,他们用尖石头(因为慧骃不知道使用铁)将其削尖如桩,然后竖直插入地面,相隔约十英寸,再用燕麦秸秆(有时用枝条)编织其间。屋顶也是同样做法,门也是如此。

🔊
calculate /ˈkælkjuleɪt/
v. 计算;推算
🔊
revolution /ˌrevəˈluːʃn/
n. 革命;旋转;运行
🔊
astronomy /əˈstrɑːnəmi/
n. 天文学
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poetry /ˈpoʊətri/
n. 诗歌
🔊
inimitable /ɪˈnɪmɪtəbl/
adj. 无可比拟的;独特的
🔊
benevolence /bəˈnevələns/
n. 仁慈;善行
🔊
victors /ˈvɪktərz/
n. 胜利者(victor的复数)

慧骃使用前蹄的脚踝和蹄子之间的凹陷部分,就像我们使用手一样,而且其灵巧程度超乎我最初的想象。我曾见过我们家族的一匹白色母马用那个关节穿针(我特意借给她的)。她们挤牛奶、收割燕麦,以及做所有需要手的工作,都采用同样的方式。他们有一种坚硬的燧石,通过与其他石头摩擦,制成工具,用来代替楔子、斧头和锤子。用这些燧石制成的工具,他们割干草、收割燕麦--燕麦在几块田里天然生长;耶胡用车子把禾束拉回家,仆人们在某些有遮盖的小屋里踩踏禾束以脱粒,然后储存起来。他们制作粗糙的陶器和木器,陶器在太阳下晒干。

🔊
dexterity /dekˈsterəti/
n. 灵巧;熟练
🔊
instruments /ˈɪnstrʊmənts/
n. 工具;乐器(instrument的复数)
🔊
wedges /ˈwedʒɪz/
n. 楔子(wedge的复数)
🔊
sheaves /ʃiːvz/
n. 捆(sheaf的复数);束
🔊
tread /tred/
v. 踩踏;行走
🔊
earthen /ˈɜːrθən/
adj. 土制的;陶制的

如果他们能避免意外,他们只死于衰老,并且被埋葬在能找到的最隐蔽的地方,他们的朋友和亲属对他们的离世既不表示喜悦也不表示悲伤;临终者也不会表现出丝毫的留恋,就像他只是去邻居家拜访后回家一样。我记得我的主人有一次与一位朋友及其家人约定,因要事来他家:到了约定的那天,那位女主人和她的两个孩子来得非常晚;她提出了两个理由,首先是关于她的丈夫,她说,他正好在那天早晨“shnuwnh”了。那个词在他们的语言里含义强烈,但不容易译成英文;它意指“回到最初的母亲那里”。她迟到的第二个理由是,她的丈夫在当天上午晚些时候去世了,她花了好一会儿与仆人们商量一个合适的地方安放他的尸体;我注意到,她在我家表现得和其他人一样愉快。她大约三个月后也去世了。

🔊
casualties /ˈkæʒuəltiz/
n. 伤亡人数;事故(casualty的复数)
🔊
obscurest /əbˈskjʊrɪst/
adj. 最偏僻的;最隐蔽的(obscure的最高级)
🔊
grief /ɡriːf/
n. 悲伤;悲痛
🔊
expressive /ɪkˈspresɪv/
adj. 表达的;富有表现力的
🔊
signifies /ˈsɪɡnɪfaɪz/
v. 表示;意味着(signify的第三人称单数)

他们一般活到七十或七十五岁,很少活到八十。临终前几周,他们会感到逐渐衰弱,但没有痛苦。这段时间里,他们的朋友频繁来访,因为他们不能像往常一样轻松愉快地外出了。然而,大约在去世前十天(他们很少计算错误),他们会回访那些最近邻的来访者,乘坐由耶胡拉的适宜雪橇;这种交通工具不仅用于这种场合,也用于年老时长途旅行,或因意外致残时;因此,临终的慧骃回访时,会庄严地向朋友们告别,仿佛要前往某个遥远的地区,并在那里度过余生。

🔊
seldom /ˈseldəm/
adv. 很少;不常
🔊
fourscore /ˈfɔːrskɔːr/
n. 八十(古语)
🔊
decay /dɪˈkeɪ/
n. 衰退;腐烂
🔊
computing /kəmˈpjuːtɪŋ/
v. 计算(compute的现在分词)
🔊
sledge /sledʒ/
n. 雪橇;滑板
🔊
solemn /ˈsɑːləm/
adj. 庄严的;郑重的
🔊
remote /rɪˈmoʊt/
adj. 遥远的;偏僻的

我不知道是否值得指出,慧骃的语言中没有表达任何邪恶事物的词语,除非借用耶胡的畸形或恶劣品质。因此,他们表示仆人的愚蠢、孩子的疏忽、割伤脚的石头、持续恶劣或不合时令的天气等等,都在每个词后面加上“耶胡”这个修饰语。例如,hhnm 耶胡;whnaholm 耶胡;ynlhmndwihlma 耶胡;以及一所设计糟糕的房子 ynholmhnmrohlnw 耶胡。我很乐意进一步详述这个优秀民族的习俗和美德;但我打算在短时间内单独出版一本专门论述该主题的书,请读者参阅那本书;同时,我继续讲述自己悲惨的结局。

🔊
deformities /dɪˈfɔːrmətiz/
n. 畸形;缺陷(deformity的复数)
🔊
denote /dɪˈnoʊt/
v. 表示;指示
🔊
folly /ˈfɑːli/
n. 愚蠢;蠢事
🔊
omission /əˈmɪʃn/
n. 遗漏;疏忽
🔊
foul /faʊl/
adj. 污秽的;恶劣的
🔊
unseasonable /ʌnˈsiːzənəbl/
adj. 不合时令的;不合时宜的
🔊
epithet /ˈepɪθet/
n. 绰号;称号;修饰语
🔊
catastrophe /kəˈtæstrəfi/
n. 灾难;大祸
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翻译与词汇解析由 Learn-en.org 英语教研组 资深专家提供,
基于权威英语语料库及文学译本审校,适用于雅思/学术英语深度研读。