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Book Thirteen: 1812 – Chapter one (第一章)

探索《战争与和平》第1章,包含英文原文、简体中文翻译、详细的雅思词汇与解释,以及英文原版音频。聆听并提升您的阅读技能。

英文原文
翻译
雅思词汇 (ZH-CN)
🔊 Man's mind cannot grasp the causes of events in their completeness, but the desire to find those causes is implanted in man's soul. And without considering the multiplicity and complexity of the conditions any one of which taken separately may seem to be the cause, he snatches at the first approximation to a cause that seems to him intelligible and says: "This is the cause!" In historical events (where the actions of men are the subject of observation) the first and most primitive approximation to present itself was the will of the gods and, after that, the will of those who stood in the most prominent position--the heroes of history. But we need only penetrate to the essence of any historic event--which lies in the activity of the general mass of men who take part in it--to be convinced that the will of the historic hero does not control the actions of the mass but is itself continually controlled. It may seem to be a matter of indifference whether we understand the meaning of historical events this way or that; yet there is the same difference between a man who says that the people of the West moved on the East because Napoleon wished it and a man who says that this happened because it had to happen, as there is between those who declared that the earth was stationary and that the planets moved round it and those who admitted that they did not know what upheld the earth, but knew there were laws directing its movement and that of the other planets. There is, and can be, no cause of an historical event except the one cause of all causes. But there are laws directing events, and some of these laws are known to us while we are conscious of others we cannot comprehend. The discovery of these laws is only possible when we have quite abandoned the attempt to find the cause in the will of some one man, just as the discovery of the laws of the motion of the planets was possible only when men abandoned the conception of the fixity of the earth.

人的心智无法完全把握事件的原因,但探寻这些原因的欲望却根植于人的灵魂。人们不去考虑那些各自分开看似原因的条件的多样性和复杂性,而是抓住第一个他觉得可以理解的近似原因,说道:“这就是原因!”在历史事件中(当人的行为成为观察对象时),最初、最原始的近似呈现是神祇的意志,之后是那些居于最显赫地位者--历史英雄的意志。然而,我们只需深入任何历史事件的本质--即参与其中的广大群众的行动--就能确信,历史英雄的意志并不能控制群众的行动,反而自身不断被控制。我们这样或那样理解历史事件的意义,似乎无关紧要;但一个说西方人东进是因为拿破仑希望如此的人,与一个说此事发生是因为它必然发生的人之间,其差别正如那些宣称地球静止、行星绕它运行的人,与那些承认不知何物支撑地球、但知道有支配地球及其他行星运动规律的人之间的差别。历史事件除了那万因之因外,没有也不可能有什么原因。但存在支配事件的规律,其中一些我们已知,而另一些我们虽意识到其存在却无法理解。只有当我们完全放弃在某个人的意志中寻找原因的企图时,这些规律的发现才成为可能,正如只有放弃地球固定不动的观念时,行星运动规律的发现才成为可能。

🔊
implanted /ɪmˈplɑːntɪd/
v. 灌输;植入
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multiplicity /ˌmʌltɪˈplɪsəti/
n. 多样性;多重性
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complexity /kəmˈpleksəti/
n. 复杂性
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snatches /ˈsnætʃɪz/
v. 抓住;夺取
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approximation /əˌprɒksɪˈmeɪʃn/
n. 近似;粗略估计
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intelligible /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəbl/
adj. 可理解的;清晰的
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primitive /ˈprɪmətɪv/
adj. 原始的;早期的
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penetrate /ˈpenətreɪt/
v. 穿透;洞察
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essence /ˈesns/
n. 本质;精髓
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convinced /kənˈvɪnst/
adj. 确信的;坚信的
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indifference /ɪnˈdɪfrəns/
n. 漠不关心;冷淡
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stationary /ˈsteɪʃənri/
adj. 静止的;固定的
🔊
admitted /ədˈmɪtɪd/
v. 承认;准许进入
🔊
upheld /ʌpˈheld/
v. 支撑;维持(决定)
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directing /daɪˈrektɪŋ/
v. 指导;导演
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comprehend /ˌkɒmprɪˈhend/
v. 理解;领悟
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abandoned /əˈbændənd/
v. 放弃;抛弃
🔊
conception /kənˈsepʃn/
n. 概念;观念
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fixity /ˈfɪksəti/
n. 固定性;稳定性
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prominent /ˈprɒmɪnənt/
adj. 突出的;显著的
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completeness /kəmˈpliːtnəs/
n. 完整性;完全
🔊 The historians consider that, next to the battle of Borodinó and the occupation of Moscow by the enemy and its destruction by fire, the most important episode of the war of 1812 was the movement of the Russian army from the Ryazána to the Kalúga road and to the Tarútino camp--the so-called flank march across the Krásnaya Pakhrá River. They ascribe the glory of that achievement of genius to different men and dispute as to whom the honor is due. Even foreign historians, including the French, acknowledge the genius of the Russian commanders when they speak of that flank march. But it is hard to understand why military writers, and following them others, consider this flank march to be the profound conception of some one man who saved Russia and destroyed Napoleon. In the first place it is hard to understand where the profundity and genius of this movement lay, for not much mental effort was needed to see that the best position for an army when it is not being attacked is where there are most provisions; and even a dull boy of thirteen could have guessed that the best position for an army after its retreat from Moscow in 1812 was on the Kalúga road. So it is impossible to understand by what reasoning the historians reach the conclusion that this maneuver was a profound one. And it is even more difficult to understand just why they think that this maneuver was calculated to save Russia and destroy the French; for this flank march, had it been preceded, accompanied, or followed by other circumstances, might have proved ruinous to the Russians and salutary for the French. If the position of the Russian army really began to improve from the time of that march, it does not at all follow that the march was the cause of it. That flank march might not only have failed to give any advantage to the Russian army, but might in other circumstances have led to its destruction. What would have happened had Moscow not burned down? If Murat had not lost sight of the Russians? If Napoleon had not remained inactive? If the Russian army at Krásnaya Pakhrá had given battle as Bennigsen and Barclay advised? What would have happened had the French attacked the Russians while they were marching beyond the Pakhrá? What would have happened if on approaching Tarútino, Napoleon had attacked the Russians with but a tenth of the energy he had shown when he attacked them at Smolénsk? What would have happened had the French moved on Petersburg?... In any of these eventualities the flank march that brought salvation might have proved disastrous.

历史学家认为,继博罗季诺战役、敌军占领莫斯科并将其焚毁之后,1812年战争中最重要的一幕是俄军从梁赞向卡卢加大道和塔鲁季诺营地的移动--即所谓的越过红帕赫拉河的侧翼行军。他们将这一天才成就的荣耀归于不同的人,并为荣誉归属而争论不休。甚至外国历史学家,包括法国历史学家,在提及这次侧翼行军时,也承认俄军指挥官的才能。但很难理解为什么军事作家以及随后的其他人,认为这次侧翼行军是某个拯救了俄国并摧毁了拿破仑之人的深谋远虑。首先,很难理解这一行动的深谋远虑和天才之处何在,因为不需要多少脑力就能看出,军队在未受攻击时最佳位置是给养最充足的地方;甚至一个十三岁的愚钝男孩也能猜到,1812年俄军从莫斯科撤退后的最佳位置是在卡卢加大道。因此无法理解历史学家依据何种推理得出结论认为这一机动是深谋远虑的。更难以理解的是,他们为何认为这一机动旨在拯救俄国并摧毁法军;因为如果此侧翼行军前后或同时有其他情况伴随,它可能对俄军是毁灭性的,而对法军是有利的。如果俄军的处境自那次行军后确实开始改善,这绝不意味着行军是其原因。那次侧翼行军不仅可能没有给俄军带来任何好处,而且在其他情况下可能导致其毁灭。假如莫斯科没有被烧毁呢?假如缪拉没有失去俄军踪迹呢?假如拿破仑没有按兵不动呢?假如俄军在红帕赫拉按本尼格森和巴克莱的建议迎战呢?假如法军在俄军行至帕赫拉河彼岸时发起进攻呢?假如拿破仑在接近塔鲁季诺时以他在斯摩棱斯克进攻俄军时十分之一的精力来攻击俄军呢?假如法军向彼得堡推进呢?……在这些可能性中任何一种情况下,那带来拯救的侧翼行军都可能证明是灾难性的。

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episode /ˈepɪsəʊd/
n. 片段;事件;一集
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ascribe /əˈskraɪb/
v. 归因于;归咎于
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acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/
v. 承认;鸣谢
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profound /prəˈfaʊnd/
adj. 深刻的;意义深远的
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profundity /prəˈfʌndəti/
n. 深刻;深奥
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provisions /prəˈvɪʒnz/
n. 供应品;粮食;条款
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maneuver /məˈnuːvər/
n. 策略;机动;演习
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calculated /ˈkælkjuleɪtɪd/
adj. 精心策划的;蓄意的
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preceded /prɪˈsiːdɪd/
v. 领先于;在…之前
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accompanied /əˈkʌmpənid/
v. 陪伴;伴随
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ruinous /ˈruːɪnəs/
adj. 毁灭性的;破坏性的
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salutary /ˈsæljətri/
adj. 有益的;有教益的
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eventualities /ɪˌventʃuˈælətiz/
n. 可能发生的事件;不测事件
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salvation /sælˈveɪʃn/
n. 拯救;救赎
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disastrous /dɪˈzɑːstrəs/
adj. 灾难性的;极糟的
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flank march /flæŋk mɑːrtʃ/
n. 侧翼行军
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so-called /ˌsoʊ ˈkɔːld/
adj. 所谓的;号称的
🔊
commanders /kəˈmɑːndəz/
n. 指挥官;司令官
🔊
occupation /ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn/
n. 占领;职业
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destruction /dɪˈstrʌkʃn/
n. 破坏;毁灭
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genius /ˈdʒiːniəs/
n. 天才;天赋
🔊
circumstances /ˈsɜːkəmstænsɪz/
n. 情况;环境
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advantage /ədˈvæntɪdʒ/
n. 优势;有利条件
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inactive /ɪnˈæktɪv/
adj. 不活跃的;闲置的

第三点,也是最不可理解的一点是,研究历史的人故意回避看到,这次侧翼行军不能归功于任何个人,没有谁曾预见到它,而实际上,如同从菲利撤退一样,它从未完整地出现在任何人脑海中,而是--片刻接着片刻、一步接着一步、一个事件接着一个事件--由无数极其多样的情况所产生,只有在它完成并成为过去后,人们才看到其全貌。

🔊
incomprehensible /ɪnˌkɒmprɪˈhensəbl/
adj. 无法理解的;费解的
🔊
deliberately /dɪˈlɪbərətli/
adv. 故意地;慎重地
🔊
attributed /əˈtrɪbjuːtɪd/
v. 归因于;认为…属于
🔊
foresaw /fɔːrˈsɔː/
v. 预见;预知
🔊
entirety /ɪnˈtaɪərəti/
n. 全部;整体
🔊
resulted /rɪˈzʌltɪd/
v. 导致;产生结果
🔊
diverse /daɪˈvɜːrs/
adj. 多样的;不同的
🔊
accomplished /əˈkʌmplɪʃt/
v. 完成;实现
🔊 At the council at Filí the prevailing thought in the minds of the Russian commanders was the one naturally suggesting itself, namely, a direct retreat by the Nízhni road. In proof of this there is the fact that the majority of the council voted for such a retreat, and above all there is the well-known conversation after the council, between the commander in chief and Lanskóy, who was in charge of the commissariat department. Lanskóy informed the commander in chief that the army supplies were for the most part stored along the Oká in the Túla and Ryazán provinces, and that if they retreated on Nízhni the army would be separated from its supplies by the broad river Oká, which cannot be crossed early in winter. This was the first indication of the necessity of deviating from what had previously seemed the most natural course--a direct retreat on Nízhni-Nóvgorod. The army turned more to the south, along the Ryazán road and nearer to its supplies. Subsequently the inactivity of the French (who even lost sight of the Russian army), concern for the safety of the arsenal at Túla, and especially the advantages of drawing nearer to its supplies caused the army to turn still further south to the Túla road. Having crossed over, by a forced march, to the Túla road beyond the Pakhrá, the Russian commanders intended to remain at Podólsk and had no thought of the Tarútino position; but innumerable circumstances and the reappearance of French troops who had for a time lost touch with the Russians, and projects of giving battle, and above all the abundance of provisions in Kalúga province, obliged our army to turn still more to the south and to cross from the Túla to the Kalúga road and go to Tarútino, which was between the roads along which those supplies lay. Just as it is impossible to say when it was decided to abandon Moscow, so it is impossible to say precisely when, or by whom, it was decided to move to Tarútino. Only when the army had got there, as the result of innumerable and varying forces, did people begin to assure themselves that they had desired this movement and long ago foreseen its result.

在菲利召开的军事会议上,俄军指挥官们心中最自然的想法是沿下诺夫哥罗德公路直接撤退。证明这一点的事实是,大多数与会者投票赞成这样的撤退,尤其是会后总司令与负责军粮部门的兰斯科伊之间的著名谈话。兰斯科伊告知总司令,军队给养大部分储存在奥卡河沿岸的图拉和梁赞省,如果向下诺夫哥罗德撤退,军队将与给养被宽阔的奥卡河隔开,而这条河在初冬无法渡过。这是第一次表明需要偏离先前看似最自然的路线--直接向下诺夫哥罗德撤退。于是军队转向更南边,沿着梁赞大道靠近其给养地。随后,法军的按兵不动(他们甚至失去了俄军踪迹)、对图拉兵工厂安全的担忧,尤其是靠近给养地的优势,促使军队进一步南转至图拉公路。在经过强行军越过帕赫拉河到达图拉公路后,俄军指挥官们本打算留在波多尔斯克,并未想到塔鲁季诺阵地;但无数的情况--一度与俄军失去联系的法军重新出现、交战的计划、尤其是卡卢加省丰富的给养--迫使我们的军队进一步南转,从图拉大道转向卡卢加大道处的十字路口,前往那些给养路线之间的塔鲁季诺阵地。正如无法说出何时决定放弃莫斯科一样,也无法准确说出何时或由谁决定移向塔鲁季诺阵地。只有当军队作为无数不同力量作用的结果到达那里之后,人们才开始相信他们曾渴望这一行动,并早已预见到了其结果。

🔊
prevailing /prɪˈveɪlɪŋ/
adj. 盛行的;占优势的
🔊
council /ˈkaʊnsl/
n. 委员会;议会
🔊
majority /məˈdʒɒrəti/
n. 大多数;多数票
🔊
voted /ˈvəʊtɪd/
v. 投票;表决
🔊
well-known /ˌwel ˈnəʊn/
adj. 众所周知的;著名的
🔊
commissariat /ˌkɒmɪˈseəriæt/
n. 军需部;粮食部门
🔊
indication /ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃn/
n. 指示;迹象
🔊
necessity /nəˈsesəti/
n. 必要性;必需品
🔊
deviating /ˈdiːvieɪtɪŋ/
v. 偏离;脱离
🔊
previously /ˈpriːviəsli/
adv. 先前;以前
🔊
subsequently /ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli/
adv. 随后;后来
🔊
inactivity /ˌɪnækˈtɪvəti/
n. 不活跃;静止
🔊
arsenal /ˈɑːrsənl/
n. 军火库;兵工厂
🔊
advantages /ədˈvæntɪdʒɪz/
n. 优势;有利条件(复数)
🔊
forced march /fɔːrst mɑːrtʃ/
n. 强行军;紧急行军
🔊
innumerable /ɪˈnjuːmərəbl/
adj. 无数的;数不清的
🔊
reappearance /ˌriːəˈpɪərəns/
n. 再次出现;重现
🔊
troops /truːps/
n. 军队;部队
🔊
projects /ˈprɒdʒekts/
n. 项目;计划
🔊
abundance /əˈbʌndəns/
n. 丰富;充裕
🔊
obliged /əˈblaɪdʒd/
v. 迫使;使感激
🔊
precisely /prɪˈsaɪsli/
adv. 精确地;恰好
🔊
foreseen /fɔːrˈsiːn/
v. 预见到(过去分词)
🔊
varying /ˈveərɪɪŋ/
adj. 变化的;不同的
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翻译与词汇解析由 Learn-en.org 英语教研组 资深专家提供,
基于权威英语语料库及文学译本审校,适用于雅思/学术英语深度研读。