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Chapter four (第四章)

探索《一间自己的房间》第4章,包含英文原文、简体中文翻译、详细的雅思词汇及解释,以及英文原文音频。边听边提升阅读技巧。

英文原文
翻译
雅思词汇 (ZH-CN)

在十六世纪,要找到任何一位女性处于那种心境,显然绝无可能。只需想想伊丽莎白时代的墓碑,上面刻着所有那些双手合十、跪地祈祷的孩童;再想想他们早夭的命运;去看看她们那些阴暗狭小的房间,便会明白,当时不可能有女性创作诗歌。人们或许会期待,稍晚些时候,某位贵妇会利用她相对的自由与安逸,以本名发表作品,甘冒被视作怪物的风险。男人嘛,自然不是势利眼,我继续思忖着,同时小心翼翼地避开丽贝卡·韦斯特小姐所谓的“猖獗的女权主义”;但他们大多会抱以同情,赞赏一位伯爵夫人作诗的努力。人们可以想见,一位有头衔的女士,会比当时默默无闻的奥斯汀小姐或勃朗特小姐,获得远为巨大的鼓励。但人们也会想见,她的心灵会受到恐惧与憎恨这类外来情绪的侵扰,其诗作也必显露这种纷乱的痕迹。以温奇尔西夫人为例,我思忖着,取下了她的诗集。她生于一六六一年;出身与婚姻皆属显贵;她膝下无子;她写诗。而人们只消翻开她的诗作,便会发现她勃然爆发对女性地位的愤慨:

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eschewing /ɪsˈtʃuːɪŋ/
v. 有意避开;回避(尤指不喜欢的事物)
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arrant /ˈærənt/
adj. 十足的,彻头彻尾的(用于强调坏品质)
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feminism /ˈfemɪnɪzəm/
n. 女性主义,女权运动
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Countess /ˈkaʊntəs/
n. 女伯爵;伯爵夫人
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alien /ˈeɪliən/
adj. 外来的;陌生的;格格不入的

我们竟堕落如斯!被谬误的准则拖累沉沦,教育的愚弄更甚天性;心智的一切长进皆遭禁绝,愚钝反成期许与宿命;若有人欲振翅高飞,凌越众人,怀抱更炽热的奇思与雄心,反对的势力仍如此猖獗,兴旺的希冀永难压过惊惧。

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soar /sɔː(r)/
v. 高飞;翱翔;(水平或数量)猛增
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ambition /æmˈbɪʃn/
n. 雄心;抱负;野心
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faction /ˈfækʃn/
n. 派系;小集团

显然,她的心智远未“焚尽一切杂质,达到白热化的境地”。恰恰相反,它正被憎恨与怨愤所困扰和撕扯。人类在她眼中分裂为两派。男人是“反对势力”;男人遭到憎恨与畏惧,因为他们手握权柄,可以阻挠她去做渴望之事--那便是写作。

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impediments /ɪmˈpedɪmənts/
n. 障碍;阻碍
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incandescent /ˌɪnkænˈdesnt/
adj. 白炽的;炽热的;激情四射的
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harassed /ˈhærəst/
adj. 烦扰的;疲惫不堪的

唉!一个女人若敢提笔,便被目为狂妄之徒,其过无法以任何美德弥补。他们训诫我们错认了性别与道路;礼仪、时尚、舞蹈、装扮、嬉戏,才是我们应求的才艺;写作、阅读、思索或探询,只会蒙蔽我们的美貌,耗尽我们的光阴,中断我们青春年华的征服,而那奴役家室的沉闷操持,反被某些人奉为我们至高的艺术与用途。

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presumptuous /prɪˈzʌmptʃuəs/
adj. 放肆的;冒昧的;自以为是的
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redeemed /rɪˈdiːmd/
v. 弥补;补偿;赎回
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enquire /ɪnˈkwaɪə(r)/
v. 询问;打听

诚然,她不得不通过假想所写之物永不会面世,来鼓励自己动笔;借哀伤的吟唱以自遣:且向三两知己,且向你的愁绪吟唱,因你本非为月桂之林而生;但愿你树荫幽深,便在那其中安然栖身。

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soothe /suːð/
v. 安慰;抚慰;减轻(疼痛)
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chant /tʃɑːnt/
n. 反复吟唱的歌;圣歌;口号

然而,显然,倘若她能释放心灵,摆脱憎恨与恐惧,不为苦毒与怨愤所累,她内心的火焰本是炽热的。间或,纯粹的诗句迸发而出:不再以褪色的丝绸描摹,那无可仿效的玫瑰亦黯然--它们理应受到默里先生的赞誉;而另一些诗句,据信也被蒲柏铭记并化用:如今黄水仙便制服了孱弱的心神;我们醉倒在这馥郁的折磨之下。

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bitterness /ˈbɪtənəs/
n. 苦味;痛苦;愤恨
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resentment /rɪˈzentmənt/
n. 愤恨;怨恨
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inimitable /ɪˈnɪmɪtəbl/
adj. 无法模仿的;独一无二的
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appropriated /əˈprəʊprieɪtɪd/
v. 占用;挪用;盗用

万分可惜的是,一位能如此写作、心灵契合自然与沉思的女性,竟被迫陷入愤怒与苦楚。但她又能如何自持?我问道,想象着那些讥笑与嘲讽,谄媚者的阿谀,职业诗人的狐疑。她想必曾将自己关在乡间的房间里写作,尽管丈夫极为仁慈,婚姻生活堪称完美,她或许仍被苦涩与顾虑生生撕裂。我之所以用“想必”,是因为当人们试图探寻温奇尔西夫人的事迹时,会发现一如往常,关于她几乎一无所知。她饱受忧郁症折磨,当我们发现她告诉我们,在忧郁的钳制下,她会如何想象时,我们至少能部分解释此点:我的诗行遭贬抑,我的志业被视为无用的愚行或狂妄的过失;而那被如此苛责的志业,据我们所能知,不过是在田野间漫步遐思这等无害之事:我的手乐于描摹不寻常之物,偏离那已知与寻常的路径,不再以褪色的丝绸描摹,那无可仿效的玫瑰亦黯然。

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sneers /snɪəz/
n. 嘲笑;讥讽
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adulation /ˌædʒuˈleɪʃn/
n. 谄媚;奉承;恭维
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toadies /ˈtəʊdiz/
n. 谄媚者;马屁精
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scepticism /ˈskeptɪsɪzəm/
n. 怀疑态度;怀疑主义
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asunder /əˈsʌndə(r)/
adv. 分开;散开;化为碎片
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scruples /ˈskruːplz/
n. 顾忌;顾虑;良知上的不安
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melancholy /ˈmelənkəli/
n. 忧郁;悲伤
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decried /dɪˈkraɪd/
v. 谴责;诋毁
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rambling /ˈræmblɪŋ/
v. 漫游;漫步;漫谈
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deviates /ˈdiːvieɪts/
v. 偏离;背离

自然,若那是她的习惯与乐趣,她便只能预期被嘲笑;因此,据说蒲柏或盖伊曾讽刺她“为一位有涂鸦癖的女学究”。此外,据信她因嘲笑盖伊而开罪于他。她说他的《琐事》表明“他更适合走在轿子前头开道,而非坐在轿子里头”。但这全是“可疑的闲谈”,而且,默里先生说,也“乏味得很”。

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satirised /ˈsætəraɪzd/
v. 讽刺;讥讽
🔊
blue-stocking /ˈbluː stɒkɪŋ/
n. 女学究;才女(旧时常含贬义)
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scribbling /ˈskrɪblɪŋ/
n. 潦草地书写;乱涂
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dubious /ˈdjuːbiəs/
adj. 可疑的;靠不住的;不确定的
🔊 But there I do not agree with him, for I should have liked to have had more even of dubious gossip so that I might have found out or made up some image of this melancholy lady, who loved wandering in the fields and thinking about unusual things and scorned, so rashly, so unwisely, "the dull manage of a servile house". But she became diffuse, Mr. Murry says. Her gift is all grown about with weeds and bound with briars. It had no chance of showing itself for the fine distinguished gift it was. And so, putting her back on the shelf, I turned to the other great lady, the Duchess whom Lamb loved, hare-brained, fantastical Margaret of Newcastle, her elder, but her contemporary. They were very different, but alike in this that both were noble and both childless, and both were married to the best of husbands. In both burnt the same passion for poetry and both are disfigured and deformed by the same causes. Open the Duchess and one finds the same outburst of rage, "Women live like Bats or Owls, labour like Beasts, and die like Worms...." Margaret too might have been a poet; in our day all that activity would have turned a wheel of some sort. As it was, what could bind, tame or civilise for human use that wild, generous, untutored intelligence? It poured itself out, higgledy-piggledy, in torrents of rhyme and prose, poetry and philosophy which stand congealed in quartos and folios that nobody ever reads. She should have had a microscope put in her hand. She should have been taught to look at the stars and reason scientifically. Her wits were turned with solitude and freedom. No one checked her. No one taught her. The professors fawned on her. At Court they jeered at her. Sir Egerton Brydges complained of her coarseness--"as flowing from a female of high rank brought up in the Courts". She shut herself up at Welbeck alone.

但在此我与他意见相左,因为我甚至愿闻更多可疑的闲谈,以便我能发现或拼凑出这位忧郁女士的些许形象,她爱在田野间漫游,思索不寻常之事,并如此轻率、如此不智地蔑视“那奴役家室的沉闷操持”。但她变得散漫冗长了,默里先生说。她的天赋周遭长满杂草,被荆棘缠绕束缚。它无从展现其本为卓越天赋的样貌。于是,我将她的诗集放回书架,转向另一位贵妇,那位兰姆所钟爱的、疯癫怪诞的纽卡斯尔公爵夫人玛格丽特,她年长些,却是同时代人。她们截然不同,但相似之处在于皆出身高贵且无子嗣,且皆嫁予最善的丈夫。两人内心燃烧着同样的诗歌激情,且皆因相同的社会历史根源而损形失色。翻开公爵夫人的作品,人们发现同样的怒潮迸发:“女人活得如蝙蝠或猫头鹰,劳碌如野兽,死如虫豸……”玛格丽特本也可成为诗人;在我们这个时代,那般活力本可驱动某种事业的齿轮。然而在当时,有何能束缚、驯化那狂野、慷慨、未受教化的才智,使其能为人类所用?它便胡乱地倾泻出来,汇成韵文、散文、诗歌、哲学的滚滚洪流,最终都凝结在一册册无人问津的四开本、对开本里。她本该手执一具显微镜。她本该被教导观测星辰并进行科学推理。她的才智因孤独与放任而变得怪诞。无人约束她。无人教导她。教授们对她阿谀奉承。在宫廷里,人们则对她冷嘲热讽。埃杰顿·布里奇斯爵士曾抱怨她的粗俗--“竟出自一位在宫廷长大、身份高贵的女性”。她将自己幽闭在韦尔贝克,孑然一身。

🔊
diffuse /dɪˈfjuːs/
adj. 扩散的;冗长的;不集中的
🔊
weeds /wiːdz/
n. 杂草;野草
🔊
briars /ˈbraɪəz/
n. 荆棘;野蔷薇
🔊
hare-brained /ˈheə breɪnd/
adj. 轻率的;愚蠢的;不切实际的
🔊
fantastical /fænˈtæstɪkl/
adj. 奇异的;幻想的;极好的
🔊
contemporary /kənˈtemprəri/
n. 同时代的人;同龄人
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disfigured /dɪsˈfɪɡəd/
v. 毁容;损害外观
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deformed /dɪˈfɔːmd/
v. 使变形;使畸形
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higgledy-piggledy /ˌhɪɡldi ˈpɪɡldi/
adv. 杂乱无章地;乱七八糟地
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torrents /ˈtɒrənts/
n. 激流;迸发;连发
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congealed /kənˈdʒiːld/
v. 凝结;凝固
🔊
folios /ˈfəʊliəʊz/
n. 对开本;对开纸
🔊
fawned /fɔːnd/
v. 奉承;巴结;(动物)舔
🔊
jeered /dʒɪəd/
v. 嘲笑;嘲弄
🔊
coarseness /ˈkɔːsnəs/
n. 粗糙;粗俗

想起玛格丽特·卡文迪什,何等孤独与狂乱的景象便浮现脑海!仿佛一根巨大的黄瓜蔓延开来,覆盖了园中所有的玫瑰与康乃馨,并将它们扼杀。多么可叹,这位写下“教养最佳的妇女是那些心灵最为文明者”的女人,竟虚掷光阴涂鸦胡言,并愈陷愈深于晦涩与愚行,直至她出行时,人群围拢她的马车张望。显然,这位疯癫的公爵夫人,成了用来吓唬聪明姑娘的鬼怪。这里,我记得,收起公爵夫人的书,翻开多萝西·奥斯本的信札,是多萝西写给坦普尔,谈及公爵夫人的新书。“那可怜的女人定是有点神志不清了,否则她断不会如此荒唐,竟敢写书,还用的是诗体;我就算半个月不睡,也做不出这等事来。”

🔊
riot /ˈraɪət/
n. 暴乱;骚动;丰富多彩的展示
🔊
choked /tʃəʊkt/
v. 使窒息;阻塞;扼杀
🔊
frittered /ˈfrɪtəd/
v. 浪费;挥霍(常与 away 连用)
🔊
plunging /ˈplʌndʒɪŋ/
v. 使突然陷入;暴跌;投入
🔊
obscurity /əbˈskjʊərəti/
n. 默默无闻;晦涩;昏暗
🔊
bogey /ˈbəʊɡi/
n. 令人恐惧的事物;妖怪;棘手的问题
🔊
rediculous /rɪˈdɪkjələs/
adj. 荒谬的;可笑的(原文拼写如此,根据上下文应为ridiculous)
🔊
distracted /dɪˈstræktɪd/
adj. 注意力分散的;心烦意乱的
🔊 And so, since no woman of sense and modesty could write books, Dorothy, who was sensitive and melancholy, the very opposite of the Duchess in temper, wrote nothing. Letters did not count. A woman might write letters while she was sitting by her father's sick-bed. She could write them by the fire whilst the men talked without disturbing them. The strange thing is, I thought, turning over the pages of Dorothy's letters, what a gift that untaught and solitary girl had for the framing of a sentence, for the fashioning of a scene. Listen to her running on: "After dinner wee sitt and talk till Mr. B. com's in question and then I am gon. the heat of the day is spent in reading or working and about sixe or seven a Clock, I walke out into a Common that lyes hard by the house where a great many young wenches keep Sheep and Cow's and sitt in the shades singing of Ballads; I goe to them and compare their voyces and Beauty's to some Ancient Shepherdesses that I have read of and finde a vaste difference there, but trust mee I think these are as innocent as those could bee. I talke to them, and finde they want nothing to make them the happiest People in the world, but the knoledge that they are soe. most commonly when we are in the middest of our discourse one looks aboute her and spyes her Cow's goeing into the Corne and then away they all run, as if they had wing's at theire heels. I that am not soe nimble stay behinde, and when I see them driveing home theire Cattle I think tis time for mee to retyre too. when I have supped I goe into the Garden and soe to the syde of a small River that runs by it where I sitt downe and wish you with mee...."

因此,既然没有理性且端庄的女性会去写书,多萝西--这位敏感忧郁、性情与公爵夫人截然相反的女子--便什么也没写。书信不算在内。一个女人坐在父亲病榻旁时可以写信。她能在炉火边写信,而男人们交谈时亦不会被打扰。奇怪的是,我翻阅着多萝西的信札想道,这位未受正规教育、惯于独处的姑娘,在构建句子、营造场景方面,竟有如此天赋。听她娓娓道来:“晚餐后我们坐着闲聊,直到B先生成为话题,我便溜走。白日的暑热在阅读或针线活中消磨,大约六七点钟,我漫步至屋旁的一片公地,那里有许多年轻姑娘放牧牛羊,坐在树荫下唱着歌谣;我走向她们,将她们的嗓音与美貌同我读过的古代牧羊女相比,发现天差地别,但相信我,我觉得这些姑娘与那些传说中的人物一样纯真。我与她们交谈,发现她们一无所缺,足以成为世上最幸福的人,唯独不知自己已然如此幸福。通常在我们谈兴正浓时,一位姑娘环顾四周,瞥见她的牛走进了庄稼地,于是她们全都飞奔而去,仿佛脚底生翼。我不那么敏捷,落在后面,当我看见她们赶着牲口回家,便觉得自己也该回去了。用过晚餐,我走进花园,来到一条小河边坐下,愿你此刻在我身旁……”

🔊
untaught /ʌnˈtɔːt/
adj. 未受教育的,天生的
🔊
solitary /ˈsɒlətri/
adj. 孤独的,单独的
🔊
framing /ˈfreɪmɪŋ/
n. 框架,构建(这里指句子的构建)
🔊
fashioning /ˈfæʃənɪŋ/
n. 塑造,制作
🔊
Common /ˈkɒmən/
n. 公共用地(尤指乡村的公用草地)
🔊
wenches /ˈwentʃɪz/
n. 少女,年轻女子(旧式用法)
🔊
Ballads /ˈbælədz/
n. 民谣,叙事歌谣
🔊
Ancient /ˈeɪnʃənt/
adj. 古老的,古代的
🔊
Shepherdesses /ˈʃepərdəsɪz/
n. 牧羊女
🔊
vaste /væst/
adj. 巨大的,广阔的(旧式拼写,同vast)
🔊
discourse /ˈdɪskɔːs/
n. 谈话,论述
🔊
nimble /ˈnɪmbl/
adj. 敏捷的,灵活的
🔊
retyre /rɪˈtaɪər/
v. 退休,退下(旧式拼写,同retire)

人们简直可以断言,她拥有成为作家的潜质。但“我就算半个月不睡,也做不出这等事来”--当人们发现,即使一位极具写作天赋的女性,也迫使自己相信写书是荒唐之举,甚至是心神错乱的表现,便能估量当时弥漫于空气中、对女性写作的反对之声是何等强劲。于是我们来到,我继续思忖,将多萝西·奥斯本那本薄薄的信札放回书架,转向贝恩夫人。

🔊
makings /ˈmeɪkɪŋz/
n. 素质,潜力(尤指成为某人的潜力)
🔊
fortnight /ˈfɔːtnaɪt/
n. 两周,十四天
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opposition /ˌɒpəˈzɪʃn/
n. 反对,反抗
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volume /ˈvɒljuːm/
n. 卷,册(书籍);体积
🔊 And with Mrs. Behn we turn a very important corner on the road. We leave behind, shut up in their parks among their folios, those solitary great ladies who wrote without audience or criticism, for their own delight alone. We come to town and rub shoulders with ordinary people in the streets. Mrs. Behn was a middle-class woman with all the plebeian virtues of humour, vitality and courage; a woman forced by the death of her husband and some unfortunate adventures of her own to make her living by her wits. She had to work on equal terms with men. She made, by working very hard, enough to live on. The importance of that fact outweighs anything that she actually wrote, even the splendid "A Thousand Martyrs I have made", or "Love in Fantastic Triumph sat", for here begins the freedom of the mind, or rather the possibility that in the course of time the mind will be free to write what it likes. For now that Aphra Behn had done it, girls could go to their parents and say, You need not give me an allowance; I can make money by my pen. Of course the answer for many years to come was, Yes, by living the life of Aphra Behn! Death would be better! and the door was slammed faster than ever. That profoundly interesting subject, the value that men set upon women's chastity and its effect upon their education, here suggests itself for discussion, and might provide an interesting book if any student at Girton or Newnham cared to go into the matter. Lady Dudley, sitting in diamonds among the midges of a Scottish moor, might serve for frontispiece. Lord Dudley, The Times said when Lady Dudley died the other day, "a man of cultivated taste and many accomplishments, was benevolent and bountiful, but whimsically despotic. He insisted upon his wife's wearing full dress, even at the remotest shooting-lodge in the Highlands; he loaded her with gorgeous jewels", and so on, "he gave her everything--always excepting any measure of responsibility". Then Lord Dudley had a stroke and she nursed him and ruled his estates with supreme competence for ever after. That whimsical despotism was in the nineteenth century too.

与贝恩夫人一同,我们在这条路上转了一个至关重要的弯。我们将那些孤独的贵妇人留在身后,她们闭锁于庄园中,置身对开本间,写作没有读者亦无批评,仅为自娱。我们来到城镇,在街上与普通人摩肩接踵。贝恩夫人是一位中产阶级女性,具备幽默、活力与勇气等平民美德;一位因丈夫去世及自身某些不幸遭遇而被迫靠才智谋生的女性。她必须与男性平等地工作。她通过辛勤劳作,挣得足以维生的收入。这一事实的重要性,超越了她实际所写的任何作品,即便是那精彩的《我曾造就千百殉道者》或《爱在奇异的胜利中端坐》,因为自此,心灵的自由肇始了,或更确切地说,心灵终将得以自由书写所喜之事,成为了可能。既然阿芙拉·贝恩做到了,女孩们便可对父母说,你们无需给我津贴;我能以笔谋生。当然,此后多年间的回答都会是:是啊,像阿芙拉·贝恩那样生活!还不如死了好!而那扇门只会关得更快。那个极为深刻的主题--男性施加于女性贞洁之上的价值,以及这种价值观对女性教育所产生的桎梏--在此自然浮现,可供探讨;若有格顿学院或纽纳姆学院的学生愿深入探究此事,或许能写出一部有趣的著作。达德利夫人,身佩钻石,坐在苏格兰荒野的蠓虫之中,或可作其扉页插图。达德利夫人日前去世时,《泰晤士报》写道,达德利勋爵“一位品味高雅、多才多艺的男士,为人仁慈慷慨,但性情古怪专横。他坚持要求妻子身着盛装,即便在高地最偏远的猎屋亦然;他以华美珠宝装扮她”,如此等等,“他给予她一切--唯独不包括任何程度的责任”。后来达德利勋爵中风,她照料他,并从此以无与伦比的能力掌管其庄园。那种古怪的专制,在十九世纪同样存在。

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plebeian /pləˈbiːən/
adj. 平民的;普通的;粗俗的
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chastity /ˈtʃæstəti/
n. 贞洁;纯洁;禁欲
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midges /ˈmɪdʒɪz/
n. 蠓;摇蚊
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frontispiece /ˈfrʌntɪspiːs/
n. 卷首插图;正面
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bountiful /ˈbaʊntɪfl/
adj. 丰富的;慷慨的
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whimsically /ˈwɪmzɪkli/
adv. 异想天开地;反复无常地
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despotism /ˈdespətɪzəm/
n. 专制;暴政
🔊 But to return. Aphra Behn proved that money could be made by writing at the sacrifice, perhaps, of certain agreeable qualities; and so by degrees writing became not merely a sign of folly and a distracted mind, but was of practical importance. A husband might die, or some disaster overtake the family. Hundreds of women began as the eighteenth century drew on to add to their pin money, or to come to the rescue of their families by making translations or writing the innumerable bad novels which have ceased to be recorded even in text-books, but are to be picked up in the fourpenny boxes in the Charing Cross Road. The extreme activity of mind which showed itself in the later eighteenth century among women--the talking, and the meeting, the writing of essays on Shakespeare, the translating of the classics--was founded on the solid fact that women could make money by writing. Money dignifies what is frivolous if unpaid for. It might still be well to sneer at "blue stockings with an itch for scribbling", but it could not be denied that they could put money in their purses. Thus, towards the end of the eighteenth century a change came about which, if I were rewriting history, I should describe more fully and think of greater importance than the Crusades or the Wars of the Roses. The middle-class woman began to write. For if Pride and Prejudice matters, and Middlemarch and Villette and Wuthering Heights matter, then it matters far more than I can prove in an hour's discourse that women generally, and not merely the lonely aristocrat shut up in her country house among her folios and her flatterers, took to writing. Without those forerunners, Jane Austen and the Brontës and George Eliot could no more have written than Shakespeare could have written without Marlowe, or Marlowe without Chaucer, or Chaucer without those forgotten poets who paved the ways and tamed the natural savagery of the tongue. For masterpieces are not single and solitary births; they are the outcome of many years of thinking in common, of thinking by the body of the people, so that the experience of the mass is behind the single voice. Jane Austen should have laid a wreath upon the grave of Fanny Burney, and George Eliot done homage to the robust shade of Eliza Carter--the valiant old woman who tied a bell to her bedstead in order that she might wake early and learn Greek. All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn, which is, most scandalously but rather appropriately, in Westminster Abbey, for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds. It is she--shady and amorous as she was--who makes it not quite fantastic for me to say to you to-night: Earn five hundred a year by your wits.

但言归正传。阿芙拉·贝恩证明了写作可以赚钱,或许要以牺牲某些令人愉悦的特质为代价;于是逐渐地,写作不再仅仅是愚蠢和心神纷乱的标志,而是具备了实际的重要性。丈夫可能去世,或家庭可能突遭横祸。随着十八世纪向前推进,成百上千的女性开始通过翻译或撰写无数劣质小说,来补充零用钱或救助家庭;那些小说甚至在教科书中都已无记载,却能在查令十字路的四便士书箱里偶然觅得。十八世纪后期女性中展现出的那种极度活跃的心智--交谈、聚会、撰写论莎士比亚的文章、翻译古典著作--其根基在于一个坚实的事实:女性可以靠写作赚钱。金钱能使本属轻浮之事变得庄重,倘若那事本是无偿的。人们或许仍可讥笑“有涂鸦癖的女学究”,但无法否认她们能将钱装入自己的钱袋。因此,十八世纪末叶发生了一场变化,倘若由我来重写历史,我会更为详尽地描述它,并认为它比十字军东征或玫瑰战争更为重要。中产阶级女性开始写作了。因为倘若《傲慢与偏见》是重要的,《米德尔马契》、《维莱特》和《呼啸山庄》是重要的,那么女性普遍开始写作--而不仅仅是那些孤独的贵族女性,闭锁于乡间宅邸,置身对开本与谄媚者之间--这一事实,其重要性远非我一小时的演讲所能完全阐明。没有那些先驱,简·奥斯汀和勃朗特姐妹以及乔治·艾略特便无法写作,正如莎士比亚无马洛则无法写作,或马洛无乔叟,或乔叟无那些被遗忘的、曾铺平道路并驯化了语言天然野性的诗人。因为杰作并非孤立的产物;它们是多年共同思考的结晶,是整个群体思维的成果,因而那单独的嗓音背后,是集体的经验在支撑。简·奥斯汀本该在范妮·伯尼的墓前献上花圈,乔治·艾略特本该向伊莱扎·卡特那健硕的英灵致敬--那位勇敢的老妇人,她在床架上系铃以便早起学习希腊文。所有女性应当一同在阿芙拉·贝恩的墓上撒下鲜花--她的坟墓极不体面却颇含深意地位于威斯敏斯特教堂--因为正是她为她们赢得了畅所欲言的权利。正是她--尽管她声名暧昧、情欲炽烈--使得我今晚对你们说出“靠才智年入五百镑”这句话,并非全然痴人说梦。

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agreeable /əˈɡriːəbl/
adj. 令人愉快的;惬意的;同意的
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overtake /ˌəʊvəˈteɪk/
v. 追上;超过;突然降临
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dignifies /ˈdɪɡnɪfaɪz/
v. 使有尊严;使高贵;抬高...的身价
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frivolous /ˈfrɪvələs/
adj. 轻浮的;琐碎的;无聊的
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forerunners /ˈfɔːrʌnəz/
n. 先驱;前兆;祖先
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savagery /ˈsævɪdʒəri/
n. 野蛮;残酷;暴行
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wreath /riːθ/
n. 花环;花圈
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homage /ˈhɒmɪdʒ/
n. 敬意;尊崇
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robust /rəʊˈbʌst/
adj. 强健的;坚固的;强劲的
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valiant /ˈvæliənt/
adj. 勇敢的;英勇的
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scandalously /ˈskændələsli/
adv. 可耻地;令人愤慨地
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amorous /ˈæmərəs/
adj. 多情的;示爱的;爱情的
🔊 Here, then, one had reached the early nineteenth century. And here, for the first time, I found several shelves given up entirely to the works of women. But why, I could not help asking, as I ran my eyes over them, were they, with very few exceptions, all novels? The original impulse was to poetry. The "supreme head of song" was a poetess. Both in France and in England the women poets precede the women novelists. Moreover, I thought, looking at the four famous names, what had George Eliot in common with Emily Brontë? Did not Charlotte Brontë fail entirely to understand Jane Austen? Save for the possibly relevant fact that not one of them had a child, four more incongruous characters could not have met together in a room--so much so that it is tempting to invent a meeting and a dialogue between them. Yet by some strange force they were all compelled when they wrote, to write novels. Had it something to do with being born of the middle class, I asked; and with the fact, which Miss Emily Davies a little later was so strikingly to demonstrate, that the middle-class family in the early nineteenth century was possessed only of a single sitting-room between them? If a woman wrote, she would have to write in the common sitting-room. And, as Miss Nightingale was so vehemently to complain,--"women never have an half hour... that they can call their own"--she was always interrupted. Still it would be easier to write prose and fiction there than to write poetry or a play. Less concentration is required. Jane Austen wrote like that to the end of her days. "How she was able to effect all this," her nephew writes in his Memoir, "is surprising, for she had no separate study to repair to, and most of the work must have been done in the general sitting-room, subject to all kinds of casual interruptions. She was careful that her occupation should not be suspected by servants or visitors or any persons beyond her own family party."[8] Jane Austen hid her manuscripts or covered them with a piece of blotting-paper. Then, again, all the literary training that a woman had in the early nineteenth century was training in the observation of character, in the analysis of emotion. Her sensibility had been educated for centuries by the influences of the common sitting-room. People's feelings were impressed on her; personal relations were always before her eyes. Therefore, when the middle-class woman took to writing, she naturally wrote novels, even though, as seems evident enough, two of the four famous women here named were not by nature novelists. Emily Brontë should have written poetic plays; the overflow of George Eliot's capacious mind should have spread itself when the creative impulse was spent upon history or biography. They wrote novels, however; one may even go further, I said, taking Pride and Prejudice from the shelf, and say that they wrote good novels. Without boasting or giving pain to the opposite sex, one may say that Pride and Prejudice is a good book. At any rate, one would not have been ashamed to have been caught in the act of writing Pride and Prejudice. Yet Jane Austen was glad that a hinge creaked, so that she might hide her manuscript before anyone came in. To Jane Austen there was something discreditable in writing Pride and Prejudice. And, I wondered, would Pride and Prejudice have been a better novel if Jane Austen had not thought it necessary to hide her manuscript from visitors? I read a page or two to see; but I could not find any signs that her circumstances had harmed her work in the slightest. That, perhaps, was the chief miracle about it. Here was a woman about the year 1800 writing without hate, without bitterness, without fear, without protest, without preaching. That was how Shakespeare wrote, I thought, looking at Antony and Cleopatra; and when people compare Shakespeare and Jane Austen, they may mean that the minds of both had consumed all impediments; and for that reason we do not know Jane Austen and we do not know Shakespeare, and for that reason Jane Austen pervades every word that she wrote, and so does Shakespeare. If Jane Austen suffered in any way from her circumstances it was in the narrowness of life that was imposed upon her. It was impossible for a woman to go about alone. She never travelled; she never drove through London in an omnibus or had luncheon in a shop by herself. But perhaps it was the nature of Jane Austen not to want what she had not. Her gift and her circumstances matched each other completely. But I doubt whether that was true of Charlotte Brontë, I said, opening Jane Eyre and laying it beside Pride and Prejudice.

至此,我们已抵达十九世纪初叶。在此,我首次发现数个书架完全陈列着女性的著作。但为何,我目光扫过它们时不禁自问,除了极少数例外,它们全是小说?最初的冲动本是朝向诗歌的。“歌之至尊”是位女诗人。无论在法国还是英国,女诗人都先于女小说家出现。此外,看着那四个著名的名字,我想,乔治·艾略特与艾米莉·勃朗特有何共同之处?夏洛蒂·勃朗特岂非完全未能理解简·奥斯汀?除了一个可能相关的事实--她们中无一人育有子女--四个更不协调的人物简直无法同处一室,以至于令人不禁想为她们虚构一次会面与对话。然而,某种奇异的力量,却迫使她们在写作时,全都去写小说。这是否与出身中产阶级有关?我问道;是否与这一事实有关--稍后的埃米莉·戴维斯小姐将鲜明地揭示--十九世纪初的中产阶级家庭,全家只有一个共用的起居室?女性若要写作,就不得不在公共起居室里写。而且,正如南丁格尔小姐曾激烈抱怨的那样--“女人从未有半小时……可称之为完全属于自己的”--她总是被打扰。尽管如此,在那里写散文和小说,仍比写诗歌或戏剧要容易些。所需的专注度较低。简·奥斯汀便是如此写作,直至生命尽头。“她如何能完成这一切,”她的侄子在回忆录中写道,“令人惊异,因为她并无单独的书房可资退隐,大部分工作想必是在公共起居室完成,免不了各种偶然的打扰。她小心谨慎,不让仆人或访客,或任何家庭圈子以外的人,察觉她的工作。”简·奥斯汀藏起手稿,或用一张吸墨纸遮盖。再者,十九世纪初女性所能获得的全部文学训练,无非是观察性格、分析情感的训练。数百年来,公共起居室的氛围一直在熏陶、塑造着她们的敏感。人们的感情印刻于她们;人际关系总在她们眼前展现。因此,当中产阶级女性提笔写作时,她们自然而然地去写小说,尽管显而易见,此处提及的四位著名女性中,有两位天性本非小说家。艾米莉·勃朗特本应创作诗剧;乔治·艾略特那丰沛的心灵,本应在创作冲动耗尽后,将其满溢的才华倾注于历史或传记。然而她们写了小说;人们甚至可进一步说,我从书架上取下《傲慢与偏见》时说道,她们写出了优秀的小说。毫不自夸,亦不给异性带来不快,人们可以说《傲慢与偏见》是本好书。无论如何,若被人撞见正在写作《傲慢与偏见》,人们不会感到羞耻。然而简·奥斯汀却因门铰吱呀作响而庆幸,以便在有人进来前藏起手稿。对简·奥斯汀而言,写作《傲慢与偏见》似乎有某种不光彩之处。我思忖着,倘若简·奥斯汀未曾觉得有必要向来访者隐藏手稿,《傲慢与偏见》会成为一部更好的小说吗?我读了一两页以作考察;但我找不出任何迹象表明她的处境对她的作品有丝毫损害。这,或许正是其主要的奇迹所在。这里是一位约一八零零年的女性,写作时无憎恨、无苦毒、无恐惧、无抗议、无说教。我想,看着《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》,那正是莎士比亚的写法;当人们比较莎士比亚与简·奥斯汀时,他们可能意指两人的心智皆已焚尽一切阻碍;正因如此,我们并不认识简·奥斯汀,我们也不认识莎士比亚;也正因如此,简·奥斯汀渗透于她所写的每一字句,莎士比亚亦然。倘若简·奥斯汀因其处境而有所缺憾,那便是强加于她的生活范围之狭隘。一位女性不可能独自外出。她从不旅行;也从未乘公共马车穿过伦敦,或独自在店里吃一顿午饭。但或许,不欲求其所无,正是简·奥斯汀的天性。她的天赋与她的环境完全相契。但我怀疑夏洛蒂·勃朗特是否如此,我说着,翻开《简·爱》并将其置于《傲慢与偏见》旁。

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impulse /ˈɪmpʌls/
n. 冲动;推动力;脉冲
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incongruous /ɪnˈkɒŋɡruəs/
adj. 不协调的;不一致的;不适宜的
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vehemently /ˈviːəməntli/
adv. 激烈地;强烈地
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discreditable /dɪsˈkredɪtəbl/
adj. 有损信誉的;不光彩的
🔊
pervades /pəˈveɪdz/
v. 弥漫;渗透;遍及
🔊 I opened it at chapter twelve and my eye was caught by the phrase "Anybody may blame me who likes". What were they blaming Charlotte Brontë for? I wondered. And I read how Jane Eyre used to go up on to the roof when Mrs. Fairfax was making jellies and looked over the fields at the distant view. And then she longed--and it was for this that they blamed her--that "then I longed for a power of vision which might overpass that limit; which might reach the busy world, towns, regions full of life I had heard of but never seen: that then I desired more of practical experience than I possessed; more of intercourse with my kind, of acquaintance with variety of character than was here within my reach. I valued what was good in Mrs. Fairfax, and what was good in Adèle; but I believed in the existence of other and more vivid kinds of goodness, and what I believed in I wished to behold. "Who blames me? Many, no doubt, and I shall be called discontented. I could not help it: the restlessness was in my nature; it agitated me to pain sometimes.... "It is vain to say human beings ought to be satisfied with tranquillity: they must have action; and they will make it if they cannot find it. Millions are condemned to a stiller doom than mine, and millions are in silent revolt against their lot. Nobody knows how many rebellions ferment in the masses of life which people earth. Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex. "When thus alone I not unfrequently heard Grace Poole's laugh...."

我翻开第十二章,目光被这句话吸引:“任何人若乐意,尽可责备我”。他们在责备夏洛蒂·勃朗特什么呢?我不禁猜想。我读到简·爱如何在费尔法克斯太太制作果冻时走上屋顶,眺望田野远方的景致。然后她渴望--正为此他们责备她--“那时我渴望一种超越那界限的视力;它能触及那繁忙的世界、城镇、充满生机的区域,那些我只闻其名、未见其形的地方:那时我渴望获得比我所拥有的更丰富的实际经验;渴望比此处所能提供的更多与同类的交往、更多对不同性格的熟识。我珍视费尔法克斯太太身上的优点,以及阿黛勒身上的优点;但我相信存在着其他更为鲜活生动的良善,而我信仰的,我渴望亲眼目睹。” “谁责备我?无疑大有人在,我将被称为不知足。我情不自禁:不安是我的天性;它有时搅得我痛苦难当……” “侈谈人类应当满足于宁静是徒劳的:他们必须有行动;倘若找不到,他们便会去创造。千百万人被判受着比我更沉寂的厄运,千百万人正默默地反抗着他们的命运。无人知晓,芸芸众生之中,酝酿着多少反叛。一般认为女性总是非常平静的:但女性的感受与男性一般无二;她们需要施展才能,需要努力的天地,正如她们的兄弟一样;她们因过于严苛的约束、过于绝对的停滞而痛苦,正如男性也会痛苦一般;而那些享有更多特权的同类,声称她们应当局限于制作布丁、编织袜子、弹奏钢琴、刺绣口袋,这实在是心胸狭隘。倘若她们试图做得更多、学得更多,超出了习俗宣称为其性别所必需的范围,便去责备或嘲笑她们,这实在是不近人情。” “当我如此独处时,时常听见格雷斯·普尔的笑声……”

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overpass /ˌəʊvəˈpɑːs/
v. 超越,超过
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intercourse /ˈɪntəkɔːs/
n. 交往,交流
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acquaintance /əˈkweɪntəns/
n. 相识,了解
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discontented /ˌdɪskənˈtentɪd/
adj. 不满的
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restlessness /ˈrestləsnəs/
n. 焦躁不安,不平静
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tranquillity /træŋˈkwɪləti/
n. 平静,安宁
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condemned /kənˈdemd/
adj. 被判刑的,被注定遭受(不幸等)的
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doom /duːm/
n. 厄运,毁灭
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revolt /rɪˈvəʊlt/
n. 反抗,叛乱
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ferment /fəˈment/
v. 发酵;酝酿(激动、骚乱)
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rigid /ˈrɪdʒɪd/
adj. 严格的,僵硬的
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stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn/
n. 停滞,萧条
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narrow-minded /ˌnærəʊ ˈmaɪndɪd/
adj. 心胸狭窄的,狭隘的
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fellow-creatures /ˌfeləʊ ˈkriːtʃəz/
n. 同类,同胞(指人类或其他生物)
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confine /kənˈfaɪn/
v. 限制,使局限于
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embroidering /ɪmˈbrɔɪdərɪŋ/
v. (gerund). 刺绣,绣花

这是个突兀的转折,我想。突然冒出格雷斯·普尔,令人不安。行文的连贯性被打断了。人们可以说,我继续道,将书置于《傲慢与偏见》旁,写这些篇章的女性,其天才胜过简·奥斯汀;但若人们重读它们,并留意到其中的顿挫、那种愤慨,便会发现她的天才永远无法完整而彻底地表达出来。她的书将变得畸形扭曲。她本应平静书写之处,却会在愤怒中下笔。她本应明智书写之处,却会显得愚蠢。她本应刻画其人物之处,却会写她自己。她在与自己的命运作战。她的生命被压抑,才华被挫败,又怎能不早早凋零?

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awkward /ˈɔːkwəd/
adj. 尴尬的;笨拙的;棘手的
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continuity /ˌkɒntɪˈnjuːəti/
n. 连续性,连贯性
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genius /ˈdʒiːniəs/
n. 天才,天赋
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jerk /dʒɜːk/
n. 急拉,猛推;愚蠢的人
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indignation /ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃn/
n. 愤怒,愤慨
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twisted /ˈtwɪstɪd/
adj. 扭曲的;反常的
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cramped /kræmpt/
adj. 狭窄的;受限制的
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thwarted /ˈθwɔːtɪd/
adj. 受挫的,受阻的
🔊 One could not but play for a moment with the thought of what might have happened if Charlotte Brontë had possessed say three hundred a year--but the foolish woman sold the copyright of her novels outright for fifteen hundred pounds; had somehow possessed more knowledge of the busy world, and towns and regions full of life; more practical experience, and intercourse with her kind and acquaintance with a variety of character. In those words she puts her finger exactly not only upon her own defects as a novelist but upon those of her sex at that time. She knew, no one better, how enormously her genius would have profited if it had not spent itself in solitary visions over distant fields; if experience and intercourse and travel had been granted her. But they were not granted; they were withheld; and we must accept the fact that all those good novels, Villette, Emma, Wuthering Heights, Middlemarch, were written by women without more experience of life than could enter the house of a respectable clergyman; written too in the common sitting-room of that respectable house and by women so poor that they could not afford to buy more than a few quires of paper at a time upon which to write Wuthering Heights or Jane Eyre. One of them, it is true, George Eliot, escaped after much tribulation, but only to a secluded villa in St. John's Wood. And there she settled down in the shadow of the world's disapproval. "I wish it to be understood", she wrote, "that I should never invite anyone to come and see me who did not ask for the invitation"; for was she not living in sin with a married man and might not the sight of her damage the chastity of Mrs. Smith or whoever it might be that chanced to call? One must submit to the social convention, and be "cut off from what is called the world". At the same time, on the other side of Europe, there was a young man living freely with this gipsy or with that great lady; going to the wars; picking up unhindered and uncensored all that varied experience of human life which served him so splendidly later when he came to write his books. Had Tolstoi lived at the Priory in seclusion with a married lady "cut off from what is called the world", however edifying the moral lesson, he could scarcely, I thought, have written War and Peace.

人们不禁会短暂遐想,倘若夏洛蒂·勃朗特拥有,比方说,三百镑的年金--但这愚蠢的女人竟将小说版权一次性卖了一千五百镑;倘若她以某种方式,对那繁忙的世界、城镇与充满生机的区域有更多的了解;拥有更丰富的实际经验,更多的与同类的交往,以及对各色性格的熟识。在这些话中,她不仅精确指出了自己作为小说家的缺陷,也指出了当时她所属性别的普遍缺陷。她比任何人都更清楚,倘若她的天才未耗费于远眺田野的孤独幻象;倘若经验、交往与旅行曾赐予她,她的天才将获益何其巨大。但它们未被赐予;它们被剥夺了;我们必须接受这一事实:所有那些优秀的小说--《维莱特》、《爱玛》、《呼啸山庄》、《米德尔马契》--皆出自女性之手,而她们的生活经验,不过能进入一位体面牧师的家门;并且,是在那体面家庭的公共起居室里写成,由如此贫穷的女性写成,她们一次只能买得起几刀纸,用来书写《呼啸山庄》或《简·爱》。其中一位,诚然,乔治·艾略特,历经磨难后得以逃脱,但也只是逃至圣约翰伍德一处僻静的别墅。她在世人不以为然的阴影中安顿下来。“我希望人们明白,”她写道,“我绝不会邀请任何未主动要求来访的人”;因为她岂非正与一位有妇之夫罪恶同居,而她的模样岂不会损害史密斯太太或任何恰巧来访者的贞洁?人们必须顺从社会习俗,从而“与所谓的世界隔绝”。与此同时,在欧洲另一端,一位年轻男子正自由地与这位吉普赛女郎或那位贵妇同居;奔赴战场;毫无阻碍、未经审查地汲取人生百态的经验,这些经验日后在他写作时辉煌地服务于他。我想,倘若托尔斯泰隐居在普赖尔里,与一位已婚女士“与所谓的世界隔绝”,无论其道德教训多么富有教益,他也几乎不可能写出《战争与和平》。

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outright /ˈaʊtraɪt/
adv. 完全地,彻底地;立即地
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profited /ˈprɒfɪtɪd/
v. 受益,获利
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visions /ˈvɪʒnz/
n. 幻觉,幻象;构想
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withheld /wɪðˈheld/
v. 保留,拒绝给予
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quires /ˈkwaɪəz/
n. 一刀(纸的计量单位,通常为24张)
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tribulation /ˌtrɪbjʊˈleɪʃn/
n. 苦难,磨难
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secluded /sɪˈkluːdɪd/
adj. 僻静的,隐蔽的
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gipsy /ˈdʒɪpsi/
n. 吉普赛人(旧式拼写,现常用Gypsy)
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unhindered /ʌnˈhɪndəd/
adj. 不受阻碍的,自由的
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uncensored /ʌnˈsensəd/
adj. 未经审查的
🔊
edifying /ˈedɪfaɪɪŋ/
adj. 有教化意义的,启迪人的
🔊 But one could perhaps go a little deeper into the question of novel-writing and the effect of sex upon the novelist. If one shuts one's eyes and thinks of the novel as a whole, it would seem to be a creation owning a certain looking-glass likeness to life, though of course with simplifications and distortions innumerable. At any rate, it is a structure leaving a shape on the mind's eye, built now in squares, now pagoda shaped, now throwing out wings and arcades, now solidly compact and domed like the Cathedral of Saint Sofia at Constantinople. This shape, I thought, thinking back over certain famous novels, starts in one the kind of emotion that is appropriate to it. But that emotion at once blends itself with others, for the "shape" is not made by the relation of stone to stone, but by the relation of human being to human being. Thus a novel starts in us all sorts of antagonistic and opposed emotions. Life conflicts with something that is not life. Hence the difficulty of coming to any agreement about novels, and the immense sway that our private prejudices have upon us. On the one hand, we feel You--John the hero--must live, or I shall be in the depths of despair. On the other, we feel, Alas, John, you must die, because the shape of the book requires it. Life conflicts with something that is not life. Then since life it is in part, we judge it as life. James is the sort of man I most detest, one says. Or, This is a farrago of absurdity. I could never feel anything of the sort myself. The whole structure, it is obvious, thinking back on any famous novel, is one of infinite complexity, because it is thus made up of so many different judgements, of so many different kinds of emotion. The wonder is that any book so composed holds together for more than a year or two, or can possibly mean to the English reader what it means for the Russian or the Chinese. But they do hold together occasionally very remarkably. And what holds them together in these rare instances of survival (I was thinking of War and Peace) is something that one calls integrity, though it has nothing to do with paying one's bills or behaving honourably in an emergency. What one means by integrity, in the case of the novelist, is the conviction that he gives one that this is the truth. Yes, one feels, I should never have thought that this could be so; I have never known people behaving like that. But you have convinced me that so it is, so it happens. One holds every phrase, every scene to the light as one reads--for Nature seems, very oddly, to have provided us with an inner light by which to judge of the novelist's integrity or disintegrity. Or perhaps it is rather that Nature, in her most irrational mood, has traced in invisible ink on the walls of the mind a premonition which these great artists confirm; a sketch which only needs to be held to the fire of genius to become visible. When one so exposes it and sees it come to life one exclaims in rapture, But this is what I have always felt and known and desired! And one boils over with excitement, and, shutting the book even with a kind of reverence as if it were something very precious, a stand-by to return to as long as one lives, one puts it back on the shelf, I said, taking War and Peace and putting it back in its place. If, on the other hand, these poor sentences that one takes and tests rouse first a quick and eager response with their bright colouring and their dashing gestures but there they stop: something seems to check them in their development: or if they bring to light only a faint scribble in that corner and a blot over there, and nothing appears whole and entire, then one heaves a sigh of disappointment and says, Another failure. This novel has come to grief somewhere.

但或许我们可以稍深入一步,探讨小说写作以及性别对小说家的影响。倘若人们闭目凝思,将小说视为一个整体,它似乎是一种创造物,与生活有着某种镜中影像般的相似,尽管当然伴随着无数的简化与变形。无论如何,它是一种在心灵之眼留下形状的结构,时而建为方形,时而如宝塔状,时而伸出翼楼与拱廊,时而坚实紧凑、穹顶高耸,犹如君士坦丁堡的圣索菲亚大教堂。这形状,我回想某些著名小说时思忖,在内心唤起一种与之相宜的情感。但那情感立刻与其他情感交融,因为那“形状”并非由石与石的关系构成,而是由人与人的关系构成。因此,一部小说在我们内心激起种种相互敌对、相互对立的情感。生活与某种非生活之物发生冲突。故而,就小说达成共识是如此困难,而我们私人的偏见对我们施加的影响又是如此巨大。一方面,我们感觉你--主人公约翰--必须活着,否则我将陷入绝望的深渊。另一方面,我们又感觉,唉,约翰,你必须死去,因为这本书的形态要求如此。生活与非生活之物冲突。那么,既然它部分是生活,我们便依据生活的准则来评判它。詹姆斯是我最厌恶的那种人,有人会说。或者,这简直是一派荒谬的杂烩。我自己绝不会有那种感受。显然,回想任何著名小说,其整体结构都无限复杂,因为它正是由如此多不同的判断、如此多不同种类的情感构筑而成。奇迹在于,任何如此构成的书,竟能维持一两年以上而不散架,或对英国读者的意义,竟可能与对俄国或中国读者的意义相通。但它们偶尔确实非常显著地凝聚不散。而在这些罕见的、得以存世的实例中(我正想着《战争与和平》),将它们维系在一起的,是某种我们称之为“完整性”的东西,尽管它与付清账单或在紧急关头行为高尚毫无关系。就小说家而言,我们所说的“完整性”,指的是他给予人们的那种确信:这便是真相。是的,人们感到,我从未想过事情竟会如此;我从未知晓人们会那样行事。但你已经说服了我,事实正是如此,事情正是这般发生。人们阅读时,将每一短语、每一场景置于光下检验--因为大自然似乎,非常古怪地,赋予了我们一种内在之光,用以判断小说家是完整抑或破碎。或者,更确切地说,是大自然在其最非理性的情绪中,以隐形墨水在我们心灵的墙壁上,勾勒了一幅预感的草图,而这些伟大的艺术家印证了它;这幅草图只需经天才之火一照,便会显现出来。当人们如此将其暴露,并看见它鲜活起来时,会狂喜地呼喊:但这正是我一直感受、一直知晓、一直渴望的啊!于是人们激动得沸腾起来,甚至带着一种崇敬合上书,仿佛它是某种无比珍贵之物,一件可以终生倚赖、时时回望的珍宝,我将它放回书架,我说着,取回《战争与和平》放归原处。反之,倘若人们摘取并检验的这些可怜句子,先以其鲜明的色彩与大胆的姿态,激起快速而热切的回应,但随即停滞:某种东西似乎阻碍了它们的发展;或者,倘若它们仅在角落里显露淡淡的涂鸦,那里有一处污渍,而无任何事物显得完整而全然,那么人们便会失望地长叹一声,说道:又是一次失败。这部小说在某个地方崩坏了。

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distortions /dɪˈstɔːʃnz/
n. 扭曲,歪曲
🔊
pagoda /pəˈɡəʊdə/
n. 宝塔,塔式建筑
🔊
arcades /ɑːˈkeɪdz/
n. 拱廊,有拱顶的通道
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domed /dəʊmd/
adj. 有圆顶的
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antagonistic /ænˌtæɡəˈnɪstɪk/
adj. 敌对的,对抗的
🔊
farrago /fəˈrɑːɡəʊ/
n. 混杂,大杂烩
🔊
integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti/
n. 正直,诚实;完整,整体性
🔊
disintegrity /ˌdɪsɪnˈteɡrəti/
n. 不完整,分裂(较罕见,由‘integrity’加否定前缀构成)
🔊
premonition /ˌpreməˈnɪʃn/
n. 预感
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rapture /ˈræptʃə(r)/
n. 狂喜,着迷
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stand-by /ˈstænd baɪ/
n. 可依靠的人或物;备用物
🔊
heaves /hiːvz/
v. (用力)举起;发出(叹息)
🔊 And for the most part, of course, novels do come to grief somewhere. The imagination falters under the enormous strain. The insight is confused; it can no longer distinguish between the true and the false; it has no longer the strength to go on with the vast labour that calls at every moment for the use of so many different faculties. But how would all this be affected by the sex of the novelist, I wondered, looking at Jane Eyre and the others. Would the fact of her sex in any way interfere with the integrity of a woman novelist--that integrity which I take to be the backbone of the writer? Now, in the passages I have quoted from Jane Eyre, it is clear that anger was tampering with the integrity of Charlotte Brontë the novelist. She left her story, to which her entire devotion was due, to attend to some personal grievance. She remembered that she had been starved of her proper due of experience--she had been made to stagnate in a parsonage mending stockings when she wanted to wander free over the world. Her imagination swerved from indignation and we feel it swerve. But there were many more influences than anger tugging at her imagination and deflecting it from its path. Ignorance, for instance. The portrait of Rochester is drawn in the dark. We feel the influence of fear in it; just as we constantly feel an acidity which is the result of oppression, a buried suffering smouldering beneath her passion, a rancour which contracts those books, splendid as they are, with a spasm of pain.

当然,大多数小说确实在某个地方崩坏了。想象力在巨大的压力下步履蹒跚。洞察力变得混乱;它不再能区分真伪;它不再有力量继续那每时每刻都需要运用众多不同才能的庞大劳作。但所有这些,会如何受到小说家性别的影响呢?我疑惑着,看着《简·爱》和其他作品。她的性别事实,会以任何方式干扰一位女小说家的完整性吗--那完整性,我视之为作家的脊梁?现在,在我从《简·爱》中引用的段落里,显然,愤怒正在损害夏洛蒂·勃朗特作为小说家的完整性。她离开了本应全情投入的故事,转而去关注某些个人的怨愤。她记得自己被剥夺了应得的经验--她本渴望自由漫游世界,却被困在牧师住宅里编织袜子。她的想象力因愤慨而偏离了轨道,我们能感觉到这种偏离。但还有比愤怒更多的影响,在拉扯她的想象力,使其偏离正途。例如,无知。罗切斯特的肖像是在黑暗中绘制的。我们能感觉到其中恐惧的影响;正如我们不断感觉到一种酸涩,那是压迫的结果,一种埋藏的痛苦在她激情之下闷燃,一种怨毒使那些书--尽管它们本身辉煌--因一阵痛苦而抽搐收缩。

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falters /ˈfɔːltəz/
v. 蹒跚;犹豫;结巴地说
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backbone /ˈbækbəʊn/
n. 脊椎;支柱,骨干
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tampering /ˈtæmpərɪŋ/
v. (gerund). 干预,篡改,损害
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grievance /ˈɡriːvəns/
n. 委屈,不满,怨愤
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starved /stɑːvd/
adj. 饥饿的;极度缺乏的
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stagnate /stæɡˈneɪt/
v. 停滞,不发展
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parsonage /ˈpɑːsənɪdʒ/
n. 牧师住宅
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swerve /swɜːv/
v. 突然转向,转弯
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deflecting /dɪˈflektɪŋ/
v. (gerund). 使偏斜,使转向
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acidity /əˈsɪdəti/
n. 酸性;尖刻
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smouldering /ˈsməʊldərɪŋ/
v. (gerund). 闷烧;郁积(情感)
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rancour /ˈræŋkə(r)/
n. 深仇,积怨
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spasm /ˈspæzəm/
n. 痉挛,抽搐;(感情等的)一阵发作
🔊 And since a novel has this correspondence to real life, its values are to some extent those of real life. But it is obvious that the values of women differ very often from the values which have been made by the other sex; naturally, this is so. Yet it is the masculine values that prevail. Speaking crudely, football and sport are "important"; the worship of fashion, the buying of clothes "trivial". And these values are inevitably transferred from life to fiction. This is an important book, the critic assumes, because it deals with war. This is an insignificant book because it deals with the feelings of women in a drawing-room. A scene in a battle-field is more important than a scene in a shop--everywhere and much more subtly the difference of value persists. The whole structure, therefore, of the early nineteenth-century novel was raised, if one was a woman, by a mind which was slightly pulled from the straight, and made to alter its clear vision in deference to external authority. One has only to skim those old forgotten novels and listen to the tone of voice in which they are written to divine that the writer was meeting criticism; she was saying this by way of aggression, or that by way of conciliation. She was admitting that she was "only a woman", or protesting that she was "as good as a man". She met that criticism as her temperament dictated, with docility and diffidence, or with anger and emphasis. It does not matter which it was; she was thinking of something other than the thing itself. Down comes her book upon our heads. There was a flaw in the centre of it. And I thought of all the women's novels that lie scattered, like small pock-marked apples in an orchard, about the second-hand book shops of London. It was the flaw in the centre that had rotted them. She had altered her values in deference to the opinion of others.

既然小说与现实生活有此对应,其价值在某种程度上便是现实生活的价值。但显然,女性的价值常常与另一性别所创造的价值不同;这自然是情理之中。然而,占主导地位的却是男性价值。粗略而言,足球和运动是“重要的”;崇拜时尚、购买衣物是“琐碎的”。而这些价值不可避免地会从生活转移到小说中。评论家假定,这是一本重要的书,因为它涉及战争。这是一本无关紧要的书,因为它涉及客厅里女性的情感。战场上的场景比商店里的场景更重要--无处不在,且以更为微妙的方式,价值的差异持续存在着。因此,十九世纪初小说的整个结构,倘若出自女性之手,便是由一颗稍被拉离正轨的心灵构建而成,这颗心灵被迫改变其清晰的视野,以遵从外部的权威。人们只需略读那些已被遗忘的旧小说,听听它们写作的腔调,便能猜出作者正在应对批评;她这样说以示挑衅,或那样说以示安抚。她要么承认自己“只是个女人”,要么抗议自己“和男人一样好”。她依其性情应对批评,或顺从胆怯,或愤怒强调。无论哪种方式都无关紧要;她所想的并非事物本身。于是,她的书便砸落在我们头上。它的中心存在一处瑕疵。我想起所有散落在伦敦二手书店的女性小说,犹如果园中布满麻点的小苹果。正是中心的瑕疵腐蚀了它们。她为遵从他人意见而改变了自己的价值判断。

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crudely /ˈkruːdli/
adv. 粗糙地;粗鲁地;大致上
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trivial /ˈtrɪviəl/
adj. 琐碎的,不重要的
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subtly /ˈsʌtli/
adv. 微妙地,巧妙地
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in deference to /ɪn ˈdefərəns tuː/
prep. phrase. 遵从,出于对…的尊重
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skim /skɪm/
v. 浏览,略读;撇去
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divine /dɪˈvaɪn/
v. 推测,猜测;预言
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conciliation /kənˌsɪliˈeɪʃn/
n. 安抚,调解
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docility /dəˈsɪləti/
n. 温顺,驯服
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diffidence /ˈdɪfɪdəns/
n. 缺乏自信,羞怯
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pock-marked /ˈpɒk mɑːkt/
adj. 有痘痕的,有麻点的
🔊 But how impossible it must have been for them not to budge either to the right or to the left. What genius, what integrity it must have required in face of all that criticism, in the midst of that purely patriarchal society, to hold fast to the thing as they saw it without shrinking. Only Jane Austen did it and Emily Brontë. It is another feather, perhaps the finest, in their caps. They wrote as women write, not as men write. Of all the thousand women who wrote novels then, they alone entirely ignored the perpetual admonitions of the eternal pedagogue--write this, think that. They alone were deaf to that persistent voice, now grumbling, now patronising, now domineering, now grieved, now shocked, now angry, now avuncular, that voice which cannot let women alone, but must be at them, like some too conscientious governess, adjuring them, like Sir Egerton Brydges, to be refined; dragging even into the criticism of poetry criticism of sex;[9] admonishing them, if they would be good and win, as I suppose, some shiny prize, to keep within certain limits which the gentleman in question thinks suitable--"... female novelists should only aspire to excellence by courageously acknowledging the limitations of their sex".[10] That puts the matter in a nutshell, and when I tell you, rather to your surprise, that this sentence was written not in August 1828 but in August 1928, you will agree, I think, that however delightful it is to us now, it represents a vast body of opinion--I am not going to stir those old pools; I take only what chance has floated to my feet--that was far more vigorous and far more vocal a century ago. It would have needed a very stalwart young woman in 1828 to disregard all those snubs and chidings and promises of prizes. One must have been something of a firebrand to say to oneself, Oh, but they can't buy literature too. Literature is open to everybody. I refuse to allow you, Beadle though you are, to turn me off the grass. Lock up your libraries if you like; but there is no gate, no lock, no bolt that you can set upon the freedom of my mind.

然而,要让她们不向左或向右摇摆,又是何等不可能。面对所有那些批评,身处那个纯粹的父权社会之中,要坚持她们亲眼所见的事物而不退缩,需要何等天才、何等完整的品性。只有简·奥斯汀和艾米莉·勃朗特做到了。这为她们的成就再添荣光,或许是最耀眼的一笔。她们如女性般写作,而非如男性般写作。在所有那时写作小说的成千上万女性中,唯有她们完全无视了那位永恒说教者无休无止的训诫--写这个,想那个。唯有她们对那持续不断的声音充耳不闻,那声音时而抱怨,时而屈尊俯就,时而专横跋扈,时而痛心疾首,时而震惊不已,时而怒不可遏,时而慈祥备至,那声音无法放过女性,必须纠缠她们,就像某位过分尽责的女家庭教师,告诫她们,一如埃杰顿·布里奇斯爵士,要举止高雅;甚至将性别批评也拖入了诗歌批评之中;劝诫她们,倘若她们想表现良好并赢得--我猜想是--某种光鲜的奖品,就必须保持在某位绅士认为合适的界限之内--“……女性小说家只应通过勇敢承认其性别的局限来追求卓越。” 这真是言简意赅,而当我告诉你们--或许令你们惊讶--这句话并非写于一九二八年八月,而是写于一八二八年八月时,我想你们会同意,无论它如今在我们看来多么令人莞尔,它代表了一大批观点--我并不打算搅动那些古老的死水;我只取机缘漂至我脚边之物--那在一个世纪前远为强有力、远为喧嚣的观点。在一八二八年,需要一位意志极为坚韧的年轻女子,才能对所有的冷遇、斥责乃至以奖赏为名的诱饵统统置之不理。一个人必须有点火气,才能对自己说:哦,但他们总不能连文学也收买了吧。文学向所有人敞开。我拒绝允许你,尽管你是校役,将我赶离这片草地。你若喜欢,尽可锁上你的图书馆;但没有任何门扉、没有任何锁、没有任何门闩,能够禁锢我心灵的自由。

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budge /bʌdʒ/
v. 稍微移动;改变主意
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patriarchal /ˌpeɪtriˈɑːkl/
adj. 父权制的,男性主宰的
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shrinking /ˈʃrɪŋkɪŋ/
v. (gerund). 退缩,畏缩
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admonitions /ˌædməˈnɪʃnz/
n. 告诫,劝告
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pedagogue /ˈpedəɡɒɡ/
n. 教师(尤指严苛或学究式的),教育家
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domineering /ˌdɒmɪˈnɪərɪŋ/
adj. 专横的,盛气凌人的
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avuncular /əˈvʌŋkjələ(r)/
adj. 叔伯般的,慈祥的
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adjuring /əˈdʒʊərɪŋ/
v. (gerund). 恳求,命令,以发誓要求
🔊
aspire /əˈspaɪə(r)/
v. 渴望,有志于
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stalwart /ˈstɔːlwət/
adj. 健壮的;坚定的
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snubs /snʌbz/
n. 冷落,怠慢
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chidings /ˈtʃaɪdɪŋz/
n. 责备,责骂
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firebrand /ˈfaɪəbrænd/
n. 煽动者,激进分子
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Beadle /ˈbiːdl/
n. 教区执事,差役
🔊 But whatever effect discouragement and criticism had upon their writing--and I believe that they had a very great effect--that was unimportant compared with the other difficulty which faced them (I was still considering those early nineteenth-century novelists) when they came to set their thoughts on paper--that is that they had no tradition behind them, or one so short and partial that it was of little help. For we think back through our mothers if we are women. It is useless to go to the great men writers for help, however much one may go to them for pleasure. Lamb, Browne, Thackeray, Newman, Sterne, Dickens, De Quincey--whoever it may be--never helped a woman yet, though she may have learnt a few tricks of them and adapted them to her use. The weight, the pace, the stride of a man's mind are too unlike her own for her to lift anything substantial from him successfully. The ape is too distant to be sedulous. Perhaps the first thing she would find, setting pen to paper, was that there was no common sentence ready for her use. All the great novelists like Thackeray and Dickens and Balzac have written a natural prose, swift but not slovenly, expressive but not precious, taking their own tint without ceasing to be common property. They have based it on the sentence that was current at the time. The sentence that was current at the beginning of the nineteenth century ran something like this perhaps: "The grandeur of their works was an argument with them, not to stop short, but to proceed. They could have no higher excitement or satisfaction than in the exercise of their art and endless generations of truth and beauty. Success prompts to exertion; and habit facilitates success." That is a man's sentence; behind it one can see Johnson, Gibbon and the rest. It was a sentence that was unsuited for a woman's use. Charlotte Brontë, with all her splendid gift for prose, stumbled and fell with that clumsy weapon in her hands. George Eliot committed atrocities with it that beggar description. Jane Austen looked at it and laughed at it and devised a perfectly natural, shapely sentence proper for her own use and never departed from it. Thus, with less genius for writing than Charlotte Brontë, she got infinitely more said. Indeed, since freedom and fullness of expression are of the essence of the art, such a lack of tradition, such a scarcity and inadequacy of tools, must have told enormously upon the writing of women. Moreover, a book is not made of sentences laid end to end, but of sentences built, if an image helps, into arcades or domes. And this shape too has been made by men out of their own needs for their own uses. There is no reason to think that the form of the epic or of the poetic play suit a woman any more than the sentence suits her. But all the older forms of literature were hardened and set by the time she became a writer. The novel alone was young enough to be soft in her hands--another reason, perhaps, why she wrote novels. Yet who shall say that even now "the novel" (I give it inverted commas to mark my sense of the words' inadequacy), who shall say that even this most pliable of all forms is rightly shaped for her use? No doubt we shall find her knocking that into shape for herself when she has the free use of her limbs; and providing some new vehicle, not necessarily in verse, for the poetry in her. For it is the poetry that is still denied outlet. And I went on to ponder how a woman nowadays would write a poetic tragedy in five acts. Would she use verse?--would she not use prose rather?

但无论沮丧与批评对她们的写作有何影响--我相信影响极为巨大--与另一困难相比,那都显得无关紧要了,当她们(我仍在思量那些十九世纪初的小说家)将思绪付诸纸上时,所面临的另一困难便是:她们背后没有传统,或者传统如此短暂片面,几乎毫无助益。因为,倘若我们是女性,我们是通过我们的母亲来追溯思考的。向伟大的男性作家求助是徒劳的,无论人们可能从他们那里获得多少愉悦。兰姆、布朗、萨克雷、纽曼、斯特恩、狄更斯、德·昆西--无论哪一位--都从未帮助过一位女性,尽管她或许从他们那里学到一些技巧并加以改编。男性心智的份量、节奏、步幅,与她们自身的相去甚远,使她们根本无法从中成功地搬动任何有分量的东西。那猿猴相距太远,难以效仿。或许她提笔时首先会发现,没有现成的通用句子供她使用。所有伟大的小说家,如萨克雷、狄更斯和巴尔扎克,都写出了一种自然的散文,迅捷而不草率,富有表现力而不矫揉造作,带有自身的色彩却仍是公共的财产。他们基于当时流行的句子构建。十九世纪初流行的句子,或许大致如下:“他们作品的宏伟,对他们而言,不是止步的缘由,而是继续前行的论据。在运用其艺术以及那无穷世代的真理与美时,他们别无更高的兴奋或满足。成功激励着努力;而习惯则促进了成功。” 这是一个男性的句子;其背后可见约翰逊、吉本等人的身影。这是一个不适合女性使用的句子。夏洛蒂·勃朗特,尽管拥有卓越的散文天赋,却手握这笨拙的武器而踉跄跌倒。乔治·艾略特用它则犯下了罄竹难书的“暴行”。简·奥斯汀看着它,对它付之一笑,并设计了一种完全自然、形态优美的句子,适合己用且从未偏离。因此,尽管写作天赋不及夏洛蒂·勃朗特,她却表达了无限丰富的内涵。的确,既然自由与充分的表达是艺术的精髓,如此传统的缺乏、工具的如此稀缺与不足,必然对女性的写作产生了巨大的影响。此外,一本书并非由首尾相接的句子构成,而是由句子--倘若一个意象有所助益--构筑成拱廊或穹顶。而这形态,亦是由男性根据他们自身的需求、为着他们自身的用途而塑造的。没有理由认为史诗或诗剧的形式比句子更适合女性。但所有较古老的文学形式,在她成为作家时,都已硬化定型。唯有小说尚且年轻,在她手中尚属柔软--这或许是她写作小说的另一个缘由。然而,谁能断言,即便如今“小说”(我加上引号,以表示对此词不足之感),谁能断言,即便这所有形式中最为柔韧的一种,其形态已完全适合她使用?无疑,当她能自由运用她的肢体时,我们会发现她将其敲打成型,以适合自己的需要;并为她内心的诗歌提供某种新的载体,未必是韵文。因为诗歌至今仍被抑制,无处倾泻。我继续思忖,如今一位女性会如何写一部五幕诗剧。她会使用韵文吗?--她难道不会使用散文吗?

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partial /ˈpɑːʃl/
adj. 部分的;偏袒的
🔊
sedulous /ˈsedʒələs/
adj. 勤勉的,刻苦的
🔊
slovenly /ˈslʌvənli/
adj. 邋遢的,不修边幅的
🔊
precious /ˈpreʃəs/
adj. 珍贵的;过分讲究的,矫揉造作的
🔊
atrocities /əˈtrɒsətiz/
n. 暴行,凶恶
🔊
beggar /ˈbeɡə(r)/
v. 使贫困;使难以形容
🔊
inadequacy /ɪnˈædɪkwəsi/
n. 不充分,不足;不胜任
🔊
pliable /ˈplaɪəbl/
adj. 易弯的,柔韧的;易受影响的
🔊 But these are difficult questions which lie in the twilight of the future. I must leave them, if only because they stimulate me to wander from my subject into trackless forests where I shall be lost and, very likely, devoured by wild beasts. I do not want, and I am sure that you do not want me, to broach that very dismal subject, the future of fiction, so that I will only pause here one moment to draw your attention to the great part which must be played in that future so far as women are concerned by physical conditions. The book has somehow to be adapted to the body, and at a venture one would say that women's books should be shorter, more concentrated, than those of men, and framed so that they do not need long hours of steady and uninterrupted work. For interruptions there will always be. Again, the nerves that feed the brain would seem to differ in men and women, and if you are going to make them work their best and hardest, you must find out what treatment suits them--whether these hours of lectures, for instance, which the monks devised, presumably, hundreds of years ago, suit them--what alternations of work and rest they need, interpreting rest not as doing nothing but as doing something but something that is different; and what should that difference be? All this should be discussed and discovered; all this is part of the question of women and fiction. And yet, I continued, approaching the bookcase again, where shall I find that elaborate study of the psychology of women by a woman? If through their incapacity to play football women are not going to be allowed to practise medicine----

但这些都是难题,隐现在未来的曙光之中。我必须搁置它们,仅因它们刺激我偏离主题,步入无径的森林,我将在那里迷失,且很可能被野兽吞噬。我不想,并且我确信你们也不想让我,触及那个极为阴郁的主题--小说的未来,因此我只在此稍停片刻,提请你们注意,就女性而言,身体条件必将在那个未来中扮演极为重要的角色。书籍必须以某种方式适应身体,而大胆言之,女性的书应当比男性的书更短、更凝练,其构架应无需长时间稳定而不被打断的工作。因为干扰总是会有的。再者,滋养大脑的神经似乎在男女之间也有所不同,倘若你想让它们以最佳、最努力的状态工作,就必须找出适合它们的处理方式--例如,这些讲座课时,很可能是僧侣们在数百年前设计的,是否适合她们?--她们需要怎样的工作与休息的交替,这里“休息”并非指无所事事,而是做些不同的事情;而这不同又应是什么?所有这一切都应加以讨论和发现;所有这一切都是“女性与小说”这一问题的一部分。然而,我继续道,再次走近书架,我将在何处找到一部由女性撰写的、关于女性心理的详尽研究呢?倘若因为她们不能踢足球,女性将不被允许行医--

🔊
twilight /ˈtwaɪlaɪt/
n. 黄昏;暮年;衰退期
🔊
trackless /ˈtrækləs/
adj. 无路的,无人迹的
🔊
broach /brəʊtʃ/
v. 开始讨论,提出
🔊
dismal /ˈdɪzməl/
adj. 阴沉的,凄凉的;糟糕的
🔊
venture /ˈventʃə(r)/
n. 冒险(事业)
🔊
concentrated /ˈkɒnsntreɪtɪd/
adj. 集中的;浓缩的
🔊
alternations /ˌɔːltəˈneɪʃnz/
n. 交替,轮流

幸好,我的思绪此刻转向了别处。

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