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Chapter three: READING (第三章 阅读)

探索《瓦尔登湖》第3章,包含英文原文、简体中文翻译、详细的雅思词汇解析以及英文原声音频。边听边学,提升阅读技巧。

英文原文
翻译
雅思词汇 (ZH-CN)

倘若人们在选择追求时能稍加斟酌,恐怕所有人本质上都会成为学者与观察者,因为所有人的天性与命运,无疑对每个人都同样饶有兴味。我们为自己或子孙积累财富,建立家庭或国家,乃至获取名声,都是行在有朽中;但面对真理,我们获得不朽,无需惧怕任何变迁或意外。最古老的埃及或印度哲人曾掀起神像面纱的一角;如今,那颤动的袍襟依然高悬,我凝视着与他所见同样鲜活的光辉,因为当时那般无畏的正是寓于他之中的我,而此刻审视这一景象的,则是寓于我之中的他。那衣袍未染纤尘;自神性昭示以来,岁月亦未流逝。我们真正改进的时光,或曰可改进的时光,既非过去,亦非现在,更非未来。

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deliberation /dɪˌlɪbəˈreɪʃn/
n. 深思熟虑
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pursuits /pərˈsuːts/
n. 追求
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essentially /ɪˈsenʃəli/
adv. 本质上
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destiny /ˈdestəni/
n. 命运
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accumulating /əˈkjuːmjəleɪtɪŋ/
v. 积累
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posterity /pɒˈsterəti/
n. 后代
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immortal /ɪˈmɔːrtl/
adj. 不朽的
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divinity /dɪˈvɪnəti/
n. 神性
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philosopher /fəˈlɒsəfə(r)/
n. 哲学家
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veil /veɪl/
n. 面纱

我的居所比大学更宜于思索,也更宜于严肃阅读;尽管我身处普通流动图书馆的辐射范围之外,却比以往任何时候都更接近那些环游世界的书籍--它们的句子最初写在树皮上,如今只是被时时誊抄到亚麻纸上。诗人米尔·卡马尔·乌丁·马斯特有言:“端坐,便能遨游灵性世界之疆域;我于书中得益于此。啜饮一杯美酒而陶然;我于畅饮玄妙教义琼浆时,亦体验此等欢愉。”整个夏天,我将《荷马的伊利亚特》置于桌上,尽管我只是偶或翻阅。起初,双手无休止的劳作--我要同时完成房屋的收尾工作和给豆子锄草--使我无法进行更多研读。然而,我凭借未来可作此等阅读的期许支撑着自己。工作的间隙,我读了一两本浅薄的游记,直至那份消遣令我自惭形秽,不禁自问:那么,我究竟生活于何处?

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residence /ˈrezɪdəns/
n. 居住地
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favorable /ˈfeɪvərəbl/
adj. 有利的
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beyond /bɪˈjɒnd/
prep. 超出
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circulating /ˈsɜːrkjəleɪtɪŋ/
adj. 流通的
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influence /ˈɪnfluəns/
n. 影响
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bark /bɑːrk/
n. 树皮
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linen /ˈlɪnɪn/
n. 亚麻
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intoxicated /ɪnˈtɒksɪkeɪtɪd/
adj. 陶醉的
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esoteric /ˌesəˈterɪk/
adj. 深奥的
🔊 The student may read Homer or Æschylus in the Greek without danger of dissipation or luxuriousness, for it implies that he in some measure emulate their heroes, and consecrate morning hours to their pages. The heroic books, even if printed in the character of our mother tongue, will always be in a language dead to degenerate times; and we must laboriously seek the meaning of each word and line, conjecturing a larger sense than common use permits out of what wisdom and valor and generosity we have. The modern cheap and fertile press, with all its translations, has done little to bring us nearer to the heroic writers of antiquity. They seem as solitary, and the letter in which they are printed as rare and curious, as ever. It is worth the expense of youthful days and costly hours, if you learn only some words of an ancient language, which are raised out of the trivialness of the street, to be perpetual suggestions and provocations. It is not in vain that the farmer remembers and repeats the few Latin words which he has heard. Men sometimes speak as if the study of the classics would at length make way for more modern and practical studies; but the adventurous student will always study classics, in whatever language they may be written and however ancient they may be. For what are the classics but the noblest recorded thoughts of man? They are the only oracles which are not decayed, and there are such answers to the most modern inquiry in them as Delphi and Dodona never gave. We might as well omit to study Nature because she is old. To read well, that is, to read true books in a true spirit, is a noble exercise, and one that will task the reader more than any exercise which the customs of the day esteem. It requires a training such as the athletes underwent, the steady intention almost of the whole life to this object. Books must be read as deliberately and reservedly as they were written. It is not enough even to be able to speak the language of that nation by which they are written, for there is a memorable interval between the spoken and the written language, the language heard and the language read. The one is commonly transitory, a sound, a tongue, a dialect merely, almost brutish, and we learn it unconsciously, like the brutes, of our mothers. The other is the maturity and experience of that; if that is our mother tongue, this is our father tongue, a reserved and select expression, too significant to be heard by the ear, which we must be born again in order to speak. The crowds of men who merely spoke the Greek and Latin tongues in the Middle Ages were not entitled by the accident of birth to read the works of genius written in those languages; for these were not written in that Greek or Latin which they knew, but in the select language of literature. They had not learned the nobler dialects of Greece and Rome, but the very materials on which they were written were waste paper to them, and they prized instead a cheap contemporary literature. But when the several nations of Europe had acquired distinct though rude written languages of their own, sufficient for the purposes of their rising literatures, then first learning revived, and scholars were enabled to discern from that remoteness the treasures of antiquity. What the Roman and Grecian multitude could not hear, after the lapse of ages a few scholars read, and a few scholars only are still reading it.

学子可饱读荷马或埃斯库罗斯的希腊文原作,而无需耽溺或奢靡之虞,因为这意味着他在某种程度上效仿那些英雄,并将清晨时光奉献于他们的篇章。英雄史诗,即便以我们母语的字符印刷,在衰朽的时代里也永远是一种死去的语言;我们必须艰辛地探寻每个词语与句行的含义,凭借我们已有的智慧、勇气与慷慨,揣摩出超越日常用法的更深意蕴。现代廉价而多产的出版业,连同其所有译本,在拉近我们与古代英雄作家距离方面,成效甚微。他们似乎一如既往地孤独,承载他们的印刷文字也一如既往地珍稀奇绝。即便你仅学会某种古老语言的寥寥数词,它们从街巷的琐屑中升华,成为永恒的暗示与激励,那么耗费青春年华与宝贵光阴也是值得的。农夫铭记并念叨他所听闻的几个拉丁词,并非徒劳。人们有时言谈间仿佛古典研究终将为更现代、实用的学问让路;但富有冒险精神的学子,无论那些经典用何种语言写成、多么古老,都将始终研习它们。因为经典若非人类最高贵的、被记录下的思想,又是什么呢?它们是唯一未曾朽坏的神谕,其中对最现代叩问的回应,是德尔斐和多多那从未给予的。我们同样不能因为大自然古老,便放弃对她的研究。善读,即是以真诚的精神阅读真正的书籍,是一种高尚的操练,对读者的要求远甚于时下习俗所推崇的任何其他训练。它需要运动员般的训练,几乎是毕生为此目标而持有的坚定意向。书籍必须像当初被创作时那样,深思熟虑、谨严克制地去阅读。甚至仅仅能说著书民族的语言也是不够的,因为口语与书面语、听到的语言与阅读的语言之间,存在着值得铭记的间隔。前者通常是短暂的,仅为声响、土语、方言,近乎野蛮,我们像兽类般不自觉地、从母亲那里习得。后者是前者的升华与结晶;若口语为母语,则书面语当为父语,一种含蓄而精炼的表达,意义深重,非耳所能闻,我们必须重生方可言说。中世纪仅能说希腊语和拉丁语的大众,并未因出生的偶然,便有权阅读那些以同样语言写就的天才之作;因为这些作品并非用他们所知的希腊语或拉丁语书写,而是文学的精选语言。他们未曾习得希腊罗马更为高贵的方言,而承载这些文字的材质,于他们而言不过是废纸,他们反而珍视廉价的当代文学。然而,当欧洲诸民族各自获得了虽粗糙却独特的书面语言,足以服务于其新兴文学的需求时,学问方首度复兴,学者们得以从遥远的距离辨识出古代瑰宝。罗马和希腊的大众所未能听闻的,历经岁月后,少数几位学者得以阅读,而时至今日,仍只有少数几位学者在阅读。

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dissipation /ˌdɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/
n. 挥霍
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luxuriousness /lʌɡˈʒʊəriəsnəs/
n. 奢侈
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emulate /ˈemjəleɪt/
v. 效仿
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consecrate /ˈkɒnsɪkreɪt/
v. 奉献
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heroic /həˈrəʊɪk/
adj. 英雄的
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degenerate /dɪˈdʒenərət/
adj. 堕落的
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laboriously /ləˈbɔːriəsli/
adv. 费力地
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valor /ˈvælər/
n. 英勇
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generosity /ˌdʒenəˈrɒsəti/
n. 慷慨
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antiquity /ænˈtɪkwəti/
n. 古代

无论我们多么赞叹演说家偶尔迸发的雄辩,最高贵的书面文字,通常遥遥滞后或超越瞬息即逝的口头语言,如同天穹繁星之于流云。星辰就在那里,识者自能解读。天文学家永远在评注和观察它们。它们不像我们日常的交谈与水汽般的呼吸那样蒸发消散。广场上所谓的雄辩,在书斋中往往被视作修辞。演说家屈从于短暂场合的灵感,对眼前能听见他的乌合之众发言;但作家,其更为沉静的生命便是他的契机,他会因激发演说家灵感的喧嚣事件与人潮而分心,他所诉诸的,是人类的心智与健全,是任何时代所有能理解他的人。

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orator /ˈɒrətə(r)/
n. 演说家
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eloquence /ˈeləkwəns/
n. 雄辩
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firmament /ˈfɜːməmənt/
n. 天空
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exhalations /ˌekshəˈleɪʃnz/
n. 呼气
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colloquies /ˈkɒləkwiz/
n. 谈话
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rhetoric /ˈretərɪk/
n. 修辞
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transient /ˈtrænziənt/
adj. 短暂的
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equable /ˈekwəbl/
adj. 平稳的
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distracted /dɪˈstræktɪd/
adj. 分心的
🔊 No wonder that Alexander carried the Iliad with him on his expeditions in a precious casket. A written word is the choicest of relics. It is something at once more intimate with us and more universal than any other work of art. It is the work of art nearest to life itself. It may be translated into every language, and not only be read but actually breathed from all human lips; - not be represented on canvas or in marble only, but be carved out of the breath of life itself. The symbol of an ancient mans thought becomes a modern mans speech. Two thousand summers have imparted to the monuments of Grecian literature, as to her marbles, only a maturer golden and autumnal tint, for they have carried their own serene and celestial atmosphere into all lands to protect them against the corrosion of time. Books are the treasured wealth of the world and the fit inheritance of generations and nations. Books, the oldest and the best, stand naturally and rightfully on the shelves of every cottage. They have no cause of their own to plead, but while they enlighten and sustain the reader his common sense will not refuse them. Their authors are a natural and irresistible aristocracy in every society, and, more than kings or emperors, exert an influence on mankind. When the illiterate and perhaps scornful trader has earned by enterprise and industry his coveted leisure and independence, and is admitted to the circles of wealth and fashion, he turns inevitably at last to those still higher but yet inaccessible circles of intellect and genius, and is sensible only of the imperfection of his culture and the vanity and insufficiency of all his riches, and further proves his good sense by the pains which he takes to secure for his children that intellectual culture whose want he so keenly feels; and thus it is that he becomes the founder of a family.

难怪亚历山大远征时,会将《伊利亚特》珍藏于宝匣之中随身携带。文字是最精粹的遗物。它比其他任何艺术作品都更亲切于我们,也更具有普世性。它是最贴近生命本身的艺术作品。它可被译成各种语言,不仅被阅读,更切实地在所有人的唇间呼吸;--它不仅再现于画布或大理石上,更是从生命的气息中雕琢而出。古人思想的象征,成为了今人的言辞。两千个盛夏为希腊文学的丰碑,如同赋予其大理石像,平添了一抹更为醇熟的金色与秋韵,因为它们已将自身宁静而超凡的氛围带入所有土地,以抵御时间的侵蚀。书籍是世界珍藏的财富,是世代与民族适宜的遗产。那些最古老、最优秀的书籍,理应自然而然地立在各家各户的书架上。它们自身并无诉求,但在启迪并支撑读者时,读者的常识不会拒绝它们。它们的作者是每个社会里天然且不可抗拒的贵族,其施于人类的影响,胜过帝王君主。当那个或许目不识丁且心存鄙夷的商人,凭借进取与勤勉,赢得了渴求的闲暇与独立,并被接纳进财富与时尚的圈子,他最终必然转向那些更高却依然难以企及的智慧与天才的圈子,只感到自身教养的缺陷以及所有财富的虚妄与不足;他进而竭力确保子女获得其自身如此深切感受到匮乏的智识教养,从而证明了他的明智;他便是这样成为一个家族的奠基者。

🔊
casket /ˈkɑːskɪt/
n. 小盒子
🔊
choicest /ˈtʃɔɪsɪst/
adj. 精选的
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relics /ˈrelɪks/
n. 遗物
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imparted /ɪmˈpɑːtɪd/
v. 给予
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serene /səˈriːn/
adj. 宁静的
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celestial /səˈlestiəl/
adj. 天上的
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corrosion /kəˈrəʊʒn/
n. 腐蚀
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treasured /ˈtreʒəd/
adj. 珍视的
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aristocracy /ˌærɪˈstɒkrəsi/
n. 贵族
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coveted /ˈkʌvɪtɪd/
adj. 渴望的

那些未曾学会以原著语言阅读古代经典的人,对人类历史必定只有极不完整的认知;因为值得注意的是,若非将我们的文明本身视作一种誊本,这些经典从未有过任何现代语言的译本。荷马从未以英文印刷,埃斯库罗斯没有,甚至连维吉尔也没有--他们的作品如同黎明本身一般精妙、坚实、优美;因为后来的作家,无论我们如何评说其天才,即便有,也极少能企及古人那种精心雕琢的美、完满以及毕生英勇的文学劳作。只有那些从未了解它们的人,才会谈论遗忘它们。当我们拥有足以关注并欣赏它们的学问与天资时,再去遗忘也为时不晚。当我们称之为经典的那些遗珍,以及各民族的、更为古老、超越经典却甚至更鲜为人知的圣典,进一步积累;当梵蒂冈里摆满《吠陀经》、《曾德经》与《圣经》,摆满荷马、但丁与莎士比亚;当未来所有世纪相继将其战利品存入世界的广场--那个时代才算真正富足。凭借这样一座高塔,我们或许有望最终登临天堂。

🔊
transcript /ˈtrænskrɪpt/
n. 抄本
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refined /rɪˈfaɪnd/
adj. 精致的
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solidly /ˈsɒlɪdli/
adv. 坚固地
🔊
elaborate /ɪˈlæbərət/
adj. 精细的
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Scriptures /ˈskrɪptʃəz/
n. 经文
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Vaticans /ˈvætɪkənz/
n. 梵蒂冈
🔊
Vedas /ˈveɪdəz/
n. 吠陀经
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Zendavestas /ˌzendəˈvestəz/
n. 赞德阿维斯塔
🔊
trophies /ˈtrəʊfiz/
n. 战利品
🔊
scale /skeɪl/
v. 攀登

伟大诗人的作品从未被人类真正阅读过,因为只有伟大的诗人才能阅读它们。大众阅读它们,如同观星,至多出于占星术的目的,而非天文学。大多数人学会阅读,只为服务于卑微的便利,就像学会算术是为记账和交易时不受欺诈;但对于阅读作为一种高尚的心智操练,他们知之甚少或一无所知;然而唯有这后者,才是高层次的阅读,不是那种如奢侈享受般麻痹我们、让更高贵官能沉睡其间的阅读,而是需要我们踮起脚尖去阅读、奉献最警醒无眠时光的阅读。

🔊
paltry /ˈpɔːltri/
adj. 微不足道的
🔊
cipher /ˈsaɪfə(r)/
v. 计算
🔊
lulls /lʌlz/
v. 使平静
🔊
tip-toe /ˈtɪp təʊ/
n. 脚尖
🔊
alert /əˈlɜːt/
adj. 警觉的
🔊
wakeful /ˈweɪkfl/
adj. 清醒的
🔊 I think that having learned our letters we should read the best that is in literature, and not be forever repeating our a-b-abs, and words of one syllable, in the fourth or fifth classes, sitting on the lowest and foremost form all our lives. Most men are satisfied if they read or hear read, and perchance have been convicted by the wisdom of one good book, the Bible, and for the rest of their lives vegetate and dissipate their faculties in what is called easy reading. There is a work in several volumes in our Circulating Library entitled "Little Reading," which I thought referred to a town of that name which I had not been to. There are those who, like cormorants and ostriches, can digest all sorts of this, even after the fullest dinner of meats and vegetables, for they suffer nothing to be wasted. If others are the machines to provide this provender, they are the machines to read it. They read the nine thousandth tale about Zebulon and Sophronia, and how they loved as none had ever loved before, and neither did the course of their true love run smooth - at any rate, how it did run and stumble, and get up again and go on! how some poor unfortunate got up on to a steeple, who had better never have gone up as far as the belfry; and then, having needlessly got him up there, the happy novelist rings the bell for all the world to come together and hear, O dear! how he did get down again! For my part, I think that they had better metamorphose all such aspiring heroes of universal noveldom into man weather-cocks, as they used to put heroes among the constellations, and let them swing round there till they are rusty, and not come down at all to bother honest men with their pranks. The next time the novelist rings the bell I will not stir though the meeting-house burn down. "The Skip of the Tip-Toe-Hop, a Romance of the Middle Ages, by the celebrated author of 'Tittle-Tol-Tan,' to appear in monthly parts; a great rush; dont all come together." All this they read with saucer eyes, and erect and primitive curiosity, and with unwearied gizzard, whose corrugations even yet need no sharpening, just as some little four-year-old bencher his two-cent gilt-covered edition of Cinderella - without any improvement, that I can see, in the pronunciation, or accent, or emphasis, or any more skill in extracting or inserting the moral. The result is dulness of sight, a stagnation of the vital circulations, and a general deliquium and sloughing off of all the intellectual faculties. This sort of gingerbread is baked daily and more sedulously than pure wheat or rye-and-Indian in almost every oven, and finds a surer market.

我认为,学会识字后,我们便应阅读文学中最优秀的作品,而非永远在四年级或五年级里重复我们的字母表和单音节词,一生坐在最低最前的长凳上。大多数人若能读或听人读,或许曾被一本好书(比如《圣经》)的智慧所折服,此后余生便在所谓轻松读物中麻木度日、虚耗才智,便已心满意足。我们的流动图书馆里有部多卷本著作,题为《小读物》,我曾以为指的是某个我未曾到访的同名小镇。有些人,如同鸬鹚和鸵鸟,即便饱食肉类蔬菜之后,也能消化所有这类东西,因为他们不容许丝毫浪费。若他人是生产此类饲料的机器,他们便是阅读它们的机器。他们阅读那第九千个关于泽布伦和索芙罗妮亚的故事,以及他们如何爱得前无古人,其真爱之路如何坎坷--无论如何,它如何跌宕起伏、踉跄跌倒、重新站起、继续前行!某个可怜的倒霉蛋如何爬上了教堂尖塔(他最好从未踏足钟楼那么高);然后,无端地将他置于其上后,那快乐的小说家便敲响钟声,召集全世界来听,哦天哪!他又是如何下来的!就我而言,我倒觉得他们不如将这些举世闻名的浪漫小说里所有壮志凌云的主角,都变成人形风信鸡,就像古人曾将英雄置于星座之中,让他们在那儿转悠到生锈,再也别下来以他们的恶作剧烦扰诚实的世人。下次小说家再敲钟,哪怕聚会所烧成平地,我也不为所动。"《踮脚尖跳之跃,一部中世纪罗曼史》,著名作者‘嘀嗒当’(著有《蒂托丹》)连载月刊;抢购火爆;切勿蜂拥而至。"他们瞪着碟子般圆睁的双眼,带着直挺挺的原始好奇心和永不疲倦的砂囊(其皱褶甚至无需打磨),阅读着这一切,就像一个四岁的小书呆子读他那两分钱的金边版《灰姑娘》--在我看来,其发音、语调、重音毫无长进,汲取或注入寓意的技巧也无半分提高。结果便是视觉的迟钝,生命循环的停滞,以及所有心智官能的普遍消融与脱落。这种姜饼读物几乎在每家烤箱里都被烘焙得比纯小麦或黑麦与印第安玉米混合面粉面包更勤勉,销路也更稳固。

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perchance /pəˈtʃɑːns/
adv. 或许
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convicted /kənˈvɪktɪd/
adj. 被定罪的
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vegetate /ˈvedʒəteɪt/
v. 过单调生活
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cormorants /ˈkɔːmərənts/
n. 鸬鹚
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ostriches /ˈɒstrɪtʃɪz/
n. 鸵鸟
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digest /daɪˈdʒest/
v. 消化
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provender /ˈprɒvəndə(r)/
n. 饲料
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metamorphose /ˌmetəˈmɔːfəʊz/
v. 变形
🔊
weather-cocks /ˈweðə kɒks/
n. 风向标
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constellations /ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃnz/
n. 星座
🔊 The best books are not read even by those who are called good readers. What does our Concord culture amount to? There is in this town, with a very few exceptions, no taste for the best or for very good books even in English literature, whose words all can read and spell. Even the college-bred and so-called liberally educated men here and elsewhere have really little or no acquaintance with the English classics; and as for the recorded wisdom of mankind, the ancient classics and Bibles, which are accessible to all who will know of them, there are the feeblest efforts anywhere made to become acquainted with them. I know a woodchopper, of middle age, who takes a French paper, not for news as he says, for he is above that, but to "keep himself in practice," he being a Canadian by birth; and when I ask him what he considers the best thing he can do in this world, he says, beside this, to keep up and add to his English. This is about as much as the college-bred generally do or aspire to do, and they take an English paper for the purpose. One who has just come from reading perhaps one of the best English books will find how many with whom he can converse about it? Or suppose he comes from reading a Greek or Latin classic in the original, whose praises are familiar even to the so-called illiterate; he will find nobody at all to speak to, but must keep silence about it. Indeed, there is hardly the professor in our colleges, who, if he has mastered the difficulties of the language, has proportionally mastered the difficulties of the wit and poetry of a Greek poet, and has any sympathy to impart to the alert and heroic reader; and as for the sacred Scriptures, or Bibles of mankind, who in this town can tell me even their titles? Most men do not know that any nation but the Hebrews have had a scripture. A man, any man, will go considerably out of his way to pick up a silver dollar; but here are golden words, which the wisest men of antiquity have uttered, and whose worth the wise of every succeeding age have assured us of; - and yet we learn to read only as far as Easy Reading, the primers and class-books, and when we leave school, the "Little Reading," and story-books, which are for boys and beginners; and our reading, our conversation and thinking, are all on a very low level, worthy only of pygmies and manikins.

最优秀的书籍甚至未被那些所谓善读者所读。我们的康科德文化水准究竟如何?在这个镇上,除了极少数例外,人们对最好的书乃至英语文学中非常好的书(其词句人人皆能拼读)都毫无品味。即使是这里及其他地方受过大学教育、所谓开明教养的人,对英语经典也知之甚少或一无所知;至于人类记载的智慧--古代经典与《圣经》,对所有愿意了解它们的人敞开着--人们却极少作出努力去结识它们。我认识一个中年樵夫,他订一份法文报纸,据他说不是为了新闻(他超脱于此),而是为了“保持练习”,他原籍加拿大;当我问他,他认为此生能做的最好的事是什么时,他说除了这个,就是保持并增进他的英语。这大约就是大学毕业生通常所做或渴望做的,他们为此订一份英文报纸。一个人刚刚读完或许是最好的英文著作之一,他能找到多少人可以与之交谈呢?或者假设他刚读完一本希腊文或拉丁文原著经典(其盛名连所谓文盲都耳熟能详),他会发现根本无人可谈,只能对此保持缄默。事实上,我们大学里的教授也几乎没有谁,即便他攻克了语言的难关,便能相应掌握一位希腊诗人的才智与诗歌的难关,并有任何共鸣可传达给敏锐而富有英雄气概的读者;至于人类的圣典或《圣经》,这个镇上谁能告诉我它们哪怕只是书名呢?大多数人不知道除希伯来人外,还有哪个民族拥有圣典。一个人,任何人,都会不嫌绕远路去拾起一枚银币;但这里却有金子般的言辞,是古代最智慧的人们所吐露的,其价值历代智者都已向我们确证;--然而我们学会阅读,仅止于轻松读物、启蒙课本和分级读本,离开学校后,便是《小读物》和供孩童及初学者看的故事书;我们的阅读、交谈和思想,都停留在一个极低的层次,只配得上侏儒与傀儡。

🔊
Concord /ˈkɒŋkɔːd/
n. 康科德(地名)
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liberally /ˈlɪbərəli/
adv. 自由地
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acquaintance /əˈkweɪntəns/
n. 相识
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feeblest /ˈfiːblɪst/
adj. 最微弱的
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woodchopper /ˈwʊdˌtʃɒpə(r)/
n. 伐木工
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Canadian /kəˈneɪdiən/
adj. 加拿大的
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converse /kənˈvɜːs/
v. 交谈
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proportionally /prəˈpɔːʃənəli/
adv. 成比例地
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sympathy /ˈsɪmpəθi/
n. 同情
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sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/
adj. 神圣的

我渴望结识比我们康科德这片土地所孕育的更为智慧的人,而他们的名字在此地几乎不为人知。难道我能只闻柏拉图之名,却不读其书吗?仿佛柏拉图是我的同乡,而我从未见过他--是我的近邻,而我从未听过他说话或留意过他话语中的智慧。但实际情形如何呢?他的《对话录》,蕴含着他身上不朽的部分,就躺在旁边的书架上,而我却从未读过。我们教养不良、生活鄙俗、目不识丁;在这方面,我得承认,我对完全不识字的同乡,与只学会读孩童和低智者读物的人,并未作非常明确的区分。我们本应像古代贤哲一样优秀,但这首先需要了解他们有多么优秀。我们属于侏儒一族,心智翱翔的高度,比日报专栏高不了多少。

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aspire /əˈspaɪə(r)/
v. 渴望
🔊
Plato /ˈpleɪtəʊ/
n. 柏拉图
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Dialogues /ˈdaɪəlɒɡz/
n. 对话录
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underbred /ˌʌndəˈbred/
adj. 缺乏教养的
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low-lived /ˈləʊ lɪvd/
adj. 卑鄙的
🔊
illiterateness /ɪˈlɪtərətnəs/
n. 文盲
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worthies /ˈwɜːðiz/
n. 杰出人物
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tit-men /ˈtɪt men/
n. 小人物
🔊
columns /ˈkɒləmz/
n. 专栏

并非所有书籍都如它们的读者一般乏味。或许有些话语正切中我们的处境,如果我们真能听见并理解,它们对我们的生命而言,将比清晨或春天更为有益,或许还能为我们呈现事物面貌的全新景象。有多少人因阅读一本书,而开创了人生的新纪元!或许,存在着那本为我们而作的书,它将解释我们的奇迹,并揭示新的奇迹。那些目前无法言说的事物,我们或许能在某处找到言说。那些同样困扰、迷惑、挫败我们的问题,也曾依次出现在所有智者面前;无一遗漏;每个人都依其能力,用他的言辞和生命作出了回答。此外,凭借智慧,我们将学会胸襟开阔。康科德郊外农场里那位孤独的雇工,有过他第二次的诞生和独特的宗教体验,并如他所信,被其信仰驱入沉默的庄重与孤僻,或许会认为此路不通;但琐罗亚斯德,数千年前,便已走过同样的路,有过同样的体验;然而,他因智慧而明白这是普世的,并据此对待他的邻人,甚至据说在人间创立并建立了祭祀仪式。那么,让他谦卑地与琐罗亚斯德交流吧,并通过所有贤哲那使人开明的感召力,与耶稣基督本人交流,就让“我们的教会”随波逐流去吧。

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salutary /ˈsæljətri/
adj. 有益的
🔊
unutterable /ʌnˈʌtərəbl/
adj. 难以言表的
🔊
liberality /ˌlɪbəˈræləti/
n. 慷慨
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solitary /ˈsɒlətri/
adj. 孤独的
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hired /ˈhaɪəd/
adj. 雇用的
🔊
outskirts /ˈaʊtskɜːts/
n. 郊区
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exclusiveness /ɪkˈskluːsɪvnəs/
n. 排外性
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Zoroaster /ˌzɒrəʊˈæstə(r)/
n. 琐罗亚斯德
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universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/
adj. 普遍的
🔊
liberalizing /ˈlɪbərəlaɪzɪŋ/
adj. 自由化的
🔊 We boast that we belong to the Nineteenth Century and are making the most rapid strides of any nation. But consider how little this village does for its own culture. I do not wish to flatter my townsmen, nor to be flattered by them, for that will not advance either of us. We need to be provoked - goaded like oxen, as we are, into a trot. We have a comparatively decent system of common schools, schools for infants only; but excepting the half-starved Lyceum in the winter, and latterly the puny beginning of a library suggested by the State, no school for ourselves. We spend more on almost any article of bodily aliment or ailment than on our mental aliment. It is time that we had uncommon schools, that we did not leave off our education when we begin to be men and women. It is time that villages were universities, and their elder inhabitants the fellows of universities, with leisure - if they are, indeed, so well off - to pursue liberal studies the rest of their lives. Shall the world be confined to one Paris or one Oxford forever? Cannot students be boarded here and get a liberal education under the skies of Concord? Can we not hire some Abelard to lecture to us? Alas! what with foddering the cattle and tending the store, we are kept from school too long, and our education is sadly neglected. In this country, the village should in some respects take the place of the nobleman of Europe. It should be the patron of the fine arts. It is rich enough. It wants only the magnanimity and refinement. It can spend money enough on such things as farmers and traders value, but it is thought Utopian to propose spending money for things which more intelligent men know to be of far more worth. This town has spent seventeen thousand dollars on a town-house, thank fortune or politics, but probably it will not spend so much on living wit, the true meat to put into that shell, in a hundred years. The one hundred and twenty-five dollars annually subscribed for a Lyceum in the winter is better spent than any other equal sum raised in the town. If we live in the Nineteenth Century, why should we not enjoy the advantages which the Nineteenth Century offers? Why should our life be in any respect provincial? If we will read newspapers, why not skip the gossip of Boston and take the best newspaper in the world at once? - not be sucking the pap of "neutral family" papers, or browsing "Olive Branches" here in New England. Let the reports of all the learned societies come to us, and we will see if they know anything. Why should we leave it to Harper & Brothers and Redding & Co. to select our reading? As the nobleman of cultivated taste surrounds himself with whatever conduces to his culture - genius - learning - wit - books - paintings - statuary - music - philosophical instruments, and the like; so let the village do - not stop short at a pedagogue, a parson, a sexton, a parish library, and three selectmen, because our Pilgrim forefathers got through a cold winter once on a bleak rock with these. To act collectively is according to the spirit of our institutions; and I am confident that, as our circumstances are more flourishing, our means are greater than the noblemans. New England can hire all the wise men in the world to come and teach her, and board them round the while, and not be provincial at all. That is the uncommon school we want. Instead of noblemen, let us have noble villages of men. If it is necessary, omit one bridge over the river, go round a little there, and throw one arch at least over the darker gulf of ignorance which surrounds us.

我们夸耀自己属于十九世纪,并正以任何国家中最快的步伐前进。但请想想这个村庄为其自身文化所做的何其微少。我无意奉承我的同乡,也无意被他们奉承,因为那于我们双方都无益处。我们需要被刺激--像牛一样被驱赶,进入小跑。我们拥有一个相对体面的公立学校体系,但仅限幼儿;除了那个半饥半饱的冬季学园,以及最近州里提议建立、微不足道的图书馆开端,我们为自己毫无学校。我们在身体所需或所病之物上的花费,几乎总多于我们在精神食粮上的花费。是时候建立超常的学校了,是时候让我们在成年后不终止我们的教育了。是时候让村庄成为大学,让年长的居民成为大学的研究员,如果他们的确如此宽裕,便可在余生闲暇中追求博雅学问。难道世界要永远局限于一个巴黎或一个牛津吗?学子们难道不能寄宿于此,在康科德的天空下获得博雅教育吗?难道我们不能请一位阿伯拉尔来给我们讲学吗?唉!由于要喂养牲口和照料店铺,我们离校太久,我们的教育被可悲地忽视了。在这个国度,村庄在某些方面应取代欧洲贵族的地位。它应成为艺术的赞助者。它足够富足。它缺少的只是恢弘的气度与雅致的情操。它能在农民和商人看重的事物上投入足够资金,但若要为那些更有见识的人所知的、价值远胜的事物投入金钱,则被视为乌托邦。这个镇为一所镇公所花了一万七千美元,感谢时运或政治,但可能一百年内也不会在鲜活的智慧--那个躯壳应填充的真正血肉--上投入这么多。每年为冬季学园认捐的一百二十五美元,比镇上筹集的其他任何同等款项都花得更值。如果我们生活在十九世纪,为何不去享受十九世纪提供的优势?为何我们的生活要处处显得狭隘乡土?如果我们定要读报,为何不跳过波士顿的流言蜚语,直接阅读世上最好的报纸?--而不是吮吸“中立家庭”报纸的奶水,或在新英格兰这里啃食《橄榄枝》。让所有学术团体的报告都来到我们这里,我们将看看他们是否真知灼见。为何要将我们的阅读选择权留给哈珀兄弟出版社和雷丁之流?正如品味高雅的贵族用有助于其修养的一切--天才、学问、机智、书籍、绘画、雕塑、音乐、哲学仪器等等--来环绕自己;村庄也应如此--不要止步于一个教书匠、一个牧师、一个司事、一个教区图书馆和三位市政委员,就因为我们的清教徒先祖曾凭借这些在一个荒凉的岩石上熬过一个寒冬。集体行动符合我们制度的精神;我确信,鉴于我们的境况更为繁荣,我们的手段也胜过贵族。新英格兰可以延请世界上所有智者来教导她,并轮流款待他们,而根本不显狭隘乡土。那正是我们想要的超常学校。让我们拥有高尚的人的村庄,而非贵族。如果必要,就省去河上的一座桥,绕点路走,但至少要在我们周遭无知的黑暗深渊上架起一座拱桥。

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flatter /ˈflætə(r)/
v. 奉承
🔊
goaded /ˈɡəʊdɪd/
v. 刺激
🔊
trot /trɒt/
n. 小跑
🔊
Lyceum /laɪˈsiːəm/
n. 学园
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puny /ˈpjuːni/
adj. 弱小的
🔊
aliment /ˈælɪmənt/
n. 食物
🔊
ailment /ˈeɪlmənt/
n. 疾病
🔊
uncommon /ʌnˈkɒmən/
adj. 不寻常的
🔊
fellows /ˈfeləʊz/
n. 研究员
🔊
liberal /ˈlɪbərəl/
adj. 自由的
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