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Chapter thirteen: House-Warming (第十三章:暖屋)

探索《瓦尔登湖》第13章,包含英文原文、简体中文翻译、详细的雅思词汇解析以及英文原声音频。边听边学,提升阅读技巧。

英文原文
翻译
雅思词汇 (ZH-CN)
🔊 In October, I went a-graping to the river meadows, and loaded myself with clusters more precious for their beauty and fragrance than for food. There, too, I admired, though I did not gather, the cranberries, small waxen gems, pendants of the meadow grass, pearly and red, which the farmer plucks with an ugly rake, leaving the smooth meadow in a snarl, heedlessly measuring them by the bushel and the dollar only, and sells the spoils of the meads to Boston and New York; destined to be jammed, to satisfy the tastes of lovers of Nature there. So butchers rake the tongues of bison out of the prairie grass, regardless of the torn and drooping plant. The barberry's brilliant fruit was likewise food for my eyes merely; but I collected a small store of wild apples for coddling, which the proprietor and travellers had overlooked. When chestnuts were ripe I laid up half a bushel for winter. It was very exciting at that season to roam the then boundless chestnut woods of Lincoln,-they now sleep their long sleep under the railroad,-with a bag on my shoulder, and a stick to open burs with in my hand, for I did not always wait for the frost, amid the rustling of leaves and the loud reproofs of the red squirrels and the jays, whose half-consumed nuts I sometimes stole, for the burs which they had selected were sure to contain sound ones. Occasionally I climbed and shook the trees. They grew also behind my house, and one large tree, which almost overshadowed it, was, when in flower, a bouquet which scented the whole neighborhood, but the squirrels and the jays got most of its fruit; the last coming in flocks early in the morning and picking the nuts out of the burs before they fell, I relinquished these trees to them and visited the more distant woods composed wholly of chestnut. These nuts, as far as they went, were a good substitute for bread. Many other substitutes might, perhaps, be found. Digging one day for fishworms, I discovered the ground-nut (Apios tuberosa) on its string, the potato of the aborigines, a sort of fabulous fruit, which I had begun to doubt if I had ever dug and eaten in childhood, as I had told, and had not dreamed it. I had often since seen its crimpled red velvety blossom supported by the stems of other plants without knowing it to be the same. Cultivation has well-nigh exterminated it. It has a sweetish taste, much like that of a frost-bitten potato, and I found it better boiled than roasted. This tuber seemed like a faint promise of Nature to rear her own children and feed them simply here at some future period. In these days of fatted cattle and waving grain-fields this humble root, which was once the totem of an Indian tribe, is quite forgotten, or known only by its flowering vine; but let wild Nature reign here once more, and the tender and luxurious English grains will probably disappear before a myriad of foes, and without the care of man the crow may carry back even the last seed of corn to the great cornfield of the Indian's God in the southwest, whence he is said to have brought it; but the now almost exterminated ground-nut will perhaps revive and flourish in spite of frosts and wildness, prove itself indigenous, and resume its ancient importance and dignity as the diet of the hunter tribe. Some Indian Ceres or Minerva must have been the inventor and bestower of it; and when the reign of poetry commences here, its leaves and string of nuts may be represented on our works of art.

十月里,我去河畔草甸采葡萄游荡,为自己采撷成串的果实,其美丽芬芳比充饥更珍贵。在那里,我同样欣赏了蔓越莓,尽管没有采摘--那些小巧的蜡质珍宝,宛如草地佩戴的耳坠,珠圆玉润,红艳欲滴。农夫用丑陋的耙子攫取,将平整的草甸弄得凌乱不堪,只顾按蒲式耳和美元计量,便把草甸的掠获物卖给波士顿和纽约;这些果实注定要被制成果酱,以满足那里自然爱好者的口味。正如屠夫从草原草中耙出野牛舌,毫不顾惜被撕裂低垂的草木。伏牛花的鲜亮果实,同样只供我饱眼福;但我收集了一小批被地主和旅人忽略的野苹果,准备慢炖。栗子成熟时,我囤积了半蒲式耳以备冬用。那时节,漫游林肯那曾经无边的栗林--它们如今已在铁路之下长眠--肩上负袋,手持撬开刺果的棍子,心中十分兴奋;因为我并非总等候霜降,在树叶的沙沙声、红松鼠与松鸦的高声斥责中,有时偷走它们啃了一半的坚果,因为它们选中的刺果里必定含有完好的栗子。偶尔我爬上树去摇动枝干。栗树也长在我屋后,一棵大树几乎荫蔽了屋子,开花时宛如一束芬芳的花球,香飘四邻,但松鼠和松鸦得了它大半果实;后者清晨成群而来,在栗子落地前便从刺果中啄出坚果,我便将这些树让与它们,去造访更远处那纯是栗树的林子。这些栗子,就其分量而言,是面包的好替代品。或许还能找到许多其他替代品。一日挖掘蚯蚓时,我发现了串生的块茎豆薯,土著人的马铃薯,一种传说中的果实,我竟开始怀疑自己是否真如所言在童年挖过吃过,抑或只是梦到。此后我常见它那皱褶的红绒花朵,由其他植物的茎秆扶持,却不知是同一物。耕作已几乎灭绝了它。其味微甜,颇似冻伤的马铃薯,我发现煮食胜于烤食。这块茎仿佛自然一个渺茫的允诺,要在未来某时于此哺育自家的孩儿,用简单的食物喂养他们。当此肥牛遍野、麦浪翻腾之世,这卑微的根茎,曾是印第安部落的图腾,已湮没无闻,或仅以其开花的藤蔓为人所知;但倘使野性的自然再度君临此地,那柔嫩奢华的英国谷物,恐怕将在万千敌害前消逝,无人照管,乌鸦甚至可能把最后一粒玉米种衔回西南方印第安神祇的玉米田,据说他便是从那里携来;但这几近灭绝的块茎豆薯,或许能不顾霜雪与荒蛮,复苏繁茂,证明自己的本土血脉,重拾作为猎人部落餐食的古老尊荣。定是某位印第安刻瑞斯或密涅瓦发明并赐予了它;当诗的统治在此肇始,它的叶片与串果或将在我们的艺术品中呈现。

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fragrance /ˈfreɪɡrəns/
n. 芬芳,香气
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cranberries /ˈkrænˌberiz/
n. 蔓越莓(复数)
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pendants /ˈpɛndənts/
n. 垂饰,吊坠(复数)
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snarl /snɑːrl/
n. 混乱,缠结
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heedlessly /ˈhiːdləsli/
adv. 不加注意地,鲁莽地
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barberry /ˈbɑːrbəri/
n. 伏牛花
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coddling /ˈkɒdlɪŋ/
v./n. 文火慢煮;溺爱(此处为动名词形式)
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proprietor /prəˈpraɪətər/
n. 业主,所有者
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reproofs /rɪˈpruːfs/
n. 责备,斥责(复数)
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relinquished /rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃt/
v. 放弃,交出(过去式)
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substitutes /ˈsʌbstɪtjuːts/
n. 替代品(复数)
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fishworms /ˈfɪʃˌwɜːrmz/
n. 钓鱼用的蠕虫(复数,非标准合成词)
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ground-nut /ˈɡraʊndˌnʌt/
n. 落花生
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aborigines /ˌæbəˈrɪdʒɪniːz/
n. 土著居民,原住民(复数)
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fabulous /ˈfæbjələs/
adj. 神话般的;极好的
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crimpled /ˈkrɪmpəld/
adj. 起皱的,卷曲的
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velvety /ˈvelvɪti/
adj. 天鹅绒般柔软光滑的
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exterminated /ɪkˈstɜːrmɪneɪtɪd/
v. 消灭,根除(过去分词)
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sweetish /ˈswiːtɪʃ/
adj. 略甜的,带甜味的
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frost-bitten /ˈfrɔːstˌbɪt(ə)n/
adj. 被霜冻伤的
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tuber /ˈtuːbər/
n. 块茎
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fatted /ˈfætɪd/
adj. 养肥了的
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humble /ˈhʌmb(ə)l/
adj. 卑微的;简陋的
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totem /ˈtoʊtəm/
n. 图腾
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reign /reɪn/
v. 统治,支配
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myriad /ˈmɪriəd/
n./adj. 无数,极大数量;无数的
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indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/
adj. 土生土长的,本地的
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diet /ˈdaɪət/
n. 日常饮食;特种饮食

早在九月一日,我便望见池塘对岸两三株小枫树转作猩红,位于三棵白杨的白色树干分岔处的下方,在一个岬角的水边。啊,它们的色彩诉说了多少故事!一周复一周,每棵树的个性逐渐显现,在湖面平滑的镜中顾影自怜。每天清晨,这画廊的管理员便以一幅色彩更绚丽或和谐的新画,换下墙上的旧作。

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diverged /daɪˈvɜːrdʒd/
v. 分叉,分开(过去式)
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promontory /ˈprɒmənt(ə)ri/
n. 海角,岬
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harmonious /hɑːrˈmoʊniəs/
adj. 和谐的,协调的

十月里,黄蜂成千上万涌至我的小屋,如同进入冬营,停栖在我窗内和头顶的墙上,有时吓得访客不敢进门。每日早晨,当它们冻僵时,我扫出一些,却不太费心去驱赶;它们视我的屋子为可心的庇护所,我甚至感到荣幸。它们从未认真侵扰我,虽然与我同室而居;它们渐渐消失,钻进什么缝隙我不得而知,以躲避冬日那难以言表的严寒。

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deterring /dɪˈtɜːrɪŋ/
v. 阻止,威慑(动名词)
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numbed /nʌmd/
v./adj. 使麻木;麻木的(过去式/分词)
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molested /məˈlestɪd/
v. 骚扰,干扰(过去式)
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crevices /ˈkrevɪsɪz/
n. 裂缝,裂隙(复数)
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unspeakable /ʌnˈspiːkəb(ə)l/
adj. 无法形容的,难以言表的

像黄蜂一般,在我最终于十一月进入冬营之前,我常去瓦尔登湖东北侧,那里,油松林与石岸反射的阳光,成了池塘的炉边;能在阳光下取暖,只要可能,总比用人造火更愉人、更益于健康。我便这样借夏日留下的余烬温暖自己,那夏日像一位离去的猎人。

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resort /rɪˈzɔːrt/
v. 求助;常去
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wholesomer /ˈhoʊlsəmər/
adj. 更有益健康的(比较级)
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embers /ˈembərz/
n. 余烬(复数)
🔊 When I came to build my chimney I studied masonry. My bricks, being second-hand ones, required to be cleaned with a trowel, so that I learned more than usual of the qualities of bricks and trowels. The mortar on them was fifty years old, and was said to be still growing harder; but this is one of those sayings which men love to repeat whether they are true or not. Such sayings themselves grow harder and adhere more firmly with age, and it would take many blows with a trowel to clean an old wiseacre of them. Many of the villages of Mesopotamia are built of second-hand bricks of a very good quality, obtained from the ruins of Babylon, and the cement on them is older and probably harder still. However that may be, I was struck by the peculiar toughness of the steel which bore so many violent blows without being worn out. As my bricks had been in a chimney before, though I did not read the name of Nebuchadnezzar on them, I picked out as many fireplace bricks as I could find, to save work and waste, and I filled the spaces between the bricks about the fireplace with stones from the pond shore, and also made my mortar with the white sand from the same place. I lingered most about the fireplace, as the most vital part of the house. Indeed, I worked so deliberately, that though I commenced at the ground in the morning, a course of bricks raised a few inches above the floor served for my pillow at night; yet I did not get a stiff neck for it that I remember; my stiff neck is of older date. I took a poet to board for a fortnight about those times, which caused me to be put to it for room. He brought his own knife, though I had two, and we used to scour them by thrusting them into the earth. He shared with me the labors of cooking. I was pleased to see my work rising so square and solid by degrees, and reflected, that, if it proceeded slowly, it was calculated to endure a long time. The chimney is to some extent an independent structure, standing on the ground, and rising through the house to the heavens; even after the house is burned it still stands sometimes, and its importance and independence are apparent. This was toward the end of summer. It was now November.

当我着手建造烟囱时,我研习了砖石工艺。我的砖是二手货,需要用抹刀清理,因此我比平常更了解了砖块与抹刀的特性。砖上的灰泥已有五十年,据说仍在变硬;但这不过是人们爱重复的那类说法之一,无论真假。这些老生常谈本身也会随着岁月愈发板结牢固,积重难返,要想用抹刀把一个老学究脑中的这些玩意儿刮除干净,可得费上好一阵敲打。美索不达米亚的许多村庄是用从巴比伦废墟得来的优质二手砖所建,砖上的水泥更古老,恐怕也更坚硬。无论如何,那承受了无数次猛烈敲击却未磨损的钢刃,其特有的韧劲令我惊叹。既然我的砖先前用在烟囱里,虽然我没在上面读到尼布甲尼撒的名字,我还是尽可能挑出许多壁炉砖,以省工省料,并用湖岸的石头填塞壁炉周围砖块的间隙,还以同处得来的白沙调制灰泥。我多在壁炉边盘桓,因为那是屋子最紧要的部分。确实,我干活从容不迫,虽然清晨从地面开工,到了夜里,几英寸高的砖层便充作我的枕头;但记得我的脖子并未因此僵直;我的颈僵是更早的事了。那时节,我容留一位诗人寄食两周,弄得房间紧张。他自带餐刀,虽然我有两把,我们常用把刀插进土里的法子来磨亮它们。他与我分担烹炊之劳。见我之作渐次方正稳固地升起,我心悦之,并思忖,若进展迟缓,倒算得能耐久远。烟囱在某种程度上是独立的结构,立在地上,穿屋直指苍穹;即使房屋焚毁,它有时仍屹立不倒,其重要与独立显而易见。此时已近夏末。现在则是十一月了。

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masonry /ˈmeɪs(ə)nri/
n. 砖石建筑;石工技艺
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trowel /ˈtraʊəl/
n. 抹子,泥刀
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mortar /ˈmɔːrtər/
n. 砂浆,灰浆
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wiseacre /ˈwaɪzˌeɪkər/
n. 自作聪明的人
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Mesopotamia /ˌmesəpəˈteɪmiə/
n. 美索不达米亚(两河流域)
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Babylon /ˈbæbɪlən/
n. 巴比伦(古城)
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cement /sɪˈment/
n. 水泥
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toughness /ˈtʌfnəs/
n. 韧性;坚固
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Nebuchadnezzar /ˌnebəkədˈnezər/
n. 尼布甲尼撒(古巴比伦国王)
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fireplace /ˈfaɪərpleɪs/
n. 壁炉
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deliberately /dɪˈlɪbərətli/
adv. 故意地;谨慎地
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fortnight /ˈfɔːrtnaɪt/
n. 两星期
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scour /ˈskaʊər/
v. 擦洗,冲刷
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square /skwer/
adj. 正方形的;结实的;公正的
🔊
calculated /ˈkælkjuleɪtɪd/
v./adj. 计算;精心策划的,故意的(过去分词/形容词)
🔊
apparent /əˈpærənt/
adj. 明显的,显而易见的
🔊 The north wind had already begun to cool the pond, though it took many weeks of steady blowing to accomplish it, it is so deep. When I began to have a fire at evening, before I plastered my house, the chimney carried smoke particularly well, because of the numerous chinks between the boards. Yet I passed some cheerful evenings in that cool and airy apartment, surrounded by the rough brown boards full of knots, and rafters with the bark on high overhead. My house never pleased my eye so much after it was plastered, though I was obliged to confess that it was more comfortable. Should not every apartment in which man dwells be lofty enough to create some obscurity overhead, where flickering shadows may play at evening about the rafters? These forms are more agreeable to the fancy and imagination than fresco paintings or other the most expensive furniture. I now first began to inhabit my house, I may say, when I began to use it for warmth as well as shelter. I had got a couple of old fire-dogs to keep the wood from the hearth, and it did me good to see the soot form on the back of the chimney which I had built, and I poked the fire with more right and more satisfaction than usual. My dwelling was small, and I could hardly entertain an echo in it; but it seemed larger for being a single apartment and remote from neighbors. All the attractions of a house were concentrated in one room; it was kitchen, chamber, parlor, and keeping-room; and whatever satisfaction parent or child, master or servant, derive from living in a house, I enjoyed it all. Cato says, the master of a family (patremfamilias) must have in his rustic villa "cellam oleariam, vinariam, dolia multa, uti lubeat caritatem expectare, et rei, et virtuti, et gloriae erit," that is, "an oil and wine cellar, many casks, so that it may be pleasant to expect hard times; it will be for his advantage, and virtue, and glory." I had in my cellar a firkin of potatoes, about two quarts of peas with the weevil in them, and on my shelf a little rice, a jug of molasses, and of rye and Indian meal a peck each.

北风已经开始冷却湖面,虽然需要数周不息地吹拂方能办到,因为湖太深了。在我为屋子抹灰之前,晚间生火时,烟囱排烟特别顺畅,因为木板之间缝隙众多。然而,我在那凉飕飕、空气流通的房间里,度过了好些欢快的夜晚,四周是粗糙多节的褐色木板,头顶是高高的带皮椽子。屋子抹灰之后,再未如此悦我眼目,虽然我不得不承认它更舒适了。人居住的每一个房间,难道不该高得足以在头顶营造一些幽暗,让摇曳的影在傍晚时分于椽木间嬉戏么?这些形影比壁画或最奢华的家具,更投合幻想与想象。可以说,直到此时,当我开始用它取暖,而不仅仅是遮蔽风雨时,我才真正算是入住了。我找来一对旧柴架,防止木柴滚出炉膛,眼见我建的烟囱背面渐渐积起煤烟,心中感到欣慰;拨火时也比往常更理直气壮、更满足。我的居处狭小,几乎容不下回声;但因是单间且远离邻舍,倒显得宽敞。一屋子的所有魅力都汇聚于一室;它既是厨房、卧房、客厅,又是起居室;无论为父为子、为主为仆,从住屋中能得到的满足,我都尽享了。加图说,一家之主在其乡间别墅里必须设有“储油窖、藏酒窖、众多木桶,以便欣然期待艰难时日;这将有益于他的财产、德行与荣耀。”我的地窖里有一小桶马铃薯,约两夸脱生了象鼻虫的豌豆,架子上则有些米、一罐糖浆,以及黑麦粉和印第安玉米粉各一配克。

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plastered /ˈplæstərd/
v./adj. 抹灰;贴满的(过去分词/形容词)
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obscurity /əbˈskjʊrəti/
n. 昏暗;默默无闻
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flickering /ˈflɪkərɪŋ/
adj./v. 闪烁的;闪烁(动名词/现在分词)
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fresco /ˈfreskoʊ/
n. 湿壁画
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soot /sʊt/
n. 煤烟,烟灰
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parlor /ˈpɑːrlər/
n. 客厅,会客室
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cellar /ˈselər/
n. 地窖,地下室
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firkin /ˈfɜːrkɪn/
n. 小桶(容量单位,通常约四分之一桶)
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weevil /ˈwiːv(ə)l/
n. 象鼻虫
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molasses /məˈlæsɪz/
n. 糖蜜,糖浆
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rye /raɪ/
n. 黑麦
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peck /pek/
n. 配克(干量单位,约9升)
🔊 I sometimes dream of a larger and more populous house, standing in a golden age, of enduring materials, and without gingerbread work, which shall still consist of only one room, a vast, rude, substantial, primitive hall, without ceiling or plastering, with bare rafters and purlins supporting a sort of lower heaven over one's head,-useful to keep off rain and snow, where the king and queen posts stand out to receive your homage, when you have done reverence to the prostrate Saturn of an older dynasty on stepping over the sill; a cavernous house, wherein you must reach up a torch upon a pole to see the roof; where some may live in the fireplace, some in the recess of a window, and some on settles, some at one end of the hall, some at another, and some aloft on rafters with the spiders, if they choose; a house which you have got into when you have opened the outside door, and the ceremony is over; where the weary traveller may wash, and eat, and converse, and sleep, without further journey; such a shelter as you would be glad to reach in a tempestuous night, containing all the essentials of a house, and nothing for house-keeping; where you can see all the treasures of the house at one view, and everything hangs upon its peg that a man should use; at once kitchen, pantry, parlor, chamber, storehouse, and garret; where you can see so necessary a thing as a barrel or a ladder, so convenient a thing as a cupboard, and hear the pot boil, and pay your respects to the fire that cooks your dinner, and the oven that bakes your bread, and the necessary furniture and utensils are the chief ornaments; where the washing is not put out, nor the fire, nor the mistress, and perhaps you are sometimes requested to move from off the trap-door, when the cook would descend into the cellar, and so learn whether the ground is solid or hollow beneath you without stamping. A house whose inside is as open and manifest as a bird's nest, and you cannot go in at the front door and out at the back without seeing some of its inhabitants; where to be a guest is to be presented with the freedom of the house, and not to be carefully excluded from seven eighths of it, shut up in a particular cell, and told to make yourself at home there,-in solitary confinement. Nowadays the host does not admit you to his hearth, but has got the mason to build one for yourself somewhere in his alley, and hospitality is the art of keeping you at the greatest distance. There is as much secrecy about the cooking as if he had a design to poison you. I am aware that I have been on many a man's premises, and might have been legally ordered off, but I am not aware that I have been in many men's houses. I might visit in my old clothes a king and queen who lived simply in such a house as I have described, if I were going their way; but backing out of a modern palace will be all that I shall desire to learn, if ever I am caught in one.

我有时梦想一栋更大、住客更多的屋子,立于黄金时代,用耐久的材料建成,毫无虚饰雕琢,却仍只有一室,一个广阔、粗犷、坚实、原始的大厅,没有天花板或抹灰,裸露的椽与檩条在头顶支撑着一重低垂的天穹--用以遮挡雨雪,当你跨过门槛,向旧王朝那位匍匐的萨图恩致敬之后,那凸出的主柱与女王柱便等着接受你的敬礼;一个洞穴般深邃的屋子,你必须举起缚在长杆上的火把方能看见屋顶;有人可以壁炉为居,有人占据窗龛,有人安坐于长椅,有人在大厅这头,有人在那头,亦有人,若他们乐意,高栖于椽木之上,与蜘蛛为邻;一个你推开外门便算进入的屋子,仪式就此结束;疲惫的旅人可以在此洗涤、进食、交谈、安睡,无需继续旅程;这样一个庇护所,你会乐于在暴风雨之夜抵达,它包含了屋子的所有必需,却无持家之赘物;在此你能一眼览尽屋中宝藏,每件该用之物都挂在自己的钉上;它同时是厨房、餐具室、客厅、卧房、仓库和阁楼;在此你能看见桶或梯子这等必需之物,碗橱这等便利之物,听见锅里的沸声,并向为你烹煮晚餐的炉火、为你烘烤面包的炉灶致意,必要的家具器皿便是主要的装饰;洗涤不用外送,炉火不熄,主妇不离,有时厨子要下地窖,或会请你从活板门移开,如此无需跺脚便知脚下是坚实还是空洞。一屋内里如鸟巢般敞开明了,你从前门进后门出,不可能不见到一些住客;在此做客即被授予整屋的自由,而非被小心地隔离在八分之七的屋子之外,关在一个特定的斗室里,被告知在那里请自便--实则形同单独监禁。如今主人不让你靠近他的炉边,反倒叫泥瓦匠在巷子里某处为你另砌一个,待客之道竟成了将你保持在最远距离的艺术。烹饪之事也搞得神秘兮兮,仿佛他存心要毒害你。我知道我曾踏入许多人的地界,本可能被依法驱逐,但我不记得进过多少人的屋子。倘若顺路,我也许会身着旧衣,去拜访住在我所描述的这种简朴屋子里的国王与王后;但若不幸陷身于一座现代宫殿,我只求学会如何全身而退。

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populous /ˈpɒpjələs/
adj. 人口稠密的
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gingerbread work /ˈdʒɪndʒərbred wɜːrk/
n. 华而不实的装饰(尤指建筑上)
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substantial /səbˈstænʃ(ə)l/
adj. 坚固的;大量的;实质的
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purlins /ˈpɜːrlɪnz/
n. 檩条(复数)
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prostrate /ˈprɒstreɪt/
adj. 俯卧的;拜倒的
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Saturn /ˈsætɜːrn/
n. 萨图尔努斯(古罗马农神)
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cavernous /ˈkævərnəs/
adj. 洞穴般的,巨大而幽深的
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settles /ˈset(ə)lz/
n. 高背长椅(复数)
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aloft /əˈlɔːft/
adv. 在高处,在空中
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tempestuous /temˈpestʃuəs/
adj. 暴风雨般的;狂暴的,动荡的
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pantry /ˈpæntri/
n. 食品储藏室
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garret /ˈɡærət/
n. 阁楼
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cupboard /ˈkʌbərd/
n. 碗柜,橱柜
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utensils /juːˈtens(ə)lz/
n. 器皿,用具(复数)
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trap-door /ˈtræp dɔːr/
n. 活板门,地板门
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manifest /ˈmænɪfest/
adj. 明显的,显然的
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confinement /kənˈfaɪnmənt/
n. 限制;禁闭
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hospitality /ˌhɒspɪˈtæləti/
n. 好客,款待
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premises /ˈpremɪsɪz/
n. 房屋(及其附属建筑、土地等);经营场所

仿佛我们客厅的语言也会失尽筋骨,彻底沦为“空谈”,因为我们生活得离它的象征如此遥远,其隐喻与修辞必然是拐弯抹角、牵强附会而来,仿佛是通过传菜滑道和送餐电梯一般;换言之,客厅离厨房与作坊太远了。就连晚餐通常也只是晚餐的寓言。仿佛唯有野蛮人住得离自然与真理够近,方能从它们那里借得修辞。远居西北领地或马恩岛的学者,怎能知道厨房里何谓“议会式的”规矩?

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degenerate /dɪˈdʒenəreɪt/
v. 退化,堕落
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parler /ˈpɑːrler/
n. 谈话(法语,此处用作双关,对比'parlor')
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remoteness /rɪˈmoʊtnəs/
n. 遥远;疏远
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tropes /troʊps/
n. 修辞格;比喻;陈词滥调(复数)
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far fetched /ˌfɑːr ˈfetʃt/
adj. 牵强的,未必会的
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dumb-waiters /ˈdʌm ˌweɪtərz/
n. 送菜升降机(复数)
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parable /ˈpærəb(ə)l/
n. 寓言
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savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/
n. 野蛮人
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parliamentary /ˌpɑːrləˈment(ə)ri/
adj. 议会的,国会的

然而,我的客人中只有一两位曾够胆留下与我同吃快煮布丁;但一见那“危机”临近,他们反倒匆忙撤退,仿佛那会撼动屋基。尽管如此,我的屋子经受了许多次快煮布丁的考验。

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hasty-pudding /ˈheɪsti ˈpʊdɪŋ/
n. 速煮布丁(一种简易粥或布丁)
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foundations /faʊnˈdeɪʃ(ə)nz/
n. 地基;基础(复数)
🔊 I did not plaster till it was freezing weather. I brought over some whiter and cleaner sand for this purpose from the opposite shore of the pond in a boat, a sort of conveyance which would have tempted me to go much farther if necessary. My house had in the meanwhile been shingled down to the ground on every side. In lathing I was pleased to be able to send home each nail with a single blow of the hammer, and it was my ambition to transfer the plaster from the board to the wall neatly and rapidly. I remembered the story of a conceited fellow, who, in fine clothes, was wont to lounge about the village once, giving advice to workmen. Venturing one day to substitute deeds for words, he turned up his cuffs, seized a plasterer's board, and having loaded his trowel without mishap, with a complacent look toward the lathing overhead, made a bold gesture thitherward; and straightway, to his complete discomfiture, received the whole contents in his ruffled bosom. I admired anew the economy and convenience of plastering, which so effectually shuts out the cold and takes a handsome finish, and I learned the various casualties to which the plasterer is liable. I was surprised to see how thirsty the bricks were which drank up all the moisture in my plaster before I had smoothed it, and how many pailfuls of water it takes to christen a new hearth. I had the previous winter made a small quantity of lime by burning the shells of the Unio fluviatilis, which our river affords, for the sake of the experiment; so that I knew where my materials came from. I might have got good limestone within a mile or two and burned it myself, if I had cared to do so.

我等到天寒地冻才抹灰。为此,我从湖对岸用船运来更白净的沙子,这种运输方式,若有必要,本可诱使我走更远的路。其间,我屋子四面已从顶到地铺满了木瓦。钉板条时,我高兴地发现自己能一锤就将每颗钉子钉到位,而我志在将灰泥从灰板到墙壁转移得利落迅速。我记得一个自负家伙的故事,他衣冠楚楚,惯于在村中闲荡,给工人们提建议。一日他冒险以行动代替言语,卷起袖口,抓过抹灰板,顺利地装好灰泥后,自得地望了望头顶的板条,大胆朝那方向一挥;顿时,狼狈不堪,整个灰泥全落在他那起皱的前襟上。我重新叹赏抹灰的经济与便利,它能如此有效地阻挡寒气,且能形成光洁的表面,我也知悉了抹灰工可能遭遇的各种意外。我惊讶地发现砖头何等“口渴”,在我抹平之前就吸干了灰泥中所有水分,而给一个新炉灶“施洗”又需要多少桶水。前一个冬天,我为了实验,烧了我们河里有的河蚌壳,制了一小点石灰;因此我知道我的材料从何而来。我若在意,本可在一两英里内找到上好的石灰石自己烧制。

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conveyance /kənˈveɪəns/
n. 运输工具;运输
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lathing /ˈlæθɪŋ/
n. 钉板条,板条基底(为抹灰准备)
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conceited /kənˈsiːtɪd/
adj. 自负的,骄傲自满的
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lounge /laʊndʒ/
v. 懒散地站(或坐、躺)着;闲逛
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cuffs /kʌfs/
n. 袖口(复数)
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plasterer /ˈplæstərər/
n. 抹灰工
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mishap /ˈmɪshæp/
n. 小事故,小灾难
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complacent /kəmˈpleɪs(ə)nt/
adj. 自满的,满足的
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thitherward /ˈðɪðərwərd/
adv. 向那里(古语)
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discomfiture /dɪsˈkʌmfɪtʃər/
n. 困窘,挫败
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ruffled /ˈrʌf(ə)ld/
adj. 起皱的;被弄乱的;恼怒的
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bosom /ˈbʊzəm/
n. 胸部;胸怀
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casualties /ˈkæʒuəltiz/
n. 伤亡人员;受害者;损失(复数)
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christen /ˈkrɪs(ə)n/
v. 为…施洗礼;命名;首次使用
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Unio fluviatilis /ˌjuːnioʊ ˌfluːviˈætɪlɪs/
n. 河蚌(拉丁学名)
🔊 The pond had in the meanwhile skimmed over in the shadiest and shallowest coves, some days or even weeks before the general freezing. The first ice is especially interesting and perfect, being hard, dark, and transparent, and affords the best opportunity that ever offers for examining the bottom where it is shallow; for you can lie at your length on ice only an inch thick, like a skater insect on the surface of the water, and study the bottom at your leisure, only two or three inches distant, like a picture behind a glass, and the water is necessarily always smooth then. There are many furrows in the sand where some creature has travelled about and doubled on its tracks; and, for wrecks, it is strewn with the cases of caddis-worms made of minute grains of white quartz. Perhaps these have creased it, for you find some of their cases in the furrows, though they are deep and broad for them to make. But the ice itself is the object of most interest, though you must improve the earliest opportunity to study it. If you examine it closely the morning after it freezes, you find that the greater part of the bubbles, which at first appeared to be within it, are against its under surface, and that more are continually rising from the bottom; while the ice is as yet comparatively solid and dark, that is, you see the water through it. These bubbles are from an eightieth to an eighth of an inch in diameter, very clear and beautiful, and you see your face reflected in them through the ice. There may be thirty or forty of them to a square inch. There are also already within the ice narrow oblong perpendicular bubbles about half an inch long, sharp cones with the apex upward; or oftener, if the ice is quite fresh, minute spherical bubbles one directly above another, like a string of beads. But these within the ice are not so numerous nor obvious as those beneath. I sometimes used to cast on stones to try the strength of the ice, and those which broke through carried in air with them, which formed very large and conspicuous white bubbles beneath. One day when I came to the same place forty-eight hours afterward, I found that those large bubbles were still perfect, though an inch more of ice had formed, as I could see distinctly by the seam in the edge of a cake. But as the last two days had been very warm, like an Indian summer, the ice was not now transparent, showing the dark green color of the water, and the bottom, but opaque and whitish or gray, and though twice as thick was hardly stronger than before, for the air bubbles had greatly expanded under this heat and run together, and lost their regularity; they were no longer one directly over another, but often like silvery coins poured from a bag, one overlapping another, or in thin flakes, as if occupying slight cleavages. The beauty of the ice was gone, and it was too late to study the bottom. Being curious to know what position my great bubbles occupied with regard to the new ice, I broke out a cake containing a middling sized one, and turned it bottom upward. The new ice had formed around and under the bubble, so that it was included between the two ices. It was wholly in the lower ice, but close against the upper, and was flattish, or perhaps slightly lenticular, with a rounded edge, a quarter of an inch deep by four inches in diameter; and I was surprised to find that directly under the bubble the ice was melted with great regularity in the form of a saucer reversed, to the height of five eighths of an inch in the middle, leaving a thin partition there between the water and the bubble, hardly an eighth of an inch thick; and in many places the small bubbles in this partition had burst out downward, and probably there was no ice at all under the largest bubbles, which were a foot in diameter. I inferred that the infinite number of minute bubbles which I had first seen against the under surface of the ice, and now also frozen in therein, were their nuclei. They are the little air-guns which contribute to make the ice crack and whoop.

其间,湖在最阴最浅的湾处,早在全面封冻数日甚至数周之前,便结了一层薄冰。初冰尤其有趣且完美,坚硬、暗黑、透明,提供了检视浅水处湖底的最佳时机;因为你可以全身平卧在仅一英寸厚的冰上,像水面上的滑水虫,悠闲地研究湖底,相距不过两三英寸,犹如玻璃后面的一幅画,而且此时的水面必然是平滑的。沙上有许多沟痕,是某种生物游走又折返的踪迹;至于残骸,则散落着石蛾幼虫用白色石英细粒制成的壳。或许是这些壳弄皱了冰面,因为你在沟痕中发现了它们的壳,尽管沟痕对它们而言显得过于深宽。但冰本身才是最引人兴趣的对象,尽管你必须把握最早的机会去研究它。若在结冰后的翌晨细察,你会发现大部分最初看来似乎在冰内的气泡,其实是贴着冰的下表面,而且有更多的气泡正不断从湖底升起;当冰尚且相对坚实暗黑时,也就是说,你还能透过它看见水。这些气泡直径从八十分之一到八分之一英寸不等,极其清澈美丽,你能透过冰看到自己的脸映在其中。每平方英寸或有三四十个之多。冰内也已有了窄长的垂直气泡,约半英寸长,呈尖锥状,锥尖朝上;或者更常见的是,若冰很新,则有微小的球形气泡一个直叠一个,如一串珠子。但冰内的气泡不如冰下的那么多或明显。我有时投石以试冰的强度,那些砸穿冰层的石头带入了空气,在冰下形成了非常巨大而显眼的白色气泡。一天,四十八小时后我回到同一地点,发现那些大气泡仍然完好,虽然冰又厚了一英寸--这从一块冰边缘的接缝能清晰看出。但过去两天非常暖和,犹如印第安夏日,冰现在已不透明,不再显现水的深绿色及湖底,而是呈乳白或灰白色,虽然厚度加倍,却几乎不比先前坚固,因为气泡在热度下大大膨胀并融聚在一起,失去了规整的形状;它们不再是一个直叠一个,而常常像从袋中倾泻而出的银币,彼此交叠,或呈薄片状,仿佛占据了细微的裂隙。冰的美已然消逝,研究湖底也为时过晚。我好奇我的大气泡相对于新冰的位置,便敲出一块含有中等大小气泡的冰块,将其翻转底朝上。新冰在气泡周围和下方形成,因此气泡被夹在两冰之间。它完全处于下层冰内,但紧贴着上层冰,形状略扁,或稍呈透镜状,边缘圆润,深四分之一英寸,直径四英寸;我惊讶地发现,气泡正下方的冰以极规整的方式融化,呈倒扣的碟形,中间高达八分之五英寸,仅留下一层薄薄的隔层介于水与气泡之间,厚度几乎不到八分之一英寸;而且在许多地方,这隔层里的小气泡已向下爆裂,很可能最大的气泡下方根本没有冰,那些气泡直径足有一英尺。我推断,我最初在冰下表面看到的无数微小气泡,现在也已冻结在其中,便是这些大气泡的核心。它们正是那些促使冰面迸裂、发出轰鸣的小气仓。

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skimmed /skɪmd/
v. 结上一层薄冰;撇去;掠过(过去式)
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coves /koʊvz/
n. 小海湾,河湾(复数)
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transparent /trænsˈpærənt/
adj. 透明的;明显的
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affords /əˈfɔːrdz/
v. 提供,给予(第三人称单数)
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skater insect /ˈskeɪtər ˈɪnsekt/
n. 水黾(一种能在水面上滑行的昆虫)
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furrows /ˈfɜːroʊz/
n. 犁沟;皱纹;车辙(复数)
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caddis-worms /ˈkædɪs wɜːrmz/
n. 石蚕(石蛾的幼虫)(复数)
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creased /kriːst/
v. 使起皱(过去式)
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perpendicular /ˌpɜːrpənˈdɪkjələr/
adj. 垂直的,成直角的
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apex /ˈeɪpeks/
n. 顶点,最高点
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spherical /ˈsferɪk(ə)l/
adj. 球形的,球状的
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conspicuous /kənˈspɪkjuəs/
adj. 明显的,显眼的
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seam /siːm/
n. 接缝;矿层
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opaque /oʊˈpeɪk/
adj. 不透明的;难理解的
🔊
cleavages /ˈkliːvɪdʒɪz/
n. 裂缝,分裂(复数)
🔊
lenticular /lenˈtɪkjələr/
adj. 透镜状的,双凸的
🔊
saucer /ˈsɔːsər/
n. 茶碟;碟状物
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partition /pɑːrˈtɪʃ(ə)n/
n. 隔板;分割
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nuclei /ˈnjuːkliaɪ/
n. 核心;细胞核;原子核(nucleus的复数)
🔊 At length the winter set in in good earnest, just as I had finished plastering, and the wind began to howl around the house as if it had not had permission to do so till then. Night after night the geese came lumbering in in the dark with a clangor and a whistling of wings, even after the ground was covered with snow, some to alight in Walden, and some flying low over the woods toward Fair Haven, bound for Mexico. Several times, when returning from the village at ten or eleven o'clock at night, I heard the tread of a flock of geese, or else ducks, on the dry leaves in the woods by a pond-hole behind my dwelling, where they had come up to feed, and the faint honk or quack of their leader as they hurried off. In 1845 Walden froze entirely over for the first time on the night of the 22d of December, Flints' and other shallower ponds and the river having been frozen ten days or more; in '46, the 16th; in '49, about the 31st; and in '50, about the 27th of December; in '52, the 5th of January; in '53, the 31st of December. The snow had already covered the ground since the 25th of November, and surrounded me suddenly with the scenery of winter. I withdrew yet farther into my shell, and endeavored to keep a bright fire both within my house and within my breast. My employment out of doors now was to collect the dead wood in the forest, bringing it in my hands or on my shoulders, or sometimes trailing a dead pine tree under each arm to my shed. An old forest fence which had seen its best days was a great haul for me. I sacrificed it to Vulcan, for it was past serving the god Terminus. How much more interesting an event is that man's supper who has just been forth in the snow to hunt, nay, you might say, steal, the fuel to cook it with! His bread and meat are sweet. There are enough fagots and waste wood of all kinds in the forests of most of our towns to support many fires, but which at present warm none, and, some think, hinder the growth of the young wood. There was also the driftwood of the pond. In the course of the summer I had discovered a raft of pitch pine logs with the bark on, pinned together by the Irish when the railroad was built. This I hauled up partly on the shore. After soaking two years and then lying high six months it was perfectly sound, though waterlogged past drying. I amused myself one winter day with sliding this piecemeal across the pond, nearly half a mile, skating behind with one end of a log fifteen feet long on my shoulder, and the other on the ice; or I tied several logs together with a birch withe, and then, with a longer birch or alder which had a hook at the end, dragged them across. Though completely waterlogged and almost as heavy as lead, they not only burned long, but made a very hot fire; nay, I thought that they burned better for the soaking, as if the pitch, being confined by the water, burned longer, as in a lamp.

终于,冬天真切地降临了,恰在我抹完灰之际,风开始绕着屋子呼啸,仿佛直到那时才获得准许。一夜复一夜,即便大地已被积雪覆盖,鹅群仍笨重地在黑暗中飞来,带着铿锵的鸣叫和振翅的呼啸,有些降落在瓦尔登湖,有些低低掠过树林飞向费尔黑文,直奔墨西哥而去。有好几次,晚上十点或十一点从村里归来时,我听见一群鹅或鸭的脚步声,在我住所后面一个水塘边的林间干叶上--它们曾来此觅食--以及领头者在匆忙飞离时发出的微弱鸣叫或嘎嘎声。一八四五年,瓦尔登湖首次完全封冻是在十二月二十二日夜晚,弗林茨塘和其他较浅的池塘及河流则已封冻十天或更久;一八四六年是十二月十六日;一八四九年大约是十二月三十一日;一八五〇年大约是十二月二十七日;一八五二年是一月五日;一八五三年是十二月三十一日。自十一月二十五日起,雪便已覆盖了大地,骤然将我包围在冬日的景色之中。我更深地缩进自己的壳里,努力在屋内与胸中都保持一团明亮的火焰。我现在的户外活计是收集林中的枯木,用手抱或用肩扛回来,有时则两臂各拖一棵枯松树到我的棚屋。一道见过好日子的旧林间篱笆,对我而言是一大收获。我将它献祭给伏尔甘,因为它已无法再为界神忒耳弥努斯效劳了。一个人刚在雪中出去猎取--不,你甚至可以说是“偷窃”--用来烹煮晚餐的燃料,他的这顿晚餐该是多么有趣的一件事!他的面包与肉食都分外香甜。我们大多数城镇的森林里,有足量的各种柴捆和废木,足以供许多炉火取暖,但目前它们温暖不了任何人,而且有人认为它们阻碍了幼林的生长。此外还有湖上的浮木。在夏季里,我曾发现一筏带皮的油松原木,是铁路建造时爱尔兰人用木钉钉在一起的。我将它部分拖上了岸。浸泡两年后又高置了六个月,它虽然浸透了水无法晾干,却依然完好无损。一个冬日,我自得其乐地将这木筏分批滑过湖面,差不多有半英里远,我滑行在后,肩上扛着一根十五英尺长木头的一端,另一端则搭在冰上;或者我用桦树条把几根木头捆在一起,再用一根末端带钩的更长桦木或赤杨拖拽它们过湖。它们虽然完全浸透了水,几乎和铅一样重,却不仅燃烧得久,而且火焰极热;不仅如此,我认为浸泡反而让它们烧得更好,仿佛松脂被水困住,燃烧时间更长,就像在油灯里一样。

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howl /haʊl/
v. 嚎叫,呼啸
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lumbering /ˈlʌmbərɪŋ/
adj. 笨拙的,缓慢移动的
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clangor /ˈklæŋɡər/
n. 叮当声,铿锵声
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alight /əˈlaɪt/
v. 飞落,下车
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tread /tred/
n. 脚步声;踏板
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honk /hɒŋk/
n./v. 雁叫声;汽车喇叭声
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quack /kwæk/
n./v. 鸭子叫声;嘎嘎叫
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endeavored /ɪnˈdevərd/
v. 努力,尽力(过去式)
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haul /hɔːl/
n. 一次捕获量;拖运
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Vulcan /ˈvʌlkən/
n. 伏尔甘(罗马神话中的火与锻冶之神)
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Terminus /ˈtɜːrmɪnəs/
n. 泰尔米努斯(罗马神话中的界标神)
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fagots /ˈfæɡəts/
n. 柴捆,束薪(复数)
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driftwood /ˈdrɪftwʊd/
n. 浮木,漂流木
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raft /ræft/
n. 木排,筏
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pinned /pɪnd/
v. 钉住,固定(过去式)
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waterlogged /ˈwɔːtərlɒɡd/
adj. 浸满水的,涝的
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piecemeal /ˈpiːsmiːl/
adv./adj. 零碎地;零碎的
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withe /wɪθ/
n. 柔韧的枝条(尤指柳条)
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alder /ˈɔːldər/
n. 桤木

吉尔平在记述英格兰的森林边区居民时说道,“侵入者的侵占,及因此在森林边界上修建的房屋与篱栅,”被“旧森林法视作重大妨害,并以‘强占林地’之名施以严惩,因其倾向‘惊吓鸟兽--损害森林’等等。”但我对保存鹿肉和林木的兴趣,胜于猎人或伐木工,简直如同我自己就是护林官一般;若有任何部分被烧毁,哪怕是我自己意外所致,我的悲伤也会比土地所有者的更持久、更难慰藉;不,即便是土地所有者自己将其砍伐,我亦会感到悲伤。我愿我们的农夫在砍伐一片森林时,能怀有古罗马人在疏伐或让光照进一片圣林时所感受到的那种敬畏,也就是说,愿意相信那林子是专属于某位神祇的。罗马人会献上赎罪祭品,并祈祷道:“无论祢是男神还是女神,此林乃献于祢,请惠顾我、我的家人与子女等等。”

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encroachments /ɪnˈkroʊtʃmənts/
n. 侵蚀,侵占(复数)
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trespassers /ˈtrespæsərz/
n. 非法侵入者(复数)
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nuisances /ˈnjuːs(ə)nsɪz/
n. 讨厌的人(或事物)(复数)
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purprestures /pərˈprestʃərz/
n. 侵占公地(法律术语,复数)
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detriment /ˈdetrɪmənt/
n. 损害,伤害
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preservation /ˌprezərˈveɪʃ(ə)n/
n. 保存,保护
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venison /ˈvenɪs(ə)n/
n. 鹿肉
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vert /vɜːrt/
n. 森林中的草木植被(法律术语)
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woodchoppers /ˈwʊdˌtʃɒpərz/
n. 伐木工(复数)
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Warden /ˈwɔːrd(ə)n/
n. 管理人,监护人;(此处大写特指)森林守护官
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inconsolable /ˌɪnkənˈsoʊləb(ə)l/
adj. 无法安慰的,极度悲伤的
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awe /ɔː/
n. 敬畏
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consecrated /ˈkɒnsɪkreɪtɪd/
adj. 神圣的,奉献的
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grove /ɡroʊv/
n. 小树林
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expiatory /ɪkˈspaɪətɔːri/
adj. 赎罪的,补偿的
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propitious /prəˈpɪʃəs/
adj. 吉祥的,有利的

值得注意的是,即使在此时代与此新兴国度,木材仍被赋予何等价值,一种比黄金更恒久、更普遍的价值。在我们所有的发现与发明之后,没有人会对一堆木材视而不见。它对我们而言,如同对我们的撒克逊与诺曼先祖一样珍贵。他们曾用它制作弓弩,我们则用它制作枪托。米肖在三十多年前曾说,纽约与费城的燃料木材价格“几乎等于,有时甚至超过巴黎最佳木材的价格,尽管这座巨大的首都每年需要超过三十万考得的木材,并且被耕地平原环绕达三百英里之远。”在本镇,木材价格几乎稳步上涨,唯一的问题是今年将比去年高出多少。那些亲自来到森林却并无他事的工匠与商人,必定会参加木材拍卖,甚至为了获得在伐木工之后拾取剩余木材的特权而支付高价。多年来,人们一直向森林寻求燃料与工艺材料:新英格兰人与新荷兰人,巴黎人与凯尔特人,农夫与罗宾汉,古迪·布莱克与哈里·吉尔;在世界上大多数地方,王子与农夫,学者与野蛮人,都同样仍然需要从森林获取几根木柴来取暖和烹煮食物。我也离不开它们。

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permanent /ˈpɜːrmənənt/
adj. 永久的,持久的
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universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrs(ə)l/
adj. 普遍的,全世界的
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ancestors /ˈænsestərz/
n. 祖先(复数)
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gun-stocks /ˈɡʌn stɒks/
n. 枪托(复数)
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cords /kɔːrdz/
n. 考得(柴薪体积单位,约3.6立方米;复数)
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Mechanics /məˈkænɪks/
n. 技工,机修工(复数,此处大写表泛指)
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errand /ˈerənd/
n. 差事,跑腿
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auction /ˈɔːkʃ(ə)n/
n. 拍卖
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gleaning /ˈɡliːnɪŋ/
v./n. 拾落穗;收集(零星信息)(动名词)
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New Hollander /ˌnjuː ˈhɒləndər/
n. 新荷兰人(指澳大利亚早期欧洲殖民者)
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Celt /kelt/
n. 凯尔特人
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Robin Hood /ˌrɒbɪn ˈhʊd/
n. 罗宾汉(英国民间传说中劫富济贫的绿林好汉)
🔊 Every man looks at his wood-pile with a kind of affection. I loved to have mine before my window, and the more chips the better to remind me of my pleasing work. I had an old axe which nobody claimed, with which by spells in winter days, on the sunny side of the house, I played about the stumps which I had got out of my bean-field, as my former playfellows the oxen were going. My axe, as I learned afterward, was pronounced by a connoisseur to have been made in the time of the Revolution; but however that may be, its older history is lost in the mists of antiquity. It was so rusty that the man to whom I gave it to be ground said there was only three or four dollars' worth of steel in it, and he charged me that for putting it in order. When I got out my oak timber I cut it into sticks three feet long and laid it up in piles four feet high on the cleared space in front of my window, and as I cut I could look across the pond at Fair Haven Hill. I dreamed of cutting a broad swath through the woods, and of making a road some eight or ten rods long, pleasant to travel in winter, and open to the sun from the south, with a smooth, hard surface on which the winds could not make an impression. But now, while I was cutting one, I was sometimes amused to see the chickens, which had come out of the woods and fed on the insects turned up by the axe, picking up the chips at my feet for the worms they contained. Once a sparrow alighted upon my arm and pecked at a chip, giving me a new sense of the nearness and friendliness of the wild creatures which I had disturbed.

每个人看待自己的柴堆都带着一种喜爱之情。我喜欢把我的柴堆放在窗前,木屑越多越好,提醒我那愉快的工作。我有一把无人认领的旧斧头,在冬日的间歇,于屋子的向阳面,我像从前那些玩伴--牛群--那样,绕着从我豆田里挖出的树桩挥动它。我后来得知,一位行家断定这把斧头打造于独立战争时期;但无论如何,它更古老的历史已湮没在远古的迷雾之中。它锈蚀得厉害,我把它交给磨斧人打磨时,他说里面只值三四美元的钢,并为此收了我整修的费用。当我取出我的橡木料时,我将它切成三英尺长的木棍,堆放在我窗前空地上,堆成四英尺高。我劈柴时,可以望过池塘看向费尔黑文山。我曾梦想在林中开辟一条宽阔的通道,造一条约八到十杆长的路,冬季行走愉悦,朝南敞开迎接阳光,路面平滑坚硬,连风也无法留下痕迹。但如今,正当我开辟一条小路时,有时饶有兴致地看到鸡从林中出来,啄食斧头翻出的虫子,还捡拾我脚边的木屑,寻找里面的蠕虫。一次,一只麻雀落在我手臂上,啄食一块木屑,这让我对我所打扰的野生动物,产生了一种新的亲近与友好之感。

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affection /əˈfekʃ(ə)n/
n. 喜爱,感情
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chips /tʃɪps/
n. 木屑,碎片(复数)
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spells /spelz/
n. 一段时间,一阵(复数)
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stumps /stʌmps/
n. 树桩(复数)
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connoisseur /ˌkɒnəˈsɜːr/
n. 鉴赏家,行家
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antiquity /ænˈtɪkwəti/
n. 古代;古迹
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rusty /ˈrʌsti/
adj. 生锈的;生疏的
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oak /oʊk/
n. 橡树;橡木
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swath /swɒθ/
n. 长而宽的一条(或地带);割幅
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rods /rɒdz/
n. 杆;长度单位(约5.5码;复数)
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sparrow /ˈspærəʊ/
n. 麻雀
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alighted /əˈlaɪtɪd/
v. 飞落,下车(过去式)
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pecked /pekt/
v. 啄(过去式)

当大地尚未完全被雪覆盖时,以及冬末雪在我南面山坡和柴堆周围融化时,山鹑早晚会从林中出来在那里觅食。无论你走在林中哪一边,山鹑都会扑棱棱振翅惊飞,震落高处干枯枝叶上的积雪,雪粉在阳光中筛落,如同金尘,因为这勇敢的鸟不会被冬天吓倒。它常被雪堆掩埋,据说“有时会从空中俯冲进软雪里,藏匿一两天之久。”我也常在开阔地惊起它们,它们是在日落时分从林中出来“啄食”野苹果树的嫩芽。它们每晚都会定时来到特定的树木那里,狡猾的猎人便埋伏守候,邻近树林的远处果园因此颇受其害。无论如何,我很高兴山鹑能得到食物。它是自然自家的鸟儿,以嫩芽和露水为生。

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partridges /ˈpɑːr.tɪdʒɪz/
n. 山鹑,一种鸟类
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whirring /ˈwɜːr.ɪŋ/
adj. 发出嗡嗡声的
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jarring /ˈdʒɑːr.ɪŋ/
adj. 刺耳的,震动的
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sifting /ˈsɪf.tɪŋ/
v. 筛选,撒落
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drifts /drɪfts/
n. 雪堆,漂流物
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plunges /ˈplʌn.dʒɪz/
v. 跳入,投入
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bud /bʌd/
v. 发芽,啄食嫩芽
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cunning /ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/
adj. 狡猾的
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orchards /ˈɔːr.tʃərdz/
n. 果园
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diet-drink /ˈdaɪ.ət drɪŋk/
n. 饮食饮料
🔊 In dark winter mornings, or in short winter afternoons, I sometimes heard a pack of hounds threading all the woods with hounding cry and yelp, unable to resist the instinct of the chase, and the note of the hunting-horn at intervals, proving that man was in the rear. The woods ring again, and yet no fox bursts forth on to the open level of the pond, nor following pack pursuing their Actaeon. And perhaps at evening I see the hunters returning with a single brush trailing from their sleigh for a trophy, seeking their inn. They tell me that if the fox would remain in the bosom of the frozen earth he would be safe, or if he would run in a straight line away no foxhound could overtake him; but, having left his pursuers far behind, he stops to rest and listen till they come up, and when he runs he circles round to his old haunts, where the hunters await him. Sometimes, however, he will run upon a wall many rods, and then leap off far to one side, and he appears to know that water will not retain his scent. A hunter told me that he once saw a fox pursued by hounds burst out on to Walden when the ice was covered with shallow puddles, run part way across, and then return to the same shore. Ere long the hounds arrived, but here they lost the scent. Sometimes a pack hunting by themselves would pass my door, and circle round my house, and yelp and hound without regarding me, as if afflicted by a species of madness, so that nothing could divert them from the pursuit. Thus they circle until they fall upon the recent trail of a fox, for a wise hound will forsake everything else for this. One day a man came to my hut from Lexington to inquire after his hound that made a large track, and had been hunting for a week by himself. But I fear that he was not the wiser for all I told him, for every time I attempted to answer his questions he interrupted me by asking, "What do you do here?" He had lost a dog, but found a man.

在昏暗的冬日清晨,或短暂的冬日下午,我有时听见一群猎犬穿梭于所有林木之间,发出追猎的吠叫与嗷嗷声,难以抗拒追逐的本能,间或还有猎号的声响,证明有人在后面。树林再次回荡起来,却没有狐狸冲上池塘开阔的冰面,也没有紧随其后的猎犬在追逐它们的阿克特翁。或许到了傍晚,我会看到猎人归来,雪橇后拖着一根孤零零的尾巴作为战利品,寻找他们的客栈。他们告诉我,如果狐狸肯留在冻土的怀抱里,它便是安全的,或者如果它沿着直线逃窜,没有猎狐犬能追上它;但是,它将追捕者远远抛在身后后,会停下来休息、倾听,直到它们赶上来,而当它再次奔跑时,又会绕圈子回到它旧日的巢穴附近,猎人们便在那里等候它。然而,有时它会沿着墙头跑上许多杆远,然后向一侧远远跳开,它似乎知道水不会保留它的气味。一位猎人告诉我,他曾看见一只被猎犬追逐的狐狸冲上瓦尔登湖,当时冰面覆盖着浅浅的水洼,它跑了一段路,然后返回了同一岸边。不久猎犬赶到,但在这里失去了嗅迹。有时,一群独自狩猎的猎犬会经过我的门口,绕着我的屋子打转,吠叫追逐,毫不理会我,仿佛染上了一种疯狂,没有任何东西能让它们从追逐中分心。它们就这样兜圈子,直到撞上狐狸新近留下的踪迹,因为聪明的猎犬会为此放弃其他一切。一天,一个人从列克星敦来到我的小屋,询问他那条留下很大足迹、已独自狩猎一周的猎犬。但我恐怕我所说的一切并未让他更明白,因为每当我试图回答他的问题时,他都打断我问道:“你在这里做什么?”他丢失了一条狗,却找到了一个人。

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hounds /haʊndz/
n. 猎犬
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threading /ˈθred.ɪŋ/
v. 穿过,蜿蜒行进
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hounding /ˈhaʊn.dɪŋ/
v. 追逐,骚扰
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yelp /jelp/
v. 尖叫,吠叫
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instinct /ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/
n. 本能
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chase /tʃeɪs/
n. 追逐
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hunting-horn /ˈhʌn.tɪŋ hɔːrn/
n. 猎号
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sleigh /sleɪ/
n. 雪橇
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trophy /ˈtroʊ.fi/
n. 战利品,奖品
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frozen /ˈfroʊ.zən/
adj. 冻结的,冰冷的
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overtake /ˌoʊ.vərˈteɪk/
v. 追上,超过
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haunts /hɔːnts/
n. 常去的地方
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scent /sent/
n. 气味,踪迹
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puddles /ˈpʌd.əlz/
n. 水坑
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afflicted /əˈflɪk.tɪd/
v. 使痛苦,折磨
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madness /ˈmæd.nəs/
n. 疯狂,精神错乱
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divert /daɪˈvɜːrt/
v. 转移,使转向
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forsake /fərˈseɪk/
v. 抛弃,放弃
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track /træk/
n. 踪迹,轨道
🔊 One old hunter who has a dry tongue, who used to come to bathe in Walden once every year when the water was warmest, and at such times looked in upon me, told me, that many years ago he took his gun one afternoon and went out for a cruise in Walden Wood; and as he walked the Wayland road he heard the cry of hounds approaching, and ere long a fox leaped the wall into the road, and as quick as thought leaped the other wall out of the road, and his swift bullet had not touched him. Some way behind came an old hound and her three pups in full pursuit, hunting on their own account, and disappeared again in the woods. Late in the afternoon, as he was resting in the thick woods south of Walden, he heard the voice of the hounds far over toward Fair Haven still pursuing the fox; and on they came, their hounding cry which made all the woods ring sounding nearer and nearer, now from Well Meadow, now from the Baker Farm. For a long time he stood still and listened to their music, so sweet to a hunter's ear, when suddenly the fox appeared, threading the solemn aisles with an easy coursing pace, whose sound was concealed by a sympathetic rustle of the leaves, swift and still, keeping the round, leaving his pursuers far behind; and, leaping upon a rock amid the woods, he sat erect and listening, with his back to the hunter. For a moment compassion restrained the latter's arm; but that was a short-lived mood, and as quick as thought can follow thought his piece was levelled, and whang!-the fox, rolling over the rock, lay dead on the ground. The hunter still kept his place and listened to the hounds. Still on they came, and now the near woods resounded through all their aisles with their demoniac cry. At length the old hound burst into view with muzzle to the ground, and snapping the air as if possessed, and ran directly to the rock; but, spying the dead fox, she suddenly ceased her hounding as if struck dumb with amazement, and walked round and round him in silence; and one by one her pups arrived, and, like their mother, were sobered into silence by the mystery. Then the hunter came forward and stood in their midst, and the mystery was solved. They waited in silence while he skinned the fox, then followed the brush a while, and at length turned off into the woods again. That evening a Weston squire came to the Concord hunter's cottage to inquire for his hounds, and told how for a week they had been hunting on their own account from Weston woods. The Concord hunter told him what he knew and offered him the skin; but the other declined it and departed. He did not find his hounds that night, but the next day learned that they had crossed the river and put up at a farmhouse for the night, whence, having been well fed, they took their departure early in the morning.

一位舌头干涩的老猎人告诉我,他过去每年水温最暖时都会来瓦尔登湖沐浴一次,那时便会顺道来看我。他说,许多年前的一个下午,他带着枪去瓦尔登湖树林里巡游;当他走在韦兰路上时,听见猎犬的吠叫声逼近,不一会儿,一只狐狸跃墙跳入路中,旋即又迅如闪电般跃过另一道墙出了路,他迅捷的子弹未能击中它。稍后远处来了一只老母犬和它的三只幼崽,正全力追击,为自己狩猎,随即又消失在树林中。傍晚时分,当他在瓦尔登湖南面的密林中休息时,听见猎犬的声音远远地从费尔黑文方向传来,仍在追逐那只狐狸;叫声越来越近,使得整个树林回响不绝,时而来自韦尔草地,时而来自贝克农场。他久久伫立,静听那对猎人耳朵而言如此甜美的音乐,突然间,狐狸出现了,以从容不迫的步子穿过庄严的林间通道,它的声响被充满同情的树叶沙沙声所掩盖,迅捷而安静,兜着圈子,将追捕者远远甩在后面;接着,它跃上林间的一块岩石,挺直身子坐着倾听,背对着猎人。刹那间,怜悯之情束缚了猎人的手臂;但那情绪转瞬即逝,思绪紧随思绪,他迅速平举猎枪,砰!--狐狸滚下岩石,死在地上。猎人仍旧站在原地,倾听猎犬的声音。它们依然在靠近,此刻,近处的树林所有通道都回响着它们恶魔般的吠叫。终于,那只老母犬闯入视线,鼻吻贴着地面,仿佛着了魔般在空中撕咬,径直冲向岩石;但是,一看见死狐狸,它突然停止了追猎的吠叫,仿佛惊愕得哑口无言,默默地绕着狐狸转了一圈又一圈;接着,它的幼崽一只接一只地到达,像它们的母亲一样,被这神秘景象震慑得肃静无声。然后,猎人走上前,站在它们中间,谜团就此解开。它们沉默地等待他剥下狐狸皮,随后跟着那毛茸茸的尾巴走了一小段,最终又转身进入树林。那天晚上,一位韦斯顿乡绅来到康科德猎人的小屋,询问他的猎犬,并说它们如何从韦斯顿的树林开始,已经独自狩猎了一周。康科德猎人告诉了他所知的情况,并要将狐狸皮送给他;但对方谢绝后便离去了。他那晚没有找到他的猎犬,但第二天得知它们已经过了河,在一家农舍过夜,在那里饱餐一顿后,第二天一早便离开了。

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cruise /kruːz/
n. 巡航,漫游
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leaped /liːpt/
v. 跳跃
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swift /swɪft/
adj. 迅速的,敏捷的
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bullet /ˈbʊl.ɪt/
n. 子弹
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pups /pʌps/
n. 幼犬,幼兽
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pursuit /pərˈsuːt/
n. 追赶,追求
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aisles /aɪlz/
n. 通道,走道
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coursing /ˈkɔːr.sɪŋ/
v. 奔流,追逐
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rustle /ˈrʌs.əl/
n. 沙沙声
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compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/
n. 同情,怜悯
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restrained /rɪˈstreɪnd/
v. 抑制,克制
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short-lived /ˌʃɔːrtˈlɪvd/
adj. 短暂的
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levelled /ˈlev.əld/
v. 瞄准,使平坦
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resounded /rɪˈzaʊndɪd/
v. 回荡,回响
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demoniac /dɪˈmoʊ.ni.æk/
adj. 恶魔般的,疯狂的
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muzzle /ˈmʌz.əl/
n. 口鼻部,枪口
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snapping /ˈsnæp.ɪŋ/
v. 猛咬,折断
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possessed /pəˈzest/
v. 拥有,被附身
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spying /ˈspaɪ.ɪŋ/
v. 侦察,窥探
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sobered /ˈsoʊ.bərd/
v. 使清醒,使严肃
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mystery /ˈmɪs.tər.i/
n. 神秘,谜
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skinned /skɪnd/
v. 剥皮
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squire /ˈskwaɪər/
n. 乡绅,护卫
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declined /dɪˈklaɪnd/
v. 拒绝,下降

告诉我这故事的老猎人还记得一个叫萨姆·纳廷的人,他过去常在费尔黑文岩架猎熊,并在康科德村用熊皮换朗姆酒;那人甚至告诉他,曾在那里见过驼鹿。纳廷有一条著名的猎狐犬,名叫伯戈因--他念作“巴金”--我的线人过去常借用它。在本镇一位老商人的“废账簿”里--他同时也是船长、镇文书和代表--我发现了以下条目。一七四二至三年一月十八日,“约翰·梅尔文联方 灰狐一只 零-二-三”;此地现已不见它们的踪迹;在他的总账上,一七四三年二月七日,希西家·斯特拉顿有联方“半张猫皮 零-一-四又二分之一”;当然是野猫皮,因为斯特拉顿是旧时法国战争中的一名中士,猎取低贱的猎物是不会得到赊账的。鹿皮也有赊账记录,并且每日出售。一人至今仍保存着这附近最后被猎杀的那头鹿的鹿角,另一人则曾告诉我他叔父参与的那次狩猎的细节。昔日这里的猎人曾是一大群欢乐的人。我还清楚地记得一个瘦高的“宁录”,他会拾起路边的叶子,吹奏出一段旋律--若我记忆无误--比任何猎号声都更狂野、更悦耳。

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moose /muːs/
n. 驼鹿
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foxhound /ˈfɒks.haʊnd/
n. 猎狐犬
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trader /ˈtreɪ.dər/
n. 商人,交易者
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town-clerk /ˈtaʊn klɜːrk/
n. 镇书记,镇文书
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representative /ˌrep.rɪˈzen.tə.tɪv/
n. 代表,代理人
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entry /ˈen.tri/
n. 条目,进入
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ledger /ˈledʒ.ər/
n. 分类账,账簿
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credit /ˈkred.ɪt/
n. 信用,信贷
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wild-cat /ˈwaɪld kæt/
n. 野猫
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sergeant /ˈsɑːr.dʒənt/
n. 中士,警官
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deerskins /ˈdɪr.skɪnz/
n. 鹿皮
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vicinity /vəˈsɪn.ə.ti/
n. 附近,邻近地区
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gaunt /ɡɔːnt/
adj. 憔悴的,瘦削的
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strain /streɪn/
n. 曲调,压力
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melodious /məˈloʊ.di.əs/
adj. 悦耳的,旋律优美的

午夜有月光时,我有时会在路上遇见在林中潜行的猎犬,它们会悄悄避开我的路,仿佛害怕似的,静立在灌木丛中,直到我走过。

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prowling /ˈpraʊ.lɪŋ/
v. 潜行,徘徊
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skulk /skʌlk/
v. 躲藏,潜行

松鼠和野鼠为我的坚果储备起了争执。我屋子周围有数十棵油松,直径从一英寸到四英寸不等,在前一个冬季被老鼠啃咬过--对它们而言那是个挪威式的严冬,因为积雪深厚持久,它们被迫在其他食物中混入大量的松树皮。这些树在仲夏时节还活着,并且显然很茂盛,其中许多还长高了一英尺,尽管树皮被完全环剥;但经过又一个冬天,它们无一例外都死了。值得注意的是,竟然容许一只老鼠以整棵松树作为晚餐,环绕着啃而不是上下啃;但这或许对于疏伐这些往往长得过于密集的树木是必要的。

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squirrels /ˈskwɜːr.əlz/
n. 松鼠
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disputed /dɪˈspjuː.tɪd/
v. 争论,争夺
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pitch pines /pɪtʃ paɪnz/
n. 北美油松
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diameter /daɪˈæm.ɪ.tər/
n. 直径
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gnawed /nɔːd/
v. 咬,啃
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proportion /prəˈpɔːr.ʃən/
n. 比例,部分
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bark /bɑːrk/
n. 树皮
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flourishing /ˈflɜːr.ɪʃ.ɪŋ/
adj. 繁荣的,茂盛的
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midsummer /ˌmɪdˈsʌm.ər/
n. 仲夏
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girdled /ˈɡɜːr.dəld/
v. 环绕,剥去树皮
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remarkable /rɪˈmɑːr.kə.bəl/
adj. 显著的,非凡的
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densely /ˈden.sli/
adv. 密集地,浓厚地

野兔(美洲野兔)与我非常熟稔。有一只整个冬天都在我的屋底做窝,仅以地板与我相隔,每天早晨我开始活动时,它便匆忙离去,砰砰砰地,匆忙中将头撞在地板梁上,每次都吓我一跳。它们常在黄昏时来到我门口,啃食我扔出的土豆皮,颜色与地面如此接近,静止时几乎难以分辨。有时在暮色中,我时而看见、时而看不见一只静坐在我窗下的野兔。晚上我开门时,它们会吱叫一声,蹦跳着逃走。近在咫尺时,它们只激起我的怜悯。一天晚上,一只野兔坐在离我仅两步远的门边,起初因恐惧而颤抖,却又不愿挪动;一个可怜的小东西,瘦骨嶙峋,耳朵破烂,鼻子尖细,尾巴短小,爪子纤细。它看起来仿佛自然已不再孕育更高贵血统的品种,只能勉强支撑着自己最后的族类。它的大眼睛显得年轻而不健康,几乎像水肿一般。我迈了一步,瞧,它便以富有弹性的跳跃掠过雪壳,伸直身体和四肢,展现出优美的修长体态,很快便将树林隔在了我与它之间--这野性自由的野味,宣示着自己的活力与自然的尊严。它的纤细并非没有缘由。这便是它的本性。(兔,意为轻足,有人认为。)

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hares /herz/
n. 野兔
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familiar /fəˈmɪl.i.ər/
adj. 熟悉的,常见的
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form /fɔːrm/
n. 巢穴,形状
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startled /ˈstɑːr.təld/
v. 使惊吓,使吃惊
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dusk /dʌsk/
n. 黄昏
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nibble /ˈnɪb.əl/
v. 轻咬,啃
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parings /ˈper.ɪŋz/
n. 削下的皮,碎屑
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twilight /ˈtwaɪ.laɪt/
n. 暮光,黄昏
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alternately /ˈɑːl.tɚ.nət.li/
adv. 交替地,轮流地
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motionless /ˈmoʊ.ʃən.ləs/
adj. 不动的,静止的
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squeak /skwiːk/
v. 吱吱叫,发出短促尖声
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bounce /baʊns/
v. 弹跳,反弹
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trembling /ˈtrem.blɪŋ/
v. 颤抖,哆嗦
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wee /wiː/
adj. 极小的,微小的
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lean /liːn/
adj. 瘦的,贫瘠的
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bony /ˈboʊ.ni/
adj. 骨瘦如柴的,多骨的
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ragged /ˈræɡ.ɪd/
adj. 破烂的,参差不齐的
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scant /skænt/
adj. 不足的,缺乏的
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slender /ˈslen.dər/
adj. 苗条的,细长的
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breed /briːd/
n. 品种,种类
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dropsical /ˈdrɒp.sɪ.kəl/
adj. 水肿的,浮肿的
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scud /skʌd/
v. 疾行,飞掠
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elastic /ɪˈlæs.tɪk/
adj. 有弹性的,灵活的
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snow-crust /ˈsnoʊ krʌst/
n. 雪壳,雪面硬层
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straightening /ˈstreɪ.tən.ɪŋ/
v. 弄直,伸直
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graceful /ˈɡreɪs.fəl/
adj. 优雅的,优美的
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asserting /əˈsɜːr.tɪŋ/
v. 主张,断言
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vigor /ˈvɪɡ.ər/
n. 活力,精力
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dignity /ˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/
n. 尊严,庄严
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slenderness /ˈslen.dər.nəs/
n. 苗条,细长

一个没有野兔和山鹑的乡村算什么呢?它们是最简单、最土生土长的动物产物;是远古和现代都知名的古老而可敬的家族;具有自然的本色与实质,与树叶和大地最为亲近--彼此之间也最为相似;它们不是有翼,便是有腿。当一只兔子或山鹑突然窜逃时,你几乎不觉得自己看到了一个野性的生物,只是一个自然之物,如同预料之中沙沙作响的树叶。无论发生什么变革,山鹑和野兔仍然必定会繁盛,如同土地真正的土著。如果森林被砍伐,新生的萌芽和灌木丛为它们提供了藏身之处,它们会比以往更加众多。一个连野兔都无法存活的乡村,必定是真正贫瘠的。我们的森林里两者都很丰富,在每一片沼泽周围,都能看到山鹑或野兔的踪迹,布满细枝编成的篱栅和马鬃制成的圈套,由某个牧童照管着。

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venerable /ˈven.ər.ə.bəl/
adj. 值得尊敬的,古老的
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hue /hjuː/
n. 色调,颜色
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allied /ˈæl.aɪd/
adj. 同盟的,相关的
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winged /wɪŋd/
adj. 有翅膀的,飞行的
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legged /ˈleɡ.ɪd/
adj. 有腿的
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rustling /ˈrʌs.lɪŋ/
n. 沙沙声
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thrive /θraɪv/
v. 繁荣,茁壮成长
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revolutions /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃənz/
n. 革命,旋转
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sprouts /spraʊts/
n. 新芽,嫩枝
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concealment /kənˈsiːl.mənt/
n. 隐藏,隐蔽
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teem /tiːm/
v. 充满,大量出现
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beset /bɪˈset/
v. 困扰,包围
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twiggy /ˈtwɪɡ.i/
adj. 多细枝的,似细枝的
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horse-hair /ˈhɔːrs her/
n. 马毛,马鬃
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snares /snerz/
n. 陷阱,圈套
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cow-boy /ˈkaʊ bɔɪ/
n. 牛仔,牧童
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