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Chapter seventeen: Spring (第十七章:春)

探索《瓦尔登湖》第17章,包含英文原文、简体中文翻译、详细的雅思词汇解析以及英文原声音频。边听边学,提升阅读技巧。

英文原文
翻译
雅思词汇 (ZH-CN)

凿冰人大面积开凿通常会使池塘提早解冻;因为即使在寒冷天气里,被风搅动的水也会侵蚀周围的冰。然而那一年,瓦尔登湖却并非如此,因为她很快又披上了一层厚实的新装,取代了旧有的冰衣。

🔊
agitated /ˈædʒɪteɪtɪd/
adj. 激动的,不安的
🔊
garment /ˈɡɑːrmənt/
n. 衣服,服装

春天终于来临,冰层开始变得千疮百孔,我知道它维持不了多久了。四月一日这天,雨水落下,融化了冰。清晨雾气弥漫,我听到一只失群的大雁在湖面上摸索着盘旋,发出嘎嘎的叫声,仿佛迷失了方向,又像雾的精魂。

🔊
honeycombed /ˈhʌnikoʊmd/
adj. 蜂窝状的,多孔的
🔊
groping /ˈɡroʊpɪŋ/
v. 摸索,探索
🔊
cackling /ˈkæklɪŋ/
v. 咯咯叫,大声笑
🔊 So I went on for some days cutting and hewing timber, and also studs and rafters, all with my narrow axe, not having many communicable or scholar-like thoughts, singing to myself,-

于是我又接着干了几天,用我那柄窄斧砍伐木料,还削制了立柱和椽子,心里并没有什么可与人交流或学究气的念头,只是独自哼唱着--

🔊
hewing /ˈhjuːɪŋ/
v. 砍伐,劈开
🔊
studs /stʌdz/
n. 墙柱,饰钉
🔊
rafters /ˈræftərz/
n. 椽子
🔊
communicable /kəˈmjuːnɪkəbl/
adj. 可传达的,传染性的
🔊
scholar-like /ˈskɑːlərlaɪk/
adj. 学者般的,博学的

人们说他们知道许多事情;

但是看哪!它们已展翅飞离--

各种艺术和科学,

🔊 And a thousand appliances;

还有千百种器具发明;

🔊
appliances /əˈplaɪənsɪz/
n. 器具,设备

那吹拂的风

才是世人唯一的真知。

我将主梁削成六英寸见方,大多数立柱只削两面,椽子和地板木则只削一面,其余的树皮都留着,这样一来,它们和锯出来的木料一样直,却要结实得多。每根木料都仔细地用榫卯与树桩连接,因为到这时我已经借来了别的工具。我在林子里干活的日子并不很长;不过我通常带着面包和黄油的午饭,正午时分,坐在我砍下的青翠松枝中间,读着包午饭的报纸,我的面包也因此沾染了些松脂的芬芳,因为我的手上厚厚地涂满了一层松脂。完工之前,我对松树已是友多于敌了,尽管我砍倒了它们中的一些,却对它们有了更深的了解。有时,林中漫步的人被我的斧声吸引而来,我们便在我劈下的木屑堆上愉快地闲聊。

🔊
mortised /ˈmɔːrtɪst/
v. 榫接,用榫眼连接
🔊
tenoned /ˈtenənd/
v. 制榫,用榫头连接
🔊
imparted /ɪmˈpɑːrtɪd/
v. 赋予,传授
🔊
fragrance /ˈfreɪɡrəns/
n. 芳香,香味
🔊
pitch /pɪtʃ/
n. 沥青,树脂
🔊
rambler /ˈræmblər/
n. 漫步者,漫谈者
🔊 By the middle of April, for I made no haste in my work, but rather made the most of it, my house was framed and ready for the raising. I had already bought the shanty of James Collins, an Irishman who worked on the Fitchburg Railroad, for boards. James Collinsshanty was considered an uncommonly fine one. When I called to see it he was not at home. I walked about the outside, at first unobserved from within, the window was so deep and high. It was of small dimensions, with a peaked cottage roof, and not much else to be seen, the dirt being raised five feet all around as if it were a compost heap. The roof was the soundest part, though a good deal warped and made brittle by the sun. Doorsill there was none, but a perennial passage for the hens under the door board. Mrs. C. came to the door and asked me to view it from the inside. The hens were driven in by my approach. It was dark, and had a dirt floor for the most part, dank, clammy, and aguish, only here a board and there a board which would not bear removal. She lighted a lamp to show me the inside of the roof and the walls, and also that the board floor extended under the bed, warning me not to step into the cellar, a sort of dust hole two feet deep. In her own words, they weregood boards overhead, good boards all around, and a good window- of two whole squares originally, only the cat had passed out that way lately. There was a stove, a bed, and a place to sit, an infant in the house where it was born, a silk parasol, gilt-framed looking-glass, and a patent new coffee-mill nailed to an oak sapling, all told. The bargain was soon concluded, for James had in the meanwhile returned. I to pay four dollars and twenty-five cents tonight, he to vacate at five tomorrow morning, selling to nobody else meanwhile: I to take possession at six. It were well, he said, to be there early, and anticipate certain indistinct but wholly unjust claims on the score of ground rent and fuel. This he assured me was the only encumbrance. At six I passed him and his family on the road. One large bundle held their all - bed, coffee-mill, looking-glass, hens - all but the cat; she took to the woods and became a wild cat, and, as I learned afterward, trod in a trap set for woodchucks, and so became a dead cat at last.

到了四月中旬,我的屋架已经立好,准备上梁了,因为我在工作中并不匆忙,而是尽量享受其中的乐趣。为了买木板,我已经买下了詹姆斯·柯林斯的棚屋,他是在菲奇堡铁路上干活的爱尔兰人。詹姆斯·柯林斯的棚屋被认为是出奇地好。我去看房子时,他不在家。我在外面走动,起初里面的人没有察觉,因为窗户又深又高。房子很小,有一个尖顶的农舍式屋顶,除此之外看不到什么,四周的泥土堆高了五英尺,像个肥堆。屋顶是最完好的部分,不过被太阳晒得翘曲了不少,也变得很脆。没有门槛,但门板下面有个永久的通道,供母鸡出入。柯林斯太太来到门口,请我进去看看。母鸡被我的靠近赶了进去。里面很暗,大部分是泥土地面,阴冷、潮湿、易致寒颤,只有这儿那儿铺着几块木板,还经不起搬动。她点了盏灯,给我看屋顶的内里和墙壁,还有床底下延伸的木板地板,并提醒我不要踏进地窖--那是个两英尺深的土坑。用她自己的话说,那是“头顶有好木板,四周有好木板,还有一扇好窗子”--本来是两个完整的窗格,只是最近猫从那儿出去了。屋里有一个炉子,一张床,一个坐的地方,一个出生在这屋里的婴儿,一把绸阳伞,一面镀金镜框的镜子,还有一个专利的新咖啡磨,钉在一棵小橡树上,总共就这些。交易很快谈妥,因为这时詹姆斯回来了。我今晚付四块两毛五,他明早五点搬走,在此期间不得卖给旁人:我六点来接收。他说,最好早点来,以防那些关于地租和燃料的、模糊不清却完全不公的索求。他向我保证这是唯一的纠葛。六点钟,我在路上碰见他和他的一家人。一个大包袱装着他们所有的家当--床、咖啡磨、镜子、母鸡--除了那只猫;它逃进林子成了野猫,后来我听说它踩中了捕土拨鼠的夹子,终于变成了一只死猫。

🔊
shanty /ˈʃænti/
n. 简陋小屋,棚屋
🔊
uncommonly /ʌnˈkɒmənli/
adv. 不寻常地,罕见地
🔊
dimensions /daɪˈmenʃənz/
n. 尺寸,维度
🔊
peaked /piːkt/
adj. 尖顶的,有峰的
🔊
compost /ˈkɒmpɒst/
n. 堆肥,混合肥料
🔊
warped /wɔːrpt/
adj. 弯曲的,扭曲的
🔊
brittle /ˈbrɪtl/
adj. 易碎的,脆弱的
🔊
doorsill /ˈdɔːrsɪl/
n. 门槛
🔊
perennial /pəˈreniəl/
adj. 永久的,多年生的
🔊
dank /dæŋk/
adj. 阴湿的,潮湿的
🔊
clammy /ˈklæmi/
adj. 湿冷的,黏糊的
🔊
aguish /ˈeɪɡwɪʃ/
adj. 易患疟疾的,发冷的
🔊
removal /rɪˈmuːvl/
n. 移除,搬迁
🔊
cellar /ˈselər/
n. 地窖,地下室
🔊
parasol /ˈpærəsɒl/
n. 阳伞,遮阳伞
🔊
gilt-framed /ˈɡɪlt freɪmd/
adj. 镀金框架的
🔊
patent /ˈpeɪtnt/
adj. 专利的,明显的
🔊
sapling /ˈsæplɪŋ/
n. 树苗,幼树
🔊
bargain /ˈbɑːrɡən/
n. 交易,便宜货
🔊
vacate /ˈveɪkeɪt/
v. 腾空,撤离
🔊
anticipate /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/
v. 预期,预料
🔊
indistinct /ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋkt/
adj. 模糊的,不清楚的
🔊
encumbrance /ɪnˈkʌmbrəns/
n. 负担,妨碍

就在那天早上,我拆掉了这座棚屋,拔出钉子,用小推车一车车地运到湖边,把木板摊在草地上,让太阳把它们晒白,并且恢复原状。当我沿着林间小路驾车时,一只早起的画眉向我啼叫了一两声。一个名叫帕特里克的年轻人不怀好意地告诉我,邻居西利,一个爱尔兰人,在我运木料的间隙,把那些尚可用的、笔直的、能敲进去的钉子、U形钉和大钉都装进了自己的口袋,然后等我回来,站在那里消磨白天的时光,精神焕发、若无其事、满脑子春天的念头,望着那片狼藉;他说,因为活儿少。他在那里代表着旁观者的身份,使这件看似微不足道的事情,与搬走特洛伊众神相提并论。

🔊
cartloads /ˈkɑːrtloʊdz/
n. 车负载,一车之量
🔊
bleach /bliːtʃ/
v. 漂白,变白
🔊
warp /wɔːrp/
v. 弯曲,扭曲
🔊
thrush /θrʌʃ/
n. 画眉鸟
🔊
treacherously /ˈtretʃərəsli/
adv. 背叛地,危险地
🔊
staples /ˈsteɪplz/
n. U形钉,主食
🔊
spikes /spaɪks/
n. 长钉,尖刺
🔊
devastation /ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn/
n. 破坏,荒废
🔊
dearth /dɜːrθ/
n. 缺乏,短缺
🔊
spectatordom /spekˈteɪtərdəm/
n. 观众界,旁观者身份

我在一个朝南的山坡上挖了我的地窖,那里曾有一只土拨鼠挖过它的洞穴。我穿过漆树和黑莓的根,以及植被最底层的痕迹,挖了一个六英尺见方、七英尺深的坑,一直挖到细腻的沙土层,那里的土豆在任何冬天都不会冻坏。坑壁是倾斜的,没有砌石头;但阳光从未照射过它们,沙子依然保持着原状。这不过是两小时的活儿。我特别享受这破土的乐趣,因为在几乎所有的纬度,人们都会挖入地下,以寻求恒定的温度。在城市最辉煌的房屋下面,仍然可以找到他们储存根茎的地窖,如同古时一样,而且在上层建筑消失很久之后,后人仍会注意到它在地面上留下的凹痕。房屋仍然不过是洞穴入口处的一种门廊罢了。

🔊
sloping /ˈsloʊpɪŋ/
adj. 倾斜的,有坡度的
🔊
burrow /ˈbɜːroʊ/
n. 洞穴,地洞
🔊
sumach /ˈsuːmæk/
n. 漆树
🔊
vegetation /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/
n. 植被,植物
🔊
shelving /ˈʃelvɪŋ/
adj. 倾斜的,搁板式的
🔊
equable /ˈekwəbl/
adj. 稳定的,平静的
🔊
latitudes /ˈlætɪtuːdz/
n. 纬度,地区
🔊
superstructure /ˈsuːpərstrʌktʃər/
n. 上层建筑,上部结构
🔊
posterity /pɒˈsterəti/
n. 后代,子孙
🔊
dent /dent/
n. 凹痕,凹陷

终于,在五月初,在一些熟人的帮助下,我将屋架立了起来。这与其说是出于必要,不如说是为了利用这个增进邻里情谊的好机会。在帮忙建房的人中,没有谁比我更受尊重的了。我相信,他们注定有一天要去协助建造更高耸的建筑。我在七月四日就开始入住我的房子,那时它刚铺好木板、盖好屋顶,因为木板是仔细地削了边、重叠铺设的,所以完全不透雨。不过在铺木板之前,我就在房子的一端为烟囱打下了地基,用双手从湖边往山上运了两车石头。我在秋天锄地之后才砌的烟囱,那时还不需要生火取暖,其间我都在屋外的地上做饭,一大早就开始:这种方式我至今认为在某些方面比通常的做法更方便、更惬意。如果在面包烤好之前下起了暴雨,我就在火上搭几块木板,坐在下面照看我的面团,就这样度过了几个愉快的钟头。那些日子里,我的手忙于干活,书读得很少,但散落在地上的、我的坐垫或桌布上最零碎的纸片,都给了我极大的乐趣,事实上起到了与伊利亚特相同的作用。

🔊
acquaintances /əˈkweɪntənsɪz/
n. 熟人,相识
🔊
neighborliness /ˈneɪbərlinəs/
n. 邻里友好,和睦
🔊
destined /ˈdestɪnd/
v. 注定的,命定的
🔊
loftier /ˈlɔːftiər/
adj. 更高的,崇高的
🔊
feather-edged /ˈfeðər edʒd/
adj. 羽状边缘的,薄边的
🔊
lapped /læpt/
v. 重叠,包裹
🔊
impervious /ɪmˈpɜːrviəs/
adj. 不透水的,不受影响的
🔊
chimney /ˈtʃɪmni/
n. 烟囱
🔊
hoeing /ˈhoʊɪŋ/
v. 锄地,用锄头除草
🔊
Iliad /ˈɪliəd/
n. 《伊利亚特》(古希腊史诗)

倘若比我所做的更加深思熟虑地去建造,或许是值得的,例如,考虑一扇门、一扇窗、一个地窖、一个阁楼,在人性中有怎样的根基,或许在我们找到比我们暂时的需求更好的理由之前,永远不要兴建任何上层建筑。一个人建造自己的房子,与一只鸟建造自己的巢,有着某种相同的适宜性。谁知道呢,如果人们亲手建造自己的住所,并以足够简单和诚实的方式为自己和家人提供食物,那么诗意的才能会不会普遍发展,就像鸟儿在忙于筑巢时普遍歌唱那样?可是唉!我们倒像是牛鹂和杜鹃,把蛋下在其他鸟筑的巢里,用它们喋喋不休、不成曲调的鸣叫,迎接不了任何旅人。难道我们要永远把建造的乐趣拱手让给木匠吗?在大多数人的经验中,建筑又算得了什么呢?在我所有的散步中,从未遇到过一个人从事着像建造自己的房子这样简单而自然的职业。我们都属于社会。不单是裁缝成了人的九分之一;牧师、商人、农夫也同样是。这种分工要到何处为止?最终又服务于什么目的?无疑,别人也可以替我想;但这并不因此就值得他这样做,以至于排除了我为自己思考。

🔊
deliberately /dɪˈlɪbərətli/
adv. 谨慎地,故意地
🔊
garret /ˈɡærət/
n. 阁楼,顶楼
🔊
perchance /pərˈtʃæns/
adv. 或许,可能
🔊
temporal /ˈtempərəl/
adj. 暂时的,时间的
🔊
faculty /ˈfæklti/
n. 能力,院系
🔊
universally /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəli/
adv. 普遍地,全体地
🔊
cowbirds /ˈkaʊbɜːrdz/
n. 牛鹂
🔊
cuckoos /ˈkʊkuːz/
n. 杜鹃
🔊
chattering /ˈtʃætərɪŋ/
n. 喋喋不休,吱吱叫
🔊
unmusical /ʌnˈmjuːzɪkl/
adj. 不悦耳的,非音乐的
🔊
resign /rɪˈzaɪn/
v. 放弃,辞职
🔊
carpenter /ˈkɑːrpəntər/
n. 木匠
🔊
architecture /ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər/
n. 建筑学,建筑风格
🔊
division /dɪˈvɪʒn/
n. 分工,部门,分割
🔊
exclusion /ɪkˈskluːʒn/
n. 排除,排斥
🔊 True, there are architects so called in this country, and I have heard of one at least possessed with the idea of making architectural ornaments have a core of truth, a necessity, and hence a beauty, as if it were a revelation to him. All very well perhaps from his point of view, but only a little better than the common dilettantism. A sentimental reformer in architecture, he began at the cornice, not at the foundation. It was only how to put a core of truth within the ornaments, that every sugarplum, in fact, might have an almond or caraway seed in it - though I hold that almonds are most wholesome without the sugar - and not how the inhabitant, the indweller, might build truly within and without, and let the ornaments take care of themselves. What reasonable man ever supposed that ornaments were something outward and in the skin merely - that the tortoise got his spotted shell, or the shell-fish its mother-o-pearl tints, by such a contract as the inhabitants of Broadway their Trinity Church? But a man has no more to do with the style of architecture of his house than a tortoise with that of its shell: nor need the soldier be so idle as to try to paint the precise color of his virtue on his standard. The enemy will find it out. He may turn pale when the trial comes. This man seemed to me to lean over the cornice, and timidly whisper his half truth to the rude occupants who really knew it better than he. What of architectural beauty I now see, I know has gradually grown from within outward, out of the necessities and character of the indweller, who is the only builder - out of some unconscious truthfulness, and nobleness, without ever a thought for the appearance and whatever additional beauty of this kind is destined to be produced will be preceded by a like unconscious beauty of life. The most interesting dwellings in this country, as the painter knows, are the most unpretending, humble log huts and cottages of the poor commonly; it is the life of the inhabitants whose shells they are, and not any peculiarity in their surfaces merely, which makes them picturesque; and equally interesting will be the citizens suburban box, when his life shall be as simple and as agreeable to the imagination, and there is as little straining after effect in the style of his dwelling. A great proportion of architectural ornaments are literally hollow, and a September gale would strip them off, like borrowed plumes, without injury to the substantials. They can do without architecture who have no olives nor wines in the cellar. What if an equal ado were made about the ornaments of style in literature, and the architects of our bibles spent as much time about their cornices as the architects of our churches do? So are made the belles-lettres and the beaux-arts and their professors. Much it concerns a man, forsooth, how a few sticks are slanted over him or under him, and what colors are daubed upon his box. It would signify somewhat, if, in any earnest sense, he slanted them and daubed it; but the spirit having departed out of the tenant, it is of a piece with constructing his own coffin - the architecture of the grave - andcarpenteris but another name forcoffin-maker.” One man says, in his despair or indifference to life, take up a handful of the earth at your feet, and paint your house that color. Is he thinking of his last and narrow house? Toss up a copper for it as well. What an abundance of leisure he must have! Why do you take up a handful of dirt? Better paint your house your own complexion; let it turn pale or blush for you. An enterprise to improve the style of cottage architecture! When you have got my ornaments ready, I will wear them.

诚然,在这个国家有所谓的建筑师,我至少听说过一个,他怀有一种想法,要使建筑装饰具有真理的内核,一种必要性,从而成为一种美,仿佛这对他是一种启示。从他的观点看,或许一切都很好,但比普通的业余爱好也好不了多少。作为一个多愁善感的建筑改革家,他从檐口开始,而不是从地基开始。那只是如何将真理的内核放入装饰之中,事实上,让每一颗糖衣果仁里都有一颗杏仁或葛缕子籽--尽管我认为杏仁没有糖衣才最有益健康--而不是居住者,内在的人,如何能在内在外在都真实地建造,并让装饰自行其是。哪个理性的人会以为装饰仅仅是外在的、肤浅的东西--以为乌龟获得它斑驳的甲壳,或贝壳类动物获得它珍珠母的光泽,是靠百老汇居民修建三一教堂那样的契约?但一个人与他房屋的建筑风格的关系,并不比乌龟与其甲壳的风格关系更大:士兵也不必如此无聊,试图将他的美德的确切颜色画在军旗上。敌人会发现的。当考验来临时,他可能会脸色发白。在我看来,这个人似乎是俯身在檐口上,怯生生地向那些实际比他更懂行的粗鲁住户耳语着他那半真半假的话。我现在所看到的建筑之美,我知道是逐渐由内而外生长出来的,源于居住者的需求和性格,他才是唯一的建造者--源于某种无意识的真实和高尚,从未考虑过外表;而且,任何注定要产生的此类附加之美,都将以一种同样无意识的生活之美为先导。正如画家所知,这个国家最有趣的住宅,通常是穷人最朴实、最谦卑的原木小屋和农舍;正是居住者的生活--这些住宅是他们的外壳--而不仅仅是它们表面的任何特点,使它们如画般美丽;同样,当市民的生活变得同样简单、同样合乎想象的惬意,并且在他的住宅风格中很少刻意追求效果时,市民的郊区住宅也会同样有趣。很大一部分建筑装饰实际上是空洞的,九月的狂风就会把它们像借来的羽毛一样刮掉,而对主体结构毫无损害。那些地窖里既没有橄榄也没有葡萄酒的人,可以不需要建筑。如果人们对文学风格的装饰也这样大费周章,我们圣经的建筑师也像我们教堂的建筑师在檐口上花那么多时间,那会怎样呢?就是这样产生了纯文学和美术以及它们的教授们。一个人,真的,会很在意有几根木棍斜在他上面或下面,以及他的盒子上涂了什么颜色。如果在某种真诚的意义上,是他斜放了那些木棍,涂了那些颜色,那倒还有些意义;但既然居住者的精神已经离去,这就与建造他自己的棺材--坟墓的建筑--如出一辙了,而“木匠”不过是“棺材匠”的另一个名称罢了。有个人在绝望中或对生活漠不关心时说,从你脚下抓一把土,就用那颜色粉刷你的房子吧。他是在想他最后那所窄小的房子吗?那也扔个铜板决定吧。他该有多么充裕的闲暇啊!你为什么要抓一把土呢?不如把你的房子粉刷成你自己的肤色好了;让它为你变得苍白或脸红。一项改进农舍建筑风格的事业!等你把我的装饰准备好了,我就戴上它们。

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architectural /ˌɑːrkɪˈtektʃərəl/
adj. 建筑的,建筑学的
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ornaments /ˈɔːrnəmənts/
n. 装饰品,饰物
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revelation /ˌrevəˈleɪʃn/
n. 启示,揭露
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dilettantism /ˈdɪlɪtæntɪzəm/
n. 业余爱好,浅薄的涉猎
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sentimental /ˌsentɪˈmentl/
adj. 感伤的,多愁善感的
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cornice /ˈkɔːrnɪs/
n. 檐口,飞檐
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wholesome /ˈhəʊlsəm/
adj. 有益健康的,健全的
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indweller /ɪnˈdwelər/
n. 居住者,居民
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picturesque /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/
adj. 如画的,风景优美的
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suburban /səˈbɜːrbən/
adj. 郊区的,城郊的
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literally /ˈlɪtərəli/
adv. 字面上地,确实地
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gale /ɡeɪl/
n. 大风,狂风
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substantials /səbˈstænʃlz/
n. 实质部分,重要内容
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ado /əˈduː/
n. 忙乱,纷扰
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belles-lettres /ˌbel ˈletr/
n. 纯文学,美文
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beaux-arts /ˌboʊ ˈzɑːr/
n. 美术,艺术
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forsooth /fərˈsuːθ/
adv. 确实,真是(古语)
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daubed /dɔːbd/
v. 涂抹,乱画
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coffin /ˈkɒfɪn/
n. 棺材,灵柩
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despair /dɪˈspeə(r)/
n. 绝望,失望
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indifference /ɪnˈdɪfrəns/
n. 冷漠,不关心
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abundance /əˈbʌndəns/
n. 丰富,充裕
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leisure /ˈleʒə(r)/
n. 闲暇,空闲
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complexion /kəmˈplekʃn/
n. 肤色,面色;局面
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enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz/
n. 企业,事业;进取心

入冬前,我砌了一个烟囱,并在房子的侧面铺了木瓦,这些侧面本来就不透雨。木瓦是用原木的第一层切片做的,不完美且多汁,边缘我不得不用刨子刨直。

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sappy /ˈsæpi/
adj. 多汁的,过于感伤的
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obliged /əˈblaɪdʒd/
v. 被迫的,有义务的

就这样,我有了一所铺着密实木瓦、抹了灰泥的房子,十英尺宽,十五英尺长,立柱八英尺高,有一个阁楼和一个小间,每边各有一扇大窗,两个活动天窗,一端有一扇门,对面是一个砖砌的壁炉。我房屋的确切造价,按我所用材料的通常价格计算,但不计入我自己所做的一切工钱,如下所列;我列出这些细节,是因为很少有人能确切说出他们的房子花了多少钱,至于构成房子的各种材料的单独成本,能说出来的人就更少,如果有的话:--

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trap doors /træp dɔːrz/
n. 活板门,陷阱门
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plastered /ˈplæstərd/
v. 抹灰的,醉醺醺的(但这里上下文是抹灰)
🔊 Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 8.03+, mostly shanty boards.

木板……………………………………8.03+元,主要是棚屋木板。

屋顶及侧面用废木瓦………………4.00元

🔊 Laths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.25

板条……………………………………1.25元

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Laths /læθs/
n. 板条,木条
🔊 Two second-hand windows with glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.43

两扇带玻璃的旧窗……………………2.43元

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second-hand /ˌsekənd ˈhænd/
adj. 二手的,间接的
🔊 One thousand old brick . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 4.00

一千块旧砖………………………………4.00元

🔊 Two casks of lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.40 That was high.

两桶石灰………………………………2.40元 这价高了。

🔊 Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.31 More than I needed.

毛发……………………………………0.31元 比我需要的多。

🔊 Mantle-tree iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.15

壁炉架铁件……………………………0.15元

🔊 Nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.90

钉子……………………………………3.90元

🔊 Hinges and screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14

铰链和螺丝……………………………0.14元

🔊 Latch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10

门闩……………………………………0.10元

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Latch /lætʃ/
n. 门闩;锁扣
🔊 Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01

粉笔……………………………………0.01元

🔊 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1.40 I carried a good part on my back.

运费……………………………………1.40元 我背了好大一部分。

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Transportation /ˌtrænspɔrˈteɪʃən/
n. 运输;交通
🔊 In all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $28.12+

总计……………………………………28.12+元

以上是所有的材料费用,木材、石头和沙子除外,这些是我以占地者的权利取得的。我还有一个相连的小木棚,主要是用盖房子剩下的材料搭的。

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excepting /ɪkˈsɛptɪŋ/
prep. 除…之外
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squatter’s /ˈskwɒtərz/
n. 擅自占地者的(所有格形式)
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adjoining /əˈdʒɔɪnɪŋ/
adj. 毗邻的;相邻的

我打算,一旦它让我同样满意,而且花费不比我现在的房子多时,就建一所房子,其宏伟与奢华将胜过康科德大街上任何一所。

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surpass /sərˈpæs/
v. 超过;胜过
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grandeur /ˈɡrændʒər/
n. 宏伟;壮观
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luxury /ˈlʌkʃəri/
n. 奢侈;奢华
🔊 I thus found that the student who wishes for a shelter can obtain one for a lifetime at an expense not greater than the rent which he now pays annually. If I seem to boast more than is becoming, my excuse is that I brag for humanity rather than for myself; and my shortcomings and inconsistencies do not affect the truth of my statement. Notwithstanding much cant and hypocrisy - chaff which I find it difficult to separate from my wheat, but for which I am as sorry as any man - I will breathe freely and stretch myself in this respect, it is such a relief to both the moral and physical system; and I am resolved that I will not through humility become the devils attorney. I will endeavor to speak a good word for the truth. At Cambridge College the mere rent of a students room, which is only a little larger than my own, is thirty dollars each year, though the corporation had the advantage of building thirty-two side by side and under one roof, and the occupant suffers the inconvenience of many and noisy neighbors, and perhaps a residence in the fourth story. I cannot but think that if we had more true wisdom in these respects, not only less education would be needed, because, forsooth, more would already have been acquired, but the pecuniary expense of getting an education would in a great measure vanish. Those conveniences which the student requires at Cambridge or elsewhere cost him or somebody else ten times as great a sacrifice of life as they would with proper management on both sides. Those things for which the most money is demanded are never the things which the student most wants. Tuition, for instance, is an important item in the term bill, while for the far more valuable education which he gets by associating with the most cultivated of his contemporaries no charge is made. The mode of founding a college is, commonly, to get up a subscription of dollars and cents, and then, following blindly the principles of a division of labor to its extreme - a principle which should never be followed but with circumspection - to call in a contractor who makes this a subject of speculation, and he employs Irishmen or other operatives actually to lay the foundations, while the students that are to be are said to be fitting themselves for it; and for these oversights successive generations have to pay. I think that it would be better than this, for the students, or those who desire to be benefited by it, even to lay the foundation themselves. The student who secures his coveted leisure and retirement by systematically shirking any labor necessary to man obtains but an ignoble and unprofitable leisure, defrauding himself of the experience which alone can make leisure fruitful. “But,” says one, “you do not mean that the students should go to work with their hands instead of their heads?” I do not mean that exactly, but I mean something which he might think a good deal like that; I mean that they should not play life, or study it merely, while the community supports them at this expensive game, but earnestly live it from beginning to end. How could youths better learn to live than by at once trying the experiment of living? Methinks this would exercise their minds as much as mathematics. If I wished a boy to know something about the arts and sciences, for instance, I would not pursue the common course, which is merely to send him into the neighborhood of some professor, where anything is professed and practised but the art of life; - to survey the world through a telescope or a microscope, and never with his natural eye; to study chemistry, and not learn how his bread is made, or mechanics, and not learn how it is earned; to discover new satellites to Neptune, and not detect the motes in his eyes, or to what vagabond he is a satellite himself; or to be devoured by the monsters that swarm all around him, while contemplating the monsters in a drop of vinegar. Which would have advanced the most at the end of a month - the boy who had made his own jackknife from the ore which he had dug and smelted, reading as much as would be necessary for this - or the boy who had attended the lectures on metallurgy at the Institute in the meanwhile, and had received a Rodgerspenknife from his father? Which would be most likely to cut his fingers? . . . To my astonishment I was informed on leaving college that I had studied navigation! - why, if I had taken one turn down the harbor I should have known more about it. Even the poor student studies and is taught only political economy, while that economy of living which is synonymous with philosophy is not even sincerely professed in our colleges. The consequence is, that while he is reading Adam Smith, Ricardo, and Say, he runs his father in debt irretrievably.

于是我发现,希望有个栖身之所的学生,可以用一生中一笔不高于他现在每年支付的房租的费用,获得一所房子。如果我似乎夸耀得有些过分,我的辩解是,我是为人类而非为自己吹嘘;而且我的缺点和不一致并不影响我陈述的真实性。尽管有许多伪善和虚饰--我发现难以与我的麦子分开的糠秕,为此我和任何人一样感到遗憾--我还是要在这方面自由呼吸、舒展筋骨,这对精神和身体系统都是一种解脱;我决心不因谦卑而成为魔鬼的律师。我要努力为真理说句好话。在剑桥学院,一个学生房间的租金,仅比我的房间大一点,每年是三十美元,尽管校方有将三十二间房并排建在一个屋顶下的优势,而居住者却要忍受众多嘈杂邻居的不便,或许还得住在四楼。我不禁想到,如果我们在这些方面有更多真正的智慧,那么不仅所需的教育会减少,因为,说真的,更多的智慧早已获得,而且获得教育的金钱花费也会在很大程度上消失。学生在剑桥或其他地方所需的那些便利设施,以双方适当的安排本可以做到的,现在却要耗费他或别人十倍的生活牺牲。那些最需要花钱的东西,从来不是学生最想要的。例如,学费是学期账单中的重要一项,而他从与最有教养的同代人交往中所获得的、远为宝贵的教育,却分文不取。创办一所学院的通常模式,是先募集一笔以元角分计的捐款,然后盲目地遵循分工原则到极致--这个原则除非谨慎运用否则不应遵循--找来一个承包商,他把这当作投机的事来做,他雇爱尔兰人或其他工人实际打地基,而未来的学生们据说正在为此做准备;为了这些疏忽,一代又一代的人不得不付出代价。我认为,对学生,或那些希望从中受益的人来说,甚至亲自去打地基,也比这样好。那个通过系统性地逃避人类必要的劳动来确保他所渴望的闲暇与退隐的学生,获得的只是一种卑贱而无益的闲暇,剥夺了自己获得那种能使闲暇富有成果的经验。“但是,”有人说,“你的意思不是让学生们用手而不是用脑去工作吧?”我不完全是那个意思,但我指的是他可能认为与之非常相似的事情;我的意思是,他们不应该只是游戏人生,或仅仅研究人生,同时社会却以这种昂贵的游戏供养着他们,而应该从头到尾认真地生活。年轻人除了立刻尝试生活这项实验,还能怎样更好地学会生活呢?我想这会像数学一样锻炼他们的头脑。例如,如果我希望一个男孩对艺术和科学有所了解,我不会采用通常的做法,那仅仅是把他送到某个教授附近,在那里除了生活的艺术,什么都讲授和实践;--用望远镜或显微镜观察世界,却从不使用他自然的眼睛;研究化学,却不学习他的面包是如何做成的,或者研究力学,却不学习它是如何挣来的;去发现海王星的新卫星,却察觉不到自己眼中的微尘,或者不知道自己是什么流浪汉的卫星;或者当他凝视一滴醋里的怪物时,却被周围蜂拥的怪物吞噬。一个月结束时,哪个男孩进步更大--是从自己挖掘和熔炼的矿石中造出自己的折刀,为此阅读了必要的书籍的那个男孩,还是在此期间在学院里听了冶金学讲座,并从父亲那里得到了一把罗杰斯牌袖珍折刀的男孩?哪个更可能割伤自己的手指?……令我惊讶的是,我在离开学院时得知我学过航海学!--哎呀,如果我到港口转一圈,就会懂得更多了。甚至穷学生也只学习和被教授政治经济学,而那与哲学同义的生活经济学,在我们的学院里甚至没有被真诚地讲授过。结果是,当他阅读亚当·斯密、李嘉图和萨伊时,却让他的父亲无可挽回地负债累累。

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notwithstanding /ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/
prep. 尽管;虽然
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pecuniary /pɪˈkjuːniəri/
adj. 金钱的;财政的
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circumspection /ˌsɜːrkəmˈspekʃən/
n. 谨慎;慎重
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ignoble /ɪɡˈnoʊbəl/
adj. 不光彩的;卑贱的

我们的学院如此,成百上千的“现代改良”也是如此;关于它们有一种幻觉;并非总有切实的进步。魔鬼为他早期的份额和后来众多的投资,继续收取复利直到最后。我们的发明常常是些漂亮的玩具,分散我们对正经事的注意力。它们只是通向一个未经改良的目的的改良手段,而这个目的早已太过容易达到;就像铁路通向波士顿或纽约。我们急于建造一条从缅因州到得克萨斯州的磁力电报;但缅因州和得克萨斯州,也许,并没有什么重要的事情需要沟通。任一方都处于这样一种窘境,就像一个急切想被引见给一位著名聋哑妇人的人,但当他被引见,她的耳喇叭一端被放到他手里时,他却无话可说。仿佛主要目的是说得快,而不是说得有道理。我们渴望在大西洋底下开凿隧道,让旧世界与新世界之间缩短几周的行程;但或许,最先泄露进美国人那宽大、扇动的耳朵里的消息,会是阿德莱德公主得了百日咳。毕竟,那个一英里一分钟的马并不携带最重要的讯息;他不是一个福音传道者,也不到处吃蝗虫和野蜜。我怀疑飞驰的奇尔德斯是否曾驮过一配克玉米去磨坊。

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illusion /ɪˈluːʒən/
n. 幻觉;错觉
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exacting /ɪɡˈzæktɪŋ/
adj. 苛刻的;要求严格的
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compound interest /ˌkɒmpaʊnd ˈɪntrəst/
n. 复利

有人对我说,“我奇怪你怎么不攒钱;你喜欢旅行;你今天可以坐火车去菲奇堡,看看乡野。”但我比那聪明。我已经懂得,步行最快的旅人。我对我的朋友说,假设我们试试看谁先到那里。距离是三十英里;车费九毛钱。那几乎是一天的工钱。我记得在这条路上,劳工的工钱是一天六毛钱。好吧,我现在步行出发,天黑前就能到;我曾以这样的速度旅行了整整一星期。与此同时,你将挣到你的车费,明天某个时候到达,或者,如果你足够幸运及时找到工作,可能今晚到达。你不是去菲奇堡,而是这一天大部分时间都在这里工作。所以,如果铁路环绕世界,我想我会一直走在你的前面;至于看乡野和获得那种经验,我就不得不与你绝交了。

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afoot /əˈfʊt/
adv. 在进行中;徒步
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in season /ɪn ˈsiːzən/
phrase. 应时的;当季的
🔊 Such is the universal law, which no man can ever outwit, and with regard to the railroad even we may say it is as broad as it is long. To make a railroad round the world available to all mankind is equivalent to grading the whole surface of the planet. Men have an indistinct notion that if they keep up this activity of joint stocks and spades long enough all will at length ride somewhere, in next to no time, and for nothing; but though a crowd rushes to the depot, and the conductor shoutsAll aboard!” when the smoke is blown away and the vapor condensed, it will be perceived that a few are riding, but the rest are run over - and it will be called, and will be, “A melancholy accident.” No doubt they can ride at last who shall have earned their fare, that is, if they survive so long, but they will probably have lost their elasticity and desire to travel by that time. This spending of the best part of ones life earning money in order to enjoy a questionable liberty during the least valuable part of it reminds me of the Englishman who went to India to make a fortune first, in order that he might return to England and live the life of a poet. He should have gone up garret at once. “What!” exclaim a million Irishmen starting up from all the shanties in the land, “is not this railroad which we have built a good thing?” Yes, I answer, comparatively good, that is, you might have done worse; but I wish, as you are brothers of mine, that you could have spent your time better than digging in this dirt.

这就是普遍的法则,没有人能智胜过它,至于铁路,我们甚至可以说它宽长相等。为全人类修建一条环绕世界的铁路,相当于平整整个地球的表面。人们有一种模糊的观念,只要他们长久地保持这种股份公司和铲子的活动,所有人最终都会在几乎不花时间、不花钱的情况下乘车去某个地方;但是,尽管一群人冲向车站,列车员高喊“全部上车!”,当烟雾散去、蒸汽凝结时,人们会察觉只有少数人在乘车,其余的人则被轧过--而这将被称为,也将是,“一场悲惨的事故”。无疑,那些挣到了车费的人最终可以乘车,也就是说,如果他们活得那么久的话,但到那时,他们或许已经失去了弹性和旅行的欲望。这种将一生中最好的部分用来赚钱,以便在生命最无价值的部分享受一种可疑的自由,使我想起那个英国人,他先去印度发财,以便可以回到英国过诗人的日子。他应该立刻上阁楼去。“什么!”上百万的爱尔兰人从全国各地的棚屋里跳起来惊叫道,“我们修建的这条铁路不是好东西吗?”是的,我回答,相对来说是好的,也就是说,你们可能做得更糟;但作为我的同胞兄弟,我希望你们能把时间花在比挖掘这些泥土更好的事情上。

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outwit /aʊtˈwɪt/
v. 智胜;以智取胜
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equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/
adj. 相等的;等价的
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melancholy /ˈmelənkəli/
adj. 忧郁的;悲伤的
🔊 Before I finished my house, wishing to earn ten or twelve dollars by some honest and agreeable method, in order to meet my unusual expenses, I planted about two acres and a half of light and sandy soil near it chiefly with beans, but also a small part with potatoes, corn, peas, and turnips. The whole lot contains eleven acres, mostly growing up to pines and hickories, and was sold the preceding season for eight dollars and eight cents an acre. One farmer said that it wasgood for nothing but to raise cheeping squirrels on.” I put no manure whatever on this land, not being the owner, but merely a squatter, and not expecting to cultivate so much again, and I did not quite hoe it all once. I got out several cords of stumps in plowing, which supplied me with fuel for a long time, and left small circles of virgin mould, easily distinguishable through the summer by the greater luxuriance of the beans there. The dead and for the most part unmerchantable wood behind my house, and the driftwood from the pond, have supplied the remainder of my fuel. I was obliged to hire a team and a man for the plowing, though I held the plow myself. My farm outgoes for the first season were, for implements, seed, work, etc., $14.72+. The seed corn was given me. This never costs anything to speak of, unless you plant more than enough. I got twelve bushels of beans, and eighteen bushels of potatoes, beside some peas and sweet corn. The yellow corn and turnips were too late to come to anything. My whole income from the farm was

在我房子完工之前,为了应付我额外的开支,我想用一种诚实而愉快的方法挣十块或十二块钱,于是在房子附近大约两英亩半的轻质沙土上种了东西,主要种了豆子,也有一小部分种了土豆、玉米、豌豆和萝卜。整块地有十一英亩,大部分长满了松树和山核桃树,上个季节的售价是每英亩八块零八分。一个农夫说它“除了养吱吱叫的松鼠外,什么用也没有”。我完全没有在这块地上施肥,因为我不是地主,仅仅是个占地者,也不指望再耕种这么多,而且我没有完全锄一遍地。犁地时,我挖出了好几考得(木材体积单位)的树桩,这供给了我很长一段时间的燃料,还留下了一些小圈的处女地,夏天很容易通过那里豆子长得格外茂盛而辨认出来。我房子后面那些死去且大多无法出售的木材,以及从湖里漂来的木头,补充了我其余的燃料。我不得不雇了一组牲口和一个帮工来犁地,尽管我亲自扶犁。我第一季农场的支出,用于工具、种子、工钱等,是14.72+元。玉米种子是别人给我的。这花不了什么钱,除非你种得过多。我收了十二蒲式耳豆子,十八蒲式耳土豆,此外还有一些豌豆和甜玉米。黄玉米和萝卜种得太晚,没什么收成。我农场的全部收入是

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agreeable /əˈɡriːəbəl/
adj. 令人愉快的;惬意的
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virgin mould /ˈvɜːrdʒɪn moʊld/
n. 处女地土壤;未开垦的土壤
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luxuriance /lʌɡˈʒʊəriəns/
n. 茂盛;奢华
🔊 $ 23.44

23.44元

🔊 Deducting the outgoes . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.72+

减去支出………………………………14.72+元

🔊 -------

------

🔊 There are left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $8.71+

剩余………………………………………8.71+元

此外,还有当时已消费和手头未计入的农产品,价值约4.50元--手头的存货远远超过了我没种的一点点草的抵偿。综合考虑,也就是说,考虑到一个人的灵魂和今天的重要性,尽管我的实验时间很短,不仅如此,甚至部分地因为它的短暂性,我相信那一年我比康科德任何农夫都干得更好。

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transient /ˈtrænziənt/
adj. 短暂的;暂时的
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character /ˈkærəktər/
n. 性格;特征;字符

第二年我干得更好,因为我用铁锹翻耕了我需要的所有土地,大约三分之一英亩,我从这两年的经验中认识到,丝毫没有受到许多关于农事的著名著作(其中包括阿瑟·杨的著作)的震慑,如果一个人生活简朴,只吃自己种的庄稼,种的也不超过自己吃的,并且不用它去交换数量不足的更奢侈、更昂贵的东西,那么他只需要耕种几平方杆的土地,而且用铁锹翻耕那块地比用牛犁更便宜,不时选择一块新地比给旧地施肥更便宜,他可以在夏天的零碎时间里,用他的左手完成所有必需的农活;这样他就不会像现在这样被牛、马、牛或猪拴住了。关于这一点,我想公允地谈谈,作为一个对当前经济和社会安排的成功或失败不感兴趣的人。我比康科德任何农夫都更独立,因为我没有被锚定在一所房子或农场上,而是可以随时追随我的天性,那是一种非常弯曲的天性。此外,我比他们已经更宽裕了,如果我的房子被烧了,或庄稼歉收了,我还会和以前差不多一样宽裕。

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husbandry /ˈhʌzbəndri/
n. 农牧业;管理
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impartially /ɪmˈpɑːrʃəli/
adv. 公正地;不偏不倚地
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independent /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/
adj. 独立的;自主的
🔊 I am wont to think that men are not so much the keepers of herds as herds are the keepers of men, the former are so much the freer. Men and oxen exchange work; but if we consider necessary work only, the oxen will be seen to have greatly the advantage, their farm is so much the larger. Man does some of his part of the exchange work in his six weeks of haying, and it is no boys play. Certainly no nation that lived simply in all respects, that is, no nation of philosophers, would commit so great a blunder as to use the labor of animals. True, there never was and is not likely soon to be a nation of philosophers, nor am I certain it is desirable that there should be. However, I should never have broken a horse or bull and taken him to board for any work he might do for me, for fear I should become a horseman or a herdsman merely; and if society seems to be the gainer by so doing, are we certain that what is one mans gain is not anothers loss, and that the stable-boy has equal cause with his master to be satisfied? Granted that some public works would not have been constructed without this aid, and let man share the glory of such with the ox and horse; does it follow that he could not have accomplished works yet more worthy of himself in that case? When men begin to do, not merely unnecessary or artistic, but luxurious and idle work, with their assistance, it is inevitable that a few do all the exchange work with the oxen, or, in other words, become the slaves of the strongest. Man thus not only works for the animal within him, but, for a symbol of this, he works for the animal without him. Though we have many substantial houses of brick or stone, the prosperity of the farmer is still measured by the degree to which the barn overshadows the house. This town is said to have the largest houses for oxen, cows, and horses hereabouts, and it is not behindhand in its public buildings; but there are very few halls for free worship or free speech in this county. It should not be by their architecture, but why not even by their power of abstract thought, that nations should seek to commemorate themselves? How much more admirable the Bhagvat-Geeta than all the ruins of the East! Towers and temples are the luxury of princes. A simple and independent mind does not toil at the bidding of any prince. Genius is not a retainer to any emperor, nor is its material silver, or gold, or marble, except to a trifling extent. To what end, pray, is so much stone hammered? In Arcadia, when I was there, I did not see any hammering stone. Nations are possessed with an insane ambition to perpetuate the memory of themselves by the amount of hammered stone they leave. What if equal pains were taken to smooth and polish their manners? One piece of good sense would be more memorable than a monument as high as the moon. I love better to see stones in place. The grandeur of Thebes was a vulgar grandeur. More sensible is a rod of stone wall that bounds an honest mans field than a hundred-gated Thebes that has wandered farther from the true end of life. The religion and civilization which are barbaric and heathenish build splendid temples; but what you might call Christianity does not. Most of the stone a nation hammers goes toward its tomb only. It buries itself alive. As for the Pyramids, there is nothing to wonder at in them so much as the fact that so many men could be found degraded enough to spend their lives constructing a tomb for some ambitious booby, whom it would have been wiser and manlier to have drowned in the Nile, and then given his body to the dogs. I might possibly invent some excuse for them and him, but I have no time for it. As for the religion and love of art of the builders, it is much the same all the world over, whether the building be an Egyptian temple or the United States Bank. It costs more than it comes to. The mainspring is vanity, assisted by the love of garlic and bread and butter. Mr. Balcom, a promising young architect, designs it on the back of his Vitruvius, with hard pencil and ruler, and the job is let out to Dobson & Sons, stonecutters. When the thirty centuries begin to look down on it, mankind begin to look up at it. As for your high towers and monuments, there was a crazy fellow once in this town who undertook to dig through to China, and he got so far that, as he said, he heard the Chinese pots and kettles rattle; but I think that I shall not go out of my way to admire the hole which he made. Many are concerned about the monuments of the West and the East - to know who built them. For my part, I should like to know who in those days did not build them - who were above such trifling. But to proceed with my statistics.

我常想,与其说人是畜群的守护者,不如说畜群是人的守护者,前者要自由得多。人和牛交换劳动;但如果我们只考虑必要的工作,就会发现牛大大占了优势,它们的农场要大得多。人在他六个星期的割草季里做一些他份内的交换劳动,这可不是儿戏。当然,任何在各方面都简单生活的民族,也就是说,任何哲人的民族,都不会犯下使用动物劳动这样的大错。诚然,过去从未有过,近期也不大可能有一个哲人的民族,而且我也不确定有这样一个民族是可取的。不过,我绝不会为了任何它可能为我做的工作而去驯服一匹马或一头公牛并喂养它,唯恐我仅仅成为一个骑手或牧人;如果社会这样做似乎有所得,我们能否确定一个人的所得不是另一个人的所失,马童和他的主人有同样满意的理由吗?就算没有这种帮助,一些公共工程就不会建成,让人与牛马分享这种工程的荣耀吧;难道因此他就不可能完成更配得上他自己的工程吗?当人们开始在它们的协助下,不仅做不必要的或艺术性的工作,而且做奢侈和闲散的工作时,就不可避免地会有少数人做所有与牛交换的劳动,或者换句话说,成为最强者的奴隶。人就这样不仅为他内在的兽性工作,而且,作为这兽性的象征,他还为他外在的兽性工作。尽管我们有许多砖石结构的坚固房屋,但农夫的富裕程度仍然以谷仓遮蔽房屋的程度来衡量。据说这个镇拥有附近最大的牛、奶牛和马厩,公共建筑也不落后;但这个县却很少有自由礼拜或自由言论的会堂。国家不应该用它们的建筑,但为什么甚至不能用它们抽象思维的力量来寻求纪念自己呢?薄伽梵歌比所有东方的废墟都更令人钦佩!塔楼和寺庙是王公贵族的奢侈。一颗简单而独立的心不会听命于任何王公而去辛劳。天才不是任何皇帝的侍从,它的材料也不是白银、黄金或大理石,除非是在微不足道的程度上。请问,把那么多石头敲碎是为了什么目的?当我在阿卡迪亚时,我没看见有人敲石头。各民族都怀有一种疯狂的野心,想以他们留下的敲碎石头的数量来使自己永垂不朽。如果把同样的辛苦用来打磨和润饰他们的举止,会怎样呢?一件有见识的事会比一座高如月亮的纪念碑更令人难忘。我更喜欢看到石头待在原处。底比斯的宏伟是一种庸俗的宏伟。一杆诚实地界定了老实人田地的石墙,比一座偏离了生活真正目的更远的百门底比斯要明智得多。野蛮和异教的宗教与文明建造了辉煌的庙宇;但你称之为基督教的却没有。一个民族敲碎的大部分石头只是走向它的坟墓。它活埋了自己。至于金字塔,最令人惊讶的不是它们本身,而是居然能找到那么多人,甘愿如此堕落,耗费一生为某个野心勃勃的蠢蛋建造坟墓,更明智、更男子气的做法本该是把他淹死在尼罗河里,然后把尸体喂狗。我或许能为他们和他捏造些借口,但我没时间。至于建造者的宗教和对艺术的热爱,全世界都大同小异,无论建筑是埃及神庙还是合众国银行。得不偿失。主要动力是虚荣心,外加对大蒜、面包和黄油的爱好。一位有前途的年轻建筑师巴尔科姆先生,在他的维特鲁威书背上用硬铅笔和尺子设计它,然后工程被发包给石匠多布森父子公司。当三十个世纪开始俯视它时,人类开始仰望它。至于你们的高塔和纪念碑,这个镇上曾经有个疯子,他打算挖穿到中国去,他说他挖了那么深,听到了中国的锅碗瓢盆叮当作响;但我想我不会特意去赞美他挖的那个洞。许多人关心西方和东方的纪念碑--想知道是谁建造了它们。至于我,我倒想知道在那个时代谁没有建造它们--谁超脱于这种琐事之上。不过,还是继续我的统计吧。

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blunder /ˈblʌndə(r)/
n. 大错;失误
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philosophers /fɪˈlɒsəfəz/
n. 哲学家
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substantial /səbˈstænʃl/
adj. 大量的;实质的;坚固的
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prosperity /prɒˈsperəti/
n. 繁荣;成功
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overshadows /ˌəʊvəˈʃædəʊz/
v. 遮蔽;使显得不重要
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commemorate /kəˈmeməreɪt/
v. 纪念;庆祝
🔊
admirable /ˈædmərəbl/
adj. 令人钦佩的;值得赞赏的
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toil /tɔɪl/
v. 辛苦工作;劳累
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bidding /ˈbɪdɪŋ/
n. 命令;出价
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retainer /rɪˈteɪnə(r)/
n. 仆人;保留费
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trifling /ˈtraɪflɪŋ/
adj. 微不足道的;琐碎的
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hammered /ˈhæməd/
v. 锤打;敲击(过去分词)
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possessed /pəˈzest/
v. 拥有;被附身(过去分词)
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insane /ɪnˈseɪn/
adj. 疯狂的;精神错乱的
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ambition /æmˈbɪʃn/
n. 野心;雄心
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perpetuate /pəˈpetʃueɪt/
v. 使永久化;使持续
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memorable /ˈmemərəbl/
adj. 难忘的;值得纪念的
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vulgar /ˈvʌlɡə(r)/
adj. 粗俗的;庸俗的
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barbaric /bɑːˈbærɪk/
adj. 野蛮的;未开化的
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heathenish /ˈhiːðənɪʃ/
adj. 异教的;未开化的
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splendid /ˈsplendɪd/
adj. 辉煌的;极好的
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degraded /dɪˈɡreɪdɪd/
adj. 堕落的;降级的
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ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/
adj. 有雄心的;有野心的
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booby /ˈbuːbi/
n. 笨蛋;傻瓜
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mainspring /ˈmeɪnsprɪŋ/
n. 主要动力;主发条
🔊
vanity /ˈvænəti/
n. 虚荣;自负
🔊
promising /ˈprɒmɪsɪŋ/
adj. 有前途的;有希望的
🔊
architect /ˈɑːkɪtekt/
n. 建筑师;设计师
🔊
stonecutters /ˈstəʊnkʌtəz/
n. 石匠
🔊
monuments /ˈmɒnjumənts/
n. 纪念碑;历史遗迹

与此同时,通过在村里做测量、木工和各种其他零工,因为我像手指头一样掌握多种手艺,我挣了13.34元。从七月四日到次年三月一日这八个月的食物开支,我做这些估算的时候,虽然我在那里住了两年多--不算我种的土豆、一点嫩玉米和一些豌豆,也不考虑最后日期手头存货的价值--是

🔊
surveying /ˈsɜːveɪɪŋ/
n. 测量;勘测
🔊
carpentry /ˈkɑːpəntri/
n. 木工;木匠活
🔊
day-labor /ˈdeɪ ˌleɪbə(r)/
n. 日工;临时工
🔊 Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 1.73 1/2

大米…………………………………………1.73又1/2元

🔊 Molasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.73 Cheapest form of the saccharine.

糖蜜…………………………………………1.73元 最便宜的糖类。

🔊
saccharine /ˈsækəriːn/
adj. 糖的;过甜的;甜得发腻的
🔊 Rye meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.04 3/4

黑麦粉……………………………………1.04又3/4元

🔊 Indian meal . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0.99 3/4 Cheaper than rye.

印第安人玉米粉…………………………0.99又3/4元 比黑麦便宜。

🔊 Pork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.22

猪肉…………………………………………0.22元

所有失败的实验:

🔊 Flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.88 Costs more than Indian meal, both money and trouble.

面粉………………………………………0.88元 比印第安人玉米粉贵,既费钱又麻烦。

🔊 Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.80

糖……………………………………………0.80元

🔊 Lard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.65

猪油………………………………………0.65元

🔊 Apples . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 0.25

苹果………………………………………0.25元

🔊 Dried apple . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0.22

苹果干……………………………………0.22元

🔊 Sweet potatoes . . . . . . . .. . . 0.10

甘薯………………………………………0.10元

🔊 One pumpkin . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0.06

一个南瓜…………………………………0.06元

🔊 One watermelon . . . . . . . .. . . 0.02

一个西瓜…………………………………0.02元

🔊 Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03

盐……………………………………………0.03元

是的,我总共吃了8.74元;但如果我不知道我的大多数读者和我同样有罪,而且他们的行为印出来也不会更好看,我就不会这样厚颜无耻地公布我的罪过了。第二年,我有时会捕一餐鱼当晚饭,有一次我甚至走远到去宰杀一只糟蹋我豆子地的土拨鼠--像鞑靼人说的那样,让它转世--并把它吃掉,部分是为了实验;尽管这给了我片刻的享受,尽管有麝香味,但我知道长此以往也不会是个好习惯,即使看起来让村里的屠夫为你预备好土拨鼠也不错。

🔊
unblushingly /ʌnˈblʌʃɪŋli/
adv. 不脸红地,厚颜无耻地
🔊
guilt /ɡɪlt/
n. 内疚,罪责
🔊
slaughter /ˈslɔːtər/
v. 屠宰,屠杀
🔊
ravaged /ˈrævɪdʒd/
v. 破坏,蹂躏
🔊
transmigration /ˌtrænzmaɪˈɡreɪʃn/
n. 转世,轮回
🔊
devour /dɪˈvaʊər/
v. 吞食,贪婪地吃
🔊
momentary /ˈməʊməntri/
adj. 短暂的,瞬间的
🔊
musky /ˈmʌski/
adj. 有麝香味的

在同一时期内,衣物和一些杂项开支,虽然从这一项推断不出什么,总计

🔊
incidental /ˌɪnsɪˈdentl/
adj. 附带的,偶然的
🔊
inferred /ɪnˈfɜːd/
v. 推断,推论
🔊 $ 8.40-3/4

8.40-3/4元

🔊 Oil and some household utensils . . . . . . . . 2.00

油和一些家用器具…………………………2.00元

🔊
utensils /juːˈtenslz/
n. 器具,用具

所以,所有的金钱支出,除了洗衣和缝补(这些大部分是在屋外做的,账单还没收到)--而这些就是,并且超过了这个世界上这部分地方金钱必然支出的所有方式--是

🔊
outgoes /ˈaʊtɡəʊz/
n. 支出,开销
🔊
necessarily /ˌnesəˈserəli/
adv. 必然地,必需地
🔊 House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 28.12+

房屋………………………………………………………………28.12+元

🔊 Farm one year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .14.72+

农场一年…………………………………………………………14.72+元

🔊 Food eight months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 8.74

食物八个月………………………………………………………8.74元

🔊 Clothing, etc., eight months . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.40-3/4

衣物等八个月……………………………………………………8.40-3/4元

🔊 Oil, etc., eight months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.00

油等八个月…………………………………………………………2.00元

----------

🔊 In all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 61.99-3/4

总计…………………………………………………………………61.99-3/4元

我现在向那些需要谋生的读者说几句话。为了应付这笔开支,我通过出售农产品得到

🔊
address /əˈdres/
v. 向...讲话,处理
🔊 $ 23.44

23.44元

🔊 Earned by day-labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.34

做零工挣得………………………………………13.34元

🔊
Earned /ɜːrnd/
v. 赚得,获得
🔊 -------

------

🔊 In all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 36.78,

总计…………………………………………………36.78元,

从支出总额中减去这个数目,一边还剩下25.21又3/4元的差额--这差不多就是我起步时的资金,以及有待发生的开支额度--而在另一边,除了由此获得的闲暇、独立和健康之外,还有一所舒适的房子,只要我愿意住多久就住多久。

🔊
incurred /ɪnˈkɜːrd/
v. 招致,引起(成本、债务等)

这些统计数字,无论它们看起来多么偶然、因而缺乏教益,由于它们有一定的完整性,也就有一定的价值。凡我所得到的,我无不给出某种交代。从以上估算可以看出,单是我的食物,每周花费我大约两毛七分钱。此后近两年里,我的食物是未发酵的黑麦粉和印第安人玉米粉、土豆、大米、一点点咸猪肉、糖蜜和盐;我的饮料是水。我主要以大米为生是恰当的,因为我如此热爱印度的哲学。为了回应某些顽固的吹毛求疵者的反对意见,我不妨说明,如果我偶尔在外面吃饭,正如我一直以来所做的那样,而且我相信将来也有机会这样做,那常常对我的家庭安排是有害的。但正如我所说,在外面吃饭是一个恒常的因素,丝毫不会影响这样的比较性陈述。

🔊
statistics /stəˈtɪstɪks/
n. 统计,统计数据
🔊
accidental /ˌæksɪˈdentl/
adj. 偶然的,意外的
🔊
uninstructive /ˌʌnɪnˈstrʌktɪv/
adj. 无教育意义的,无启发性的
🔊
completeness /kəmˈpliːtnəs/
n. 完整性,完全
🔊
rendered /ˈrendərd/
v. 提供,给予;使成为
🔊
estimate /ˈestɪmət/
n. 估计,估算
🔊
inveterate /ɪnˈvetərət/
adj. 根深蒂固的,积习难改的
🔊
cavillers /ˈkævɪlərz/
n. 吹毛求疵者,挑剔的人
🔊
detriment /ˈdetrɪmənt/
n. 损害,伤害
🔊
domestic /dəˈmestɪk/
adj. 家庭的;国内的
🔊
comparative /kəmˈpærətɪv/
adj. 比较的,相对的

我从两年的经验中得知,即使在这个纬度,要获得一个人必需的食物,只需花费少得令人难以置信的麻烦;一个人可以像动物一样采用简单的饮食,却依然保持健康和体力。我曾满意地吃过一顿饭,从几方面来说都令人满意,仅仅是一盘我在玉米地里采的马齿苋(拉丁名 Portulaca oleracea),煮熟加盐而已。我之所以给出拉丁名,是因为它那平凡名字的滋味。请问,在和平时期,在寻常的正午,一个通情达理的人除了足够数量煮熟的、加了盐的绿色甜玉米穗,还能奢望什么呢?甚至我所用的一点花样,也是对食欲而非健康需求的让步。然而人们已经到了这步田地,他们常常挨饿,不是因为缺乏必需品,而是因为缺乏奢侈品;我认识一个好女人,她认为她的儿子丢了性命是因为他只喝白水。

🔊
incredibly /ɪnˈkredəbli/
adv. 难以置信地,非常
🔊
latitude /ˈlætɪtuːd/
n. 纬度;自由度,范围
🔊
satisfactory /ˌsætɪsˈfæktəri/
adj. 令人满意的,足够的
🔊
purslane /ˈpɜːrsleɪn/
n. 马齿苋(一种可食用植物)
🔊
savoriness /ˈseɪvərinəs/
n. 美味,风味
🔊
trivial /ˈtrɪviəl/
adj. 琐碎的,不重要的
🔊
reasonable /ˈriːznəbl/
adj. 合理的,通情达理的
🔊
yielding /ˈjiːldɪŋ/
n. 屈服,让步
🔊
appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/
n. 食欲,欲望
🔊
necessaries /ˈnesəseriz/
n. 必需品
🔊
luxuries /ˈlʌkʃəriz/
n. 奢侈品
🔊 The reader will perceive that I am treating the subject rather from an economic than a dietetic point of view, and he will not venture to put my abstemiousness to the test unless he has a well-stocked larder.

读者会察觉,我主要是从经济而非饮食的角度来探讨这个问题,除非他有一个储备充足的食品室,否则他不会贸然去考验我的节制能力。

🔊
perceive /pərˈsiːv/
v. 察觉,意识到
🔊
economic /ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪk/
adj. 经济的,经济学的
🔊
dietetic /ˌdaɪəˈtetɪk/
adj. 饮食的,营养学的
🔊
venture /ˈventʃər/
v. 冒险,敢于
🔊
abstemiousness /əbˈstiːmiəsnəs/
n. 节制,饮食有度
🔊
well-stocked /ˌwel ˈstɑːkt/
adj. 储备充足的
🔊
larder /ˈlɑːrdər/
n. 食品储藏室
🔊 Bread I at first made of pure Indian meal and salt, genuine hoe-cakes, which I baked before my fire out of doors on a shingle or the end of a stick of timber sawed off in building my house; but it was wont to get smoked and to have a piny flavor, I tried flour also; but have at last found a mixture of rye and Indian meal most convenient and agreeable. In cold weather it was no little amusement to bake several small loaves of this in succession, tending and turning them as carefully as an Egyptian his hatching eggs. They were a real cereal fruit which I ripened, and they had to my senses a fragrance like that of other noble fruits, which I kept in as long as possible by wrapping them in cloths. I made a study of the ancient and indispensable art of bread-making, consulting such authorities as offered, going back to the primitive days and first invention of the unleavened kind, when from the wildness of nuts and meats men first reached the mildness and refinement of this diet, and travelling gradually down in my studies through that accidental souring of the dough which, it is supposed, taught the leavening process, and through the various fermentations thereafter, till I came togood, sweet, wholesome bread,” the staff of life. Leaven, which some deem the soul of bread, the spiritus which fills its cellular tissue, which is religiously preserved like the vestal fire - some precious bottleful, I suppose, first brought over in the Mayflower, did the business for America, and its influence is still rising, swelling, spreading, in cerealian billows over the land - this seed I regularly and faithfully procured from the village, till at length one morning I forgot the rules, and scalded my yeast; by which accident I discovered that even this was not indispensable - for my discoveries were not by the synthetic but analytic process - and I have gladly omitted it since, though most housewives earnestly assured me that safe and wholesome bread without yeast might not be, and elderly people prophesied a speedy decay of the vital forces. Yet I find it not to be an essential ingredient, and after going without it for a year am still in the land of the living; and I am glad to escape the trivialness of carrying a bottleful in my pocket, which would sometimes pop and discharge its contents to my discomfiture. It is simpler and more respectable to omit it. Man is an animal who more than any other can adapt himself to all climates and circumstances. Neither did I put any sal-soda, or other acid or alkali, into my bread. It would seem that I made it according to the recipe which Marcus Porcius Cato gave about two centuries before Christ. “Panem depsticium sic facito. Manus mortariumque bene lavato. Farinam in mortarium indito, aquae paulatim addito, subigitoque pulchre. Ubi bene subegeris, defingito, coquitoque sub testu.” Which I take to mean, -Make kneaded bread thus. Wash your hands and trough well. Put the meal into the trough, add water gradually, and knead it thoroughly. When you have kneaded it well, mould it, and bake it under a cover,” that is, in a baking kettle. Not a word about leaven. But I did not always use this staff of life. At one time, owing to the emptiness of my purse, I saw none of it for more than a month.

我起初用纯印第安人玉米粉和盐做面包,地道的锄头饼,我在屋外的火上,用一块木瓦或建房时锯下的木棍头烤制;但它容易熏黑,并且有松脂味。我也试过面粉;但最后发现黑麦粉和印第安人玉米粉的混合物最方便、最可口。在寒冷的天气里,连续烤几个这样的小面包是件不小的乐事,像埃及人照料他孵化的蛋一样小心地照看和翻动它们。它们是我催熟了的真正的谷物果实,对我的感官来说,它们有一种像其他珍贵水果一样的芬芳,我用布包裹着,尽可能长久地保持这种香味。我研究过这门古老而不可或缺的面包制作艺术,请教了能找到的权威,追溯到原始时代和未发酵面包的最初发明,那时人们从野果和野肉的粗犷,首次达到这种饮食的温和与精制;在我的研究中,我逐渐向下探索,经过面团偶然的变酸--据信这启发了发酵过程--以及此后的各种发酵法,直到我找到“又好、又甜、又健康的面包”,这生命的支柱。酵母,有些人认为是面包的灵魂,是充满其细胞组织的精神,像维斯塔贞女的圣火一样被虔诚地保存着--我猜是某个珍贵的瓶子,最初由“五月花”号带来,为美洲效力,它的影响力仍在上升、膨胀、扩散,像谷物的波浪席卷这片土地--这种酵母我定期且忠实地从村里获取,直到最后有一天早晨我忘了规矩,烫坏了我的酵母;由于这次意外,我发现即使这也是不可或缺的--因为我的发现不是通过合成而是分析过程--从那以后我就愉快地省去了它,尽管大多数主妇热切地向我保证没有酵母不可能做出安全健康的面包,年长的人预言生命力会迅速衰退。然而我发现它并非必需的成分,而且不用它一年后,我依然健在;我很高兴免去了口袋里带一瓶酵母的琐碎,它有时会砰地爆开,洒出内容物,令我难堪。省掉它更简单,也更体面。人是比其他任何动物更能适应各种气候和环境的动物。我也没有在面包里放任何苏打或其他酸或碱。看起来我是按照大约公元前两世纪马库斯·波尔基乌斯·加图给出的配方做的。“Panem depsticium sic facito. Manus mortariumque bene lavato. Farinam in mortarium indito, aquae paulatim addito, subigitoque pulchre. Ubi bene subegeris, defingito, coquitoque sub testu.” 我的理解是--“做揉制面包如下。将手和揉面槽洗净。将面粉放入槽中,逐渐加水,彻底揉匀。揉好后,塑形,加盖烘烤。”也就是说,在烘烤锅里。关于酵母只字未提。但我并非总是食用这生命的支柱。有一次,由于囊中羞涩,我超过一个月没见过面包。

🔊
hoe-cakes /ˈhoʊ keɪks/
n. 锄头饼(一种用玉米粉制成的扁平面包)
🔊
shingle /ˈʃɪŋɡl/
n. 木瓦,屋顶板;小圆石
🔊
piny /ˈpaɪni/
adj. 松树味的,有松树特征的

每个新英格兰人都可以在这片黑麦和印第安人玉米的土地上轻松种出自己所有的面包原料,而不必依赖遥远且波动的市场。然而我们离简单和独立还差得远,在康科德,新鲜香甜的玉米粉在商店里很少出售,而更粗糙的玉米粗粉几乎无人使用。大多数情况下,农夫把他自己产的谷物喂了牛和猪,却花更多的钱在商店里买面粉,而面粉至少不见得更健康。我发现我可以轻易种出一两蒲式耳黑麦和印第安人玉米,因为前者能在最贫瘠的土地上生长,后者也不需要最好的土地,用手磨磨碎,这样就不需要大米和猪肉了;如果我必须有些浓缩的甜味剂,我通过实验发现,我可以用南瓜或甜菜做出很好的糖蜜,而且我知道我只需种几棵枫树就能更容易地得到它,在这些树成长期间,除了我提到的那些,我还可以用各种替代品。因为,正如先祖所歌--

🔊
breadstuffs /ˈbredstʌfs/
n. 面包原料,谷物食品
🔊
fluctuating /ˈflʌktʃueɪtɪŋ/
adj. 波动的,不稳定的
🔊
simplicity /sɪmˈplɪsəti/
n. 简单,朴素
🔊
coarser /ˈkɔːrsər/
adj. 更粗糙的(coarse的比较级)

“我们可以用南瓜、欧洲萝卜和胡桃木屑,

🔊 Of pumpkins and parsnips and walnut-tree chips.”

酿出美酒来甜润我们的双唇。”

🔊
parsnips /ˈpɑːrsnɪps/
n. 欧洲萝卜(一种根茎蔬菜)
🔊
walnut-tree chips /ˈwɔːlnʌt triː tʃɪps/
n. 核桃树木屑

最后,至于盐,这最粗鄙的杂货,要获得它或许是个去海边看看的合适理由,或者,如果我完全不用它,我可能会少喝些水。我没听说过印第安人曾费心去弄盐。

🔊
grossest /ˈɡroʊsɪst/
adj. 最粗俗的,最明显的(gross的最高级)
🔊
groceries /ˈɡroʊsəriz/
n. 食品杂货
🔊
occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/
n. 场合,机会
🔊
seashore /ˈsiːʃɔːr/
n. 海岸,海滨

这样,就我的食物而言,我可以避免所有的贸易和易货,既然已经有了住处,剩下的就只是获取衣物和燃料了。我现在穿的裤子是在一个农夫家里织的--感谢上帝,人身上还有这么多美德;因为我认为从农夫到工人的堕落,与从人到农夫的堕落一样巨大而值得铭记;--在一个新国家,燃料是一种累赘。至于住所,如果不允许我继续占地,我可以用我耕种那块地的售价--即八块零八分--买下一英亩地。但既然情况如此,我认为我通过占住它而提升了土地的价值。

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barter /ˈbɑːrtər/
n. 物物交换
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pantaloons /ˌpæntəˈluːnz/
n. 裤子(尤指旧式宽松裤子)
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virtue /ˈvɜːrtʃuː/
n. 美德,优点
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operative /ˈɑːpərətɪv/
n. 工人,操作员;特工
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habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/
n. 栖息地,生活环境
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squat /skwɑːt/
v. 蹲坐;非法占用(土地或房屋)
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purchase /ˈpɜːrtʃəs/
v. 购买
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enhanced /ɪnˈhænst/
v. 增强,提高

有那么一类不信者,有时会问我这样的问题,比如我是否认为我可以只靠植物性食物生活;为了立刻触及问题的根本--因为根本是信念--我习惯于这样回答他们:我可以靠木板钉活。如果他们不能理解这个,那他们也就不能理解我不得不说的许多话。就我而言,我很高兴听到有人尝试这类实验;例如,有个年轻人试着吃了两星期坚硬的生玉米穗,用他的牙齿当臼。松鼠类尝试了同样的事情并成功了。人类对这些实验是感兴趣的,尽管少数无法进行这类实验的老妇人,或者在磨坊里有三分之一股份的老妇人,可能会感到惊恐。

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unbelievers /ˌʌnbɪˈliːvərz/
n. 不信者,怀疑者
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accustomed /əˈkʌstəmd/
adj. 习惯的, accustomed to
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fortnight /ˈfɔːrtnaɪt/
n. 两星期
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mortar /ˈmɔːrtər/
n. 臼,研钵;砂浆
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squirrel /ˈskwɜːrəl/
n. 松鼠
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incapacitated /ˌɪnkəˈpæsɪteɪtɪd/
adj. 无能力的,丧失能力的
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thirds /θɜːrdz/
n. 三分之一份额
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alarmed /əˈlɑːrmd/
adj. alarmed, alarmed
🔊 My furniture, part of which I made myself - and the rest cost me nothing of which I have not rendered an account - consisted of a bed, a table, a desk, three chairs, a looking-glass three inches in diameter, a pair of tongs and andirons, a kettle, a skillet, and a frying-pan, a dipper, a wash-bowl, two knives and forks, three plates, one cup, one spoon, a jug for oil, a jug for molasses, and a japanned lamp. None is so poor that he need sit on a pumpkin. That is shiftlessness. There is a plenty of such chairs as I like best in the village garrets to be had for taking them away. Furniture! Thank God, I can sit and I can stand without the aid of a furniture warehouse. What man but a philosopher would not be ashamed to see his furniture packed in a cart and going up country exposed to the light of heaven and the eyes of men, a beggarly account of empty boxes? That is Spauldings furniture. I could never tell from inspecting such a load whether it belonged to a so-called rich man or a poor one; the owner always seemed poverty-stricken. Indeed, the more you have of such things the poorer you are. Each load looks as if it contained the contents of a dozen shanties; and if one shanty is poor, this is a dozen times as poor. Pray, for what do we move ever but to get rid of our furniture, our exuvioe: at last to go from this world to another newly furnished, and leave this to be burned? It is the same as if all these traps were buckled to a mans belt, and he could not move over the rough country where our lines are cast without dragging them - dragging his trap. He was a lucky fox that left his tail in the trap. The muskrat will gnaw his third leg off to be free. No wonder man has lost his elasticity. How often he is at a dead set! “Sir, if I may be so bold, what do you mean by a dead set?” If you are a seer, whenever you meet a man you will see all that he owns, ay, and much that he pretends to disown, behind him, even to his kitchen furniture and all the trumpery which he saves and will not burn, and he will appear to be harnessed to it and making what headway he can. I think that the man is at a dead set who has got through a knot-hole or gateway where his sledge load of furniture cannot follow him. I cannot but feel compassion when I hear some trig, compact-looking man, seemingly free, all girded and ready, speak of hisfurniture,” as whether it is insured or not. “But what shall I do with my furniture?” - My gay butterfly is entangled in a spiders web then. Even those who seem for a long while not to have any, if you inquire more narrowly you will find have some stored in somebodys barn. I look upon England today as an old gentleman who is travelling with a great deal of baggage, trumpery which has accumulated from long housekeeping, which he has not the courage to burn; great trunk, little trunk, bandbox, and bundle. Throw away the first three at least. It would surpass the powers of a well man nowadays to take up his bed and walk, and I should certainly advise a sick one to lay down his bed and run. When I have met an immigrant tottering under a bundle which contained his all - looking like an enormous wen which had grown out of the nape of his neck - I have pitied him, not because that was his all, but because he had all that to carry. If I have got to drag my trap, I will take care that it be a light one and do not nip me in a vital part. But perchance it would be wisest never to put ones paw into it.

我的家具,一部分是我自己做的--其余部分没花我什么钱,我都做了交代--包括一张床,一张桌子,一张书桌,三把椅子,一面直径三英寸的镜子,一把火钳和柴架,一只水壶,一只长柄平底锅,一只煎锅,一把勺子,一个洗脸盆,两副刀叉,三个盘子,一个杯子,一把调羹,一个油罐,一个糖蜜罐,还有一盏日本漆灯。没有人穷到需要坐在南瓜上。那是懒惰。村里阁楼上有许多我最喜欢的椅子,只要去搬就行。家具!感谢上帝,没有家具仓库的帮助,我既能坐也能站。除了哲人,谁看到自己的家具被打包装车,运往乡下,暴露在天光和众目睽睽之下,一堆寒酸的破箱子,会不感到羞愧呢?那是斯波尔丁的家具。检视这样一车东西,我永远无法判断它属于所谓的富人还是穷人;物主似乎总是穷困潦倒。的确,你拥有的这类东西越多,你就越穷。每一车看起来都像是装了十几个棚屋里的东西;而如果一个棚屋是穷的,这就是穷的十几倍。请问,我们搬家不就是为了摆脱我们的家具,我们的蜕皮吗:最终离开这个世界,进入另一个新布置好的世界,而把这个留给火烧吗?这就像所有这些陷阱都扣在一个人的腰带上,他在我们命运的粗砺乡野上行走时,不能不拖着它们--拖着他的陷阱。那只尾巴留在陷阱里的狐狸是幸运的。麝鼠会咬断第三条腿以求自由。难怪人失去了弹性。他多少次陷入僵局!“先生,恕我冒昧,你说的‘僵局’是什么意思?”如果你是个有洞察力的人,每当你遇到一个人,你就会看到他身后拥有的一切,哎,还有他假装否认的许多东西,甚至他的厨房家具和所有他保存着不愿烧掉的零碎玩意儿,而他似乎被套着这些玩意儿,尽其所能地前进。我认为,当一个人穿过一个他的雪橇负载的家具无法跟随的节孔或门口时,他就陷入了僵局。当我听到某个看起来整洁、精干、似乎自由自在、全副武装、准备就绪的人谈起他的“家具”,问它是否保了险时,我不禁感到同情。“可是我该怎么处理我的家具呢?”--我那快乐的蝴蝶就这样陷入了蜘蛛网。即使是那些似乎长久以来一无所有的人,如果你更仔细地打听,也会发现他们在别人的谷仓里存了些东西。我如今把英格兰看作一位带着大量行李旅行的老先生,这些行李是长期持家积累起来的零碎玩意儿,他没有勇气烧掉;大箱子、小箱子、帽盒、包裹。至少把前三样扔掉。如今,要一个健康的人拿起他的床走路,会超出他的能力,我当然会建议病人放下他的床跑步。当我遇到一个移民,摇摇晃晃地背着一个装着他所有家当的包袱--看上去像是从他后颈长出来的巨大肉瘤--我会可怜他,不是因为那是他的全部,而是因为他有那么多的东西要背。如果我不得不拖着我的陷阱,我会小心让它轻一些,并且不会夹住我的要害部位。但也许,永远不要把爪子伸进去才是最明智的。

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diameter /daɪˈæmɪtər/
n. 直径
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japanned /dʒəˈpænd/
adj. 涂漆的,尤指日本漆器风格的
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shiftlessness /ˈʃɪftləsnəs/
n. 无计可施,懒惰无能
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garrets /ˈɡærɪts/
n. 阁楼,顶楼
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warehouse /ˈwɛərhaʊs/
n. 仓库,货栈
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beggarly /ˈbɛɡərli/
adj. 贫乏的,乞丐般的
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poverty-stricken /ˈpɒvətiˌstrɪkən/
adj. 贫困的,赤贫的
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shanties /ˈʃæntiz/
n. 棚屋,简陋小屋
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exuvioe /ɪɡˈzuːviˌoʊ/
n. 蜕皮,废弃物(可能为 exuviae 的变体)
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elasticity /ˌiːlæˈstɪsəti/
n. 弹性,灵活性
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dead set /dɛd sɛt/
n. 僵局,坚决的态度
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seer /sɪər/
n. 先知,预言家
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disown /dɪsˈoʊn/
v. 否认,断绝关系
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trumpery /ˈtrʌmpəri/
n. 无价值的东西,废物
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harnessed /ˈhɑːrnɪst/
v. 被套上,被利用
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headway /ˈhɛdweɪ/
n. 进展,前进
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knot-hole /ˈnɒt hoʊl/
n. 节孔,树节孔
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gateway /ˈɡeɪtweɪ/
n. 大门,入口
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sledge /slɛdʒ/
n. 雪橇
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trig /trɪɡ/
adj. 整洁的,漂亮的
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compact-looking /kəmˈpækt ˈlʊkɪŋ/
adj. 看起来紧凑的
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girded /ˈɡɜːrdɪd/
v. 束好,准备好
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entangled /ɪnˈtæŋɡəld/
v. 被缠住,卷入
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immigrant /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/
n. 移民
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tottering /ˈtɒtərɪŋ/
v. 蹒跚,摇摇欲坠
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wen /wɛn/
n. 瘤,肿瘤
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nape /neɪp/
n. 颈背
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pitied /ˈpɪtɪd/
v. 同情,怜悯
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nip /nɪp/
v. 夹住,掐

顺便说一下,我不花钱买窗帘,因为除了太阳和月亮,我没有需要遮挡的窥视者,而且我愿意让它们看进来。月亮不会使我的牛奶变酸,也不会使我的肉变质,太阳也不会损坏我的家具或使我的地毯褪色;如果它有时是位过于热情的朋友,我发现退到自然提供的某种帷幕后面,比在家务细节中增加任何一项都更经济。一位女士曾给我一块垫子,但由于我屋里没有多余的地方,屋里屋外也没有多余的时间去抖它,我谢绝了,宁愿在我门前的草地上擦脚。最好避免邪恶的开端。

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gazers /ˈɡeɪzərz/
n. 凝视者,旁观者
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taint /teɪnt/
v. 污染,玷污
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economy /ɪˈkɒnəmi/
n. 经济,节约
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retreat /rɪˈtriːt/
v. 撤退,退避
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declined /dɪˈklaɪnd/
v. 拒绝,下降
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preferring /prɪˈfɜːrɪŋ/
v. 更喜欢,宁愿
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sod /sɒd/
n. 草皮,草地
🔊 Not long since I was present at the auction of a deacons effects, for his life had not been ineffectual:-

不久前,我参加了一位执事的遗物拍卖,因为他的一生并非碌碌无为:--

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auction /ˈɔːkʃən/
n. 拍卖
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deacon’s /ˈdiːkənz/
n. 执事的(所有格)
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effects /ɪˈfɛkts/
n. 财物,个人物品
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ineffectual /ˌɪnɪˈfɛktʃuəl/
adj. 无效的,无能的

“人做的恶,死后犹存。”

和往常一样,很大一部分是他父亲时代开始积累的零碎玩意儿。其中有一条干瘪的绦虫。现在,在他的阁楼和其他尘穴里躺了半个世纪之后,这些东西没有被烧掉;没有篝火,没有对它们进行净化的销毁,而是举行了一场拍卖,或者说是在增加它们。邻居们急切地聚拢来观看,把它们全买下,小心翼翼地运到他们的阁楼和尘穴里,放在那里,直到他们的产业被处理,那时它们又会重新开始。当一个人死去时,他踢起了尘土。

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proportion /prəˈpɔːrʃən/
n. 比例,部分
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bonfire /ˈbɒnfaɪər/
n. 篝火,大篝火
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purifying /ˈpjʊərɪfaɪɪŋ/
adj. 净化的,纯洁的
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destruction /dɪˈstrʌkʃən/
n. 破坏,毁灭
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increasing /ɪnˈkriːsɪŋ/
n. 增加,增长
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transported /trænˈspɔːrtɪd/
v. 运输,运送
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estates /ɪˈsteɪts/
n. 财产,地产
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settled /ˈsɛtəld/
v. 解决,定居
🔊 The customs of some savage nations might, perchance, be profitably imitated by us, for they at least go through the semblance of casting their slough annually; they have the idea of the thing, whether they have the reality or not. Would it not be well if we were to celebrate such abusk,” orfeast of first fruits,” as Bartram describes to have been the custom of the Mucclasse Indians? “When a town celebrates the busk,” says he, “having previously provided themselves with new clothes, new pots, pans, and other household utensils and furniture, they collect all their worn out clothes and other despicable things, sweep and cleanse their houses, squares, and the whole town of their filth, which with all the remaining grain and other old provisions they cast together into one common heap, and consume it with fire. After having taken medicine, and fasted for three days, all the fire in the town is extinguished. During this fast they abstain from the gratification of every appetite and passion whatever. A general amnesty is proclaimed; all malefactors may return to their town.”

也许,我们可以有益地模仿一些野蛮民族的风俗,因为他们至少每年都进行一次蜕皮的仪式;他们懂得这件事的意义,无论他们是否真的做到。如果我们庆祝这样一场“布斯克节”或“初果节”,就像巴特拉姆所描述的穆克拉塞印第安人的习俗那样,不是很好吗?他说:“当一个城镇庆祝布斯克节时,他们预先准备好新衣服、新锅、新壶和其他家用器皿和家具,收集起所有穿旧的衣服和其他可鄙的东西,打扫并清洁他们的房屋、广场和整个城镇的污秽,将这些和所有剩余的谷物及其他旧食物一起扔到一个公共堆里,用火烧掉。服药并斋戒三天后,全镇的火都熄灭。在斋戒期间,他们戒绝一切食欲和激情的满足。宣布大赦;所有罪犯都可以返回他们的城镇。”

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savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/
adj. 野蛮的,未开化的
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profitably /ˈprɒfɪtəbli/
adv. 有利可图地,有益地
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imitated /ˈɪmɪteɪtɪd/
v. 模仿,效仿
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semblance /ˈsɛmbləns/
n. 外表,相似
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slough /slʌf/
n. 蜕皮,废弃
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annually /ˈænjuəli/
adv. 每年,一年一次
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celebrate /ˈsɛlɪbreɪt/
v. 庆祝,赞美
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busk /bʌsk/
n. 节日,盛宴(特定文化中的)
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feast /fiːst/
n. 盛宴,宴会
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first fruits /fɜːrst fruːts/
n. 初果,首批收获
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Bartram /ˈbɑːrtrəm/
n. 巴特拉姆(姓氏)
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Mucclasse /ˈmʌklæs/
n. 穆克拉塞(印第安部落名)
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Indians /ˈɪndiənz/
n. 印第安人
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previously /ˈpriːviəsli/
adv. 先前,以前
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despicable /dɪˈspɪkəbl/
adj. 可鄙的,卑劣的
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cleanse /klɛnz/
v. 清洁,净化
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filth /fɪlθ/
n. 污秽,肮脏
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provisions /prəˈvɪʒənz/
n. 供应品,食物
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consume /kənˈsjuːm/
v. 消耗,消费
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medicine /ˈmɛdɪsɪn/
n. 药物,医学
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fasted /ˈfæstɪd/
v. 禁食,斋戒
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extinguished /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/
v. 熄灭,扑灭
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gratification /ˌɡrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
n. 满足,喜悦
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passion /ˈpæʃən/
n. 激情,热情
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amnesty /ˈæmnəsti/
n. 大赦,赦免
🔊
proclaimed /prəˈkleɪmd/
v. 宣布,声明
🔊
malefactors /ˈmælɪfæktərz/
n. 罪犯,作恶者

“第四天早晨,大祭司通过摩擦干木柴,在公共广场上生出新火,镇上每个住所都从那里获得新的、纯净的火焰。”

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habitation /ˌhæbɪˈteɪʃən/
n. 居住,住所
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supplied /səˈplaɪd/
v. 供应,提供

然后他们享用新收获的玉米和水果,跳舞唱歌三天,“接下来的四天,他们接待访客,并与来自邻近城镇的朋友们一同欢庆,那些城镇也以同样的方式进行了净化和准备。”

🔊
neighboring /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/
adj. 邻近的,附近的
🔊
purified /ˈpjʊərɪfaɪd/
v. 净化,纯洁
🔊
prepared /prɪˈpeərd/
v. 准备,预备

墨西哥人也每五十二年结束时举行一次类似的净化仪式,他们相信那是世界末日来临之时。

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Mexicans /ˈmɛksɪkənz/
n. 墨西哥人
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practised /ˈpræktɪst/
v. 实践,实行
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belief /bɪˈliːf/
n. 信仰,信念

我几乎没听说过比这更真实的圣礼了,也就是说,正如字典所定义的,“内在属灵恩典的外在和可见的标志”,而且我毫不怀疑他们最初是直接受天启才这样做的,尽管他们没有圣经的关于这启示的记录。

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sacrament /ˈsækrəmənt/
n. 圣礼,圣事
🔊
outward /ˈaʊtwərd/
adj. 外部的,向外的
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inward /ˈɪnwərd/
adj. 内部的,内心的
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spiritual /ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl/
adj. 精神的,心灵的
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grace /ɡreɪs/
n. 恩典,优雅
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inspired /ɪnˈspaɪərd/
v. 启发,激励
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Biblical /ˈbɪblɪkəl/
adj. 圣经的
🔊 For more than five years I maintained myself thus solely by the labor of my hands, and I found that, by working about six weeks in a year, I could meet all the expenses of living. The whole of my winters, as well as most of my summers, I had free and clear for study. I have thoroughly tried school-keeping, and found that my expenses were in proportion, or rather out of proportion, to my income, for I was obliged to dress and train, not to say think and believe, accordingly, and I lost my time into the bargain. As I did not teach for the good of my fellow-men, but simply for a livelihood, this was a failure. I have tried trade but I found that it would take ten years to get under way in that, and that then I should probably be on my way to the devil. I was actually afraid that I might by that time be doing what is called a good business. When formerly I was looking about to see what I could do for a living, some sad experience in conforming to the wishes of friends being fresh in my mind to tax my ingenuity, I thought often and seriously of picking huckleberries; that surely I could do, and its small profits might suffice - for my greatest skill has been to want but little - so little capital it required, so little distraction from my wonted moods, I foolishly thought. While my acquaintances went unhesitatingly into trade or the professions, I contemplated this occupation as most like theirs; ranging the hills all summer to pick the berries which came in my way, and thereafter carelessly dispose of them; so, to keep the flocks of Admetus. I also dreamed that I might gather the wild herbs, or carry evergreens to such villagers as loved to be reminded of the woods, even to the city, by hay-cart loads. But I have since learned that trade curses everything it handles; and though you trade in messages from heaven, the whole curse of trade attaches to the business.

有五年多时间,我就这样单靠双手的劳动养活自己,而且我发现,一年工作大约六个星期,我就能应付所有的生活开支。我整个冬天和大部分夏天都可以自由而清净地用于学习。我曾彻底尝试过办学,发现我的支出与收入成比例,或者说不成比例,因为我不得不相应地着装和训练,更不用说思考和信仰了,而且还白白浪费了时间。由于我教书不是为了同胞的福祉,而仅仅是为了谋生,这是一次失败。我尝试过经商,但我发现那需要十年才能步入正轨,而那时我可能已经在去见魔鬼的路上了。我实际上害怕到那时我可能正在做所谓的“好生意”。从前,当我四处寻找我能做什么来谋生时,一些顺应朋友愿望的可悲经历记忆犹新,考验着我的机敏,我常常认真地想到去采越橘;那肯定是我能做的,而它微薄的利润可能就够了--因为我最大的本事就是需求甚少--它需要的资本那么少,对我惯常的心绪干扰那么小,我曾愚蠢地想。当我的熟人毫不犹豫地投身商业或专业时,我思量着这个职业,觉得和他们的最相似;整个夏天在山间游荡,采摘遇到的浆果,然后随意处理掉;就这样,为阿德墨托斯看守羊群。我也曾梦想我可以采集野草,或用干草车把常青植物运给那些喜欢被提醒想起森林的村民,甚至运到城里去。但我后来得知,贸易会诅咒它所经手的一切;尽管你交易的是来自上天的讯息,贸易的全部诅咒还是会附着在这生意上。

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solely /ˈsoʊlli/
adv. 仅仅,唯一地
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thoroughly /ˈθɜːrəli/
adv. 彻底地,完全地
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school-keeping /ˈskuːlˌkiːpɪŋ/
n. 办学,教学管理
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income /ˈɪnkʌm/
n. 收入,收益
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accordingly /əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/
adv. 相应地,因此
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livelihood /ˈlaɪvlihʊd/
n. 生计,生活
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ingenuity /ˌɪndʒəˈnjuːəti/
n. 独创性,机智
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huckleberries /ˈhʌkəlˌbɛriz/
n. 越橘类浆果
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suffice /səˈfaɪs/
v. 足够,满足
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capital /ˈkæpɪtl/
n. 资本,资金
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distraction /dɪˈstrækʃən/
n. 分心,干扰
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wonted /ˈwoʊntɪd/
adj. 习惯的,惯常的
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moods /muːdz/
n. 情绪,心境
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unhesitatingly /ʌnˈhɛzɪteɪtɪŋli/
adv. 毫不犹豫地,立即
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contemplated /ˈkɒntəmpleɪtɪd/
v. 沉思,考虑
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occupation /ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən/
n. 职业,占用
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ranging /ˈreɪndʒɪŋ/
v. 范围,排列
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thereafter /ˌðeərˈɑːftər/
adv. 此后,之后
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dispose /dɪˈspoʊz/
v. 处理,安排
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flocks /flɒks/
n. 群,羊群
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Admetus /ædˈmiːtəs/
n. 阿德墨托斯(希腊神话人物)
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herbs /hɜːrbz/
n. 草药,香草
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evergreens /ˈɛvərɡriːnz/
n. 常绿植物
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curses /ˈkɜːrsɪz/
v. 诅咒,咒骂
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attaches /əˈtætʃɪz/
v. 附加,系上

既然我对某些东西有所偏爱,特别珍视我的自由,既然我能吃苦又能成功,我就不想把时间花在挣华丽的地毯或其他精致的家具、精美的烹饪、或一所希腊式的或哥特式的风格的房子上。如果有人获取这些东西不受打扰,并且知道得到后如何使用,我把这追求让给他们。有些人“勤奋”,似乎热爱劳动本身,或许是因为劳动使他们免于更糟的祸害;对这些人,我目前无话可说。对那些不知道如何利用比现在享受的更多的闲暇的人,我可能会建议他们加倍努力工作--工作到他们付清自己的赎身钱,拿到自由证书。就我自己而言,我发现打零工是所有职业中最独立的,尤其因为它一年只需要工作三十或四十天来养活自己。工人的一天随着太阳下山而结束,然后他可以自由地投身于自己选择的追求,独立于他的劳动;但他的雇主,一个月一个月地投机,从年初到年末都没有喘息之机。

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fare /feər/
v. 进展,过活
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delicate /ˈdɛlɪkət/
adj. 精致的,微妙的
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cookery /ˈkʊkəri/
n. 烹饪,烹调术
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Grecian /ˈɡriːʃən/
adj. 希腊的,希腊式的
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Gothic /ˈɡɒθɪk/
adj. 哥特式的,黑暗的
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acquire /əˈkwaɪər/
v. 获得,取得
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relinquish /rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/
v. 放弃,交出
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pursuit /pərˈsuːt/
n. 追求,职业
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industrious /ɪnˈdʌstriəs/
adj. 勤奋的,勤劳的
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mischief /ˈmɪstʃɪf/
n. 恶作剧,损害
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day-laborer /ˈdeɪˌleɪbərər/
n. 日工,临时工
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speculates /ˈspɛkjʊleɪts/
v. 推测,投机
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respite /ˈrɛspaɪt/
n. 喘息,暂缓

总之,我通过信念和经验都确信,在这个世界上维持自己并非苦役,而是一种消遣,只要我们活得简单而明智;正如较原始民族的追求仍然是较文明民族的体育运动。一个人没有必要通过额头流汗来谋生,除非他流汗比我更容易。

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pastime /ˈpæstaɪm/
n. 消遣,娱乐
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pursuits /pərˈsuːts/
n. 追求,活动
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artificial /ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃəl/
adj. 人造的,虚假的

我认识的一个年轻人,继承了几英亩地,告诉我,如果他有办法,他想像我一样生活。我绝不希望任何人无论如何采纳我的生活方式;因为,且不说在他完全学会之前,我可能已经为自己找到了另一种方式,我希望世界上有尽可能多不同的人;但我希望每个人都非常小心地去发现并追寻他自己的路,而不是他父亲的、母亲的或邻居的路。年轻人可以建房、种植或航海,只要不阻碍他做他告诉我他想做的事。我们只是在数学的意义上才明智,就像水手或逃亡的奴隶眼睛盯着北极星;但那足以指导我们整个一生。我们可能无法在可计算的期限内抵达我们的港口,但我们会保持正确的航向。

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inherited /ɪnˈhɛrɪtɪd/
v. 继承
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adopt /əˈdɒpt/
v. 采用,收养
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mode /moʊd/
n. 方式,模式
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hindered /ˈhɪndərd/
v. 阻碍,妨碍
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mathematical /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkəl/
adj. 数学的
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fugitive /ˈfjuːdʒɪtɪv/
n. 逃亡者,逃犯
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polestar /ˈpoʊlstɑːr/
n. 北极星,指导原则
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calculable /ˈkælkjʊləbl/
adj. 可计算的,可预测的
🔊 Undoubtedly, in this case, what is true for one is truer still for a thousand, as a large house is not proportionally more expensive than a small one, since one roof may cover, one cellar underlie, and one wall separate several apartments. But for my part, I preferred the solitary dwelling. Moreover, it will commonly be cheaper to build the whole yourself than to convince another of the advantage of the common wall; and when you have done this, the common partition, to be much cheaper, must be a thin one, and that other may prove a bad neighbor, and also not keep his side in repair. The only co-operation which is commonly possible is exceedingly partial and superficial; and what little true co-operation there is, is as if it were not, being a harmony inaudible to men. If a man has faith, he will co-operate with equal faith everywhere; if he has not faith, he will continue to live like the rest of the world, whatever company he is joined to. To co-operate in the highest as well as the lowest sense, means to get our living together. I heard it proposed lately that two young men should travel together over the world, the one without money, earning his means as he went, before the mast and behind the plow, the other carrying a bill of exchange in his pocket. It was easy to see that they could not long be companions or co-operate, since one would not operate at all. They would part at the first interesting crisis in their adventures. Above all, as I have implied, the man who goes alone can start today; but he who travels with another must wait till that other is ready, and it may be a long time before they get off.

无疑,在这种情况下,对一个人是真的,对一千个人就更是如此了,就像大房子并不比小房子按比例更贵,因为一个屋顶可以覆盖,一个地窖可以支撑,一堵墙可以分隔几个房间。但就我而言,我更喜欢独居。此外,通常自己建整个房子,比说服别人相信共用墙的好处更便宜;而当你这样做了,为了便宜得多,共用的隔墙必须很薄,而那个别人可能是个坏邻居,而且也不维护他那一边。通常可能有的唯一合作是极其片面和肤浅的;而仅有的一点真正的合作,也仿佛不存在,因为那是人耳听不见的和谐。如果一个人有信念,他会在任何地方以同等的信念合作;如果他没有信念,无论他与什么人为伍,他都会继续像世界上的其他人一样生活。在最高和最低的意义上合作,都意味着我们一起谋生。我最近听说有人提议两个年轻人应该一起环游世界,一个不带钱,沿途挣钱,在桅杆前或在犁后,另一个口袋里带着一张汇票。很容易看出他们不可能长久为伴或合作,因为其中一个根本就不会工作。在冒险中第一次有趣的危机时他们就会分开。首先,如我所暗示的,独行的人今天就能出发;而与另一个人同行的人必须等到那个人准备好,而他们可能要等很久才能动身。

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proportionally /prəˈpɔːrʃənəli/
adv. 按比例地,相称地
🔊
underlie /ˌʌndərˈlaɪ/
v. 构成...的基础,位于...之下
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apartments /əˈpɑːrtmənts/
n. 公寓,房间
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solitary /ˈsɒlɪtəri/
adj. 孤独的,单独的
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dwelling /ˈdwɛlɪŋ/
n. 住处,住宅
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moreover /mɔːrˈoʊvər/
adv. 此外,而且
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convince /kənˈvɪns/
v. 说服,使信服
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partition /pɑːrˈtɪʃən/
n. 分隔,隔墙
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co-operation /koʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃən/
n. 合作,协作
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exceedingly /ɪkˈsiːdɪŋli/
adv. 非常,极其
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partial /ˈpɑːrʃəl/
adj. 部分的,偏袒的
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superficial /ˌsuːpərˈfɪʃəl/
adj. 表面的,肤浅的
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harmony /ˈhɑːrməni/
n. 和谐,协调
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inaudible /ɪnˈɔːdəbl/
adj. 听不见的
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faith /feɪθ/
n. 信仰,信任
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proposed /prəˈpoʊzd/
v. 提议,建议
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mast /mæst/
n. 桅杆,杆
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plow /plaʊ/
n.
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bill /bɪl/
n. 账单,票据
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exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
n. 交换,交易所
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companions /kəmˈpænjənz/
n. 同伴,伴侣
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co-operate /koʊˈɒpəreɪt/
v. 合作,协作
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operate /ˈɒpəreɪt/
v. 操作,运转
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crisis /ˈkraɪsɪs/
n. 危机,紧要关头
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adventures /ədˈvɛntʃərz/
n. 冒险,奇遇
🔊
implied /ɪmˈplaɪd/
v. 暗示,意味着
🔊 But all this is very selfish, I have heard some of my townsmen say. I confess that I have hitherto indulged very little in philanthropic enterprises. I have made some sacrifices to a sense of duty, and among others have sacrificed this pleasure also. There are those who have used all their arts to persuade me to undertake the support of some poor family in the town; and if I had nothing to do - for the devil finds employment for the idle - I might try my hand at some such pastime as that. However, when I have thought to indulge myself in this respect, and lay their Heaven under an obligation by maintaining certain poor persons in all respects as comfortably as I maintain myself, and have even ventured so far as to make them the offer, they have one and all unhesitatingly preferred to remain poor. While my townsmen and women are devoted in so many ways to the good of their fellows, I trust that one at least may be spared to other and less humane pursuits. You must have a genius for charity as well as for anything else. As for Doing-good, that is one of the professions which are full. Moreover, I have tried it fairly, and, strange as it may seem, am satisfied that it does not agree with my constitution. Probably I should not consciously and deliberately forsake my particular calling to do the good which society demands of me, to save the universe from annihilation; and I believe that a like but infinitely greater steadfastness elsewhere is all that now preserves it. But I would not stand between any man and his genius; and to him who does this work, which I decline, with his whole heart and soul and life, I would say, Persevere, even if the world call it doing evil, as it is most likely they will.

但我听到我的一些镇民说,这一切都非常自私。我承认迄今为止我很少沉溺于慈善事业。我曾为责任感做过一些牺牲,其中也包括牺牲了这种乐趣。有些人用尽一切手段劝说我承担镇上某个穷人家的赡养;如果我无事可做--因为魔鬼会为闲人找事做--我也许会试着玩玩那种消遣。然而,当我想在这方面放纵自己,通过供养某些穷人,让他们在各方面都像我养活自己一样舒服,以此让他们的天堂欠我的情,甚至斗胆向他们提出这个建议时,他们全都毫不犹豫地宁愿继续受穷。当我的男女镇民们以如此多的方式致力于他们同胞的福祉时,我相信至少可以有一个被留出来,从事其他不那么人道的追求。你必须像做其他任何事情一样,有行善的天赋。至于“行善”,那是人满为患的职业之一。况且,我公平地试过它,而且,尽管可能显得奇怪,我确信它不适合我的体质。或许我不会自觉地、故意地放弃我特别的职业,去做社会要求我做的善事,去拯救宇宙免于毁灭;而且我相信,在别处一种类似但无限坚定的态度,才是现在保全宇宙的全部。但我不会挡在任何人和他的天才之间;对那个全心全意、以整个生命去做我拒绝做的这项工作的人,我要说,坚持下去,即使世人称之为作恶,他们很可能就会这样。

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hitherto /ˌhɪðərˈtuː/
adv. 迄今为止
🔊
indulged /ɪnˈdʌldʒd/
v. 沉溺于
🔊
philanthropic /ˌfɪlənˈθrɒpɪk/
adj. 慈善的
🔊
constitution /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/
n. 体质;宪法
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consciously /ˈkɒnʃəsli/
adv. 有意识地
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forsake /fəˈseɪk/
v. 抛弃
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annihilation /əˌnaɪəˈleɪʃn/
n. 湮灭
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steadfastness /ˈstedfɑːstnəs/
n. 坚定
🔊
Persevere /ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪə/
v. 坚持
🔊 I am far from supposing that my case is a peculiar one; no doubt many of my readers would make a similar defence. At doing something - I will not engage that my neighbors shall pronounce it good - I do not hesitate to say that I should be a capital fellow to hire; but what that is, it is for my employer to find out. What good I do, in the common sense of that word, must be aside from my main path, and for the most part wholly unintended. Men say, practically, Begin where you are and such as you are, without aiming mainly to become of more worth, and with kindness aforethought go about doing good. If I were to preach at all in this strain, I should say rather, Set about being good. As if the sun should stop when he had kindled his fires up to the splendor of a moon or a star of the sixth magnitude, and go about like a Robin Goodfellow, peeping in at every cottage window, inspiring lunatics, and tainting meats, and making darkness visible, instead of steadily increasing his genial heat and beneficence till he is of such brightness that no mortal can look him in the face, and then, and in the meanwhile too, going about the world in his own orbit, doing it good, or rather, as a truer philosophy has discovered, the world going about him getting good. When Phaeton, wishing to prove his heavenly birth by his beneficence, had the suns chariot but one day, and drove out of the beaten track, he burned several blocks of houses in the lower streets of heaven, and scorched the surface of the earth, and dried up every spring, and made the great desert of Sahara, till at length Jupiter hurled him headlong to the earth with a thunderbolt, and the sun, through grief at his death, did not shine for a year.

我远不认为我的情况是特殊的;无疑我的许多读者会做出类似的辩护。在做某件事--我不能保证我的邻居们会称之为好事--我毫不犹豫地说,我会是个一流的雇佣对象;但那是什么事,得由我的雇主去发现。我所做的好事,在那个词的通常意义上,必须是在我的主路之外的,而且大多完全是无意的。人们实际上说,从你所在之处、以你本来的样子开始,不要主要着眼于变得更有价值,并且带着预先考虑的善意去行善。如果我要以这种口吻布道,我倒宁愿说,着手去做好人。仿佛太阳在将它的火焰点燃到月亮或六等星的辉煌后就停下来,然后像个善心精灵罗宾一样到处游荡,窥探每个农舍的窗户,让疯子发狂,使肉食腐坏,让黑暗可见,而不是稳步增加它和煦的热量和恩泽,直到它亮得没有凡人能直视它的脸,然后,与此同时,也在它自己的轨道上环绕世界,为世界行善,或者,正如一种更真实的哲学所发现的,是世界环绕着它获取善。当法厄同想以他的恩泽来证明他的神圣出身,只驾了一天太阳的战车,驶离了常规路线,就烧掉了天上低街区的几排房子,烤焦了地球表面,吸干了每处泉水,造成了撒哈拉大沙漠,直到最后朱庇特用一道霹雳把他头朝下摔到地上,而太阳由于悲伤他的死亡,整整一年没有发光。

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peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliə/
adj. 独特的
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aforethought /əˈfɔːθɔːt/
adv. 预谋的
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preach /priːtʃ/
v. 布道
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splendor /ˈsplendə/
n. 辉煌
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magnitude /ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd/
n. 大小;星等
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Robin Goodfellow /ˈrɒbɪn ˌɡʊdˈfeləʊ/
n. 罗宾好伙伴(神话中的精灵)
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lunatics /ˈluːnətɪks/
n. 疯子
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tainting /ˈteɪntɪŋ/
v. 污染
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genial /ˈdʒiːniəl/
adj. 亲切的;温和的
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beneficence /bɪˈnefɪsns/
n. 善行
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chariot /ˈtʃæriət/
n. 战车
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beaten track /ˈbiːtn træk/
n. 常规路径; beaten track 比喻常规或熟悉的路
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scorched /skɔːtʃt/
adj. 烧焦的
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thunderbolt /ˈθʌndəbəʊlt/
n. 雷电

没有比变质的美德所散发的气味更难闻的了。那是人性的,也是神圣的,腐尸的气味。如果我确切知道一个人正怀着对我行善的自觉意图来到我家,我会逃命,就像躲避那被称为西蒙风的、来自非洲沙漠的干热风,它用沙土填满你的嘴巴、鼻子、耳朵和眼睛,直到你窒息,因为我害怕他会对我行一些善--一些他的病毒混入我的血液。不--在这种情况下,我宁愿以自然的方式承受邪恶。一个人对我来说不是好人,因为如果我快要饿死,他会给我吃的;如果我快冻僵,他会给我温暖;或者如果我掉进沟里,他会把我拉出来。我能给你找一条纽芬兰犬,它会做同样的事。慈善在最广泛的意义上不是对同胞的爱。霍华德无疑在他自己的方式上是个极其善良和可敬的人,并且得到了他的报偿;但是,相比较而言,如果他们的慈善不能在我们处于最值得帮助的最佳境地时帮助我们,一百个霍华德对我们又算得了什么呢?我从未听说过一场慈善会议,在会上有人真诚地提议要对我或像我这样的人行任何善事。

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odor /ˈəʊdə/
n. 气味
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tainted /ˈteɪntɪd/
adj. 受污染的
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divine /dɪˈvaɪn/
adj. 神圣的
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carrion /ˈkæriən/
n. 腐肉
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parching /ˈpɑːtʃɪŋ/
adj. 干热的
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simoom /sɪˈmuːm/
n. 西蒙风(一种沙漠热风)
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suffocated /ˈsʌfəkeɪtɪd/
v. 窒息
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virus /ˈvaɪrəs/
n. 病毒
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Newfoundland dog /ˈnjuːfəndlənd dɒɡ/
n. 纽芬兰犬
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worthy /ˈwɜːði/
adj. 有价值的
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estate /ɪˈsteɪt/
n. 状态;财产

那些印第安人让耶稣会士们相当受挫,他们在火刑柱上被烧时,却向折磨他们的人建议新的酷刑方式。由于超越了肉体的痛苦,他们有时也碰巧超越了传教士所能提供的任何安慰;那条“你想人怎样待你,你也要怎样待人”的金律,在那些不在乎别人怎样待自己、以一种新的方式爱敌人、几乎完全宽恕他们所做的一切的人听来,说服力就小多了。

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Jesuits /ˈdʒezjʊɪts/
n. 耶稣会士
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balked /bɔːkt/
v. 阻碍
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stake /steɪk/
n. 火刑柱
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tormentors /tɔːˈmentəz/
n. 折磨者
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superior /suːˈpɪəriə/
adj. 优越的
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consolation /ˌkɒnsəˈleɪʃn/
n. 安慰
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missionaries /ˈmɪʃənriz/
n. 传教士
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persuasiveness /pəˈsweɪsɪvnəs/
n. 说服力
🔊 Be sure that you give the poor the aid they most need, though it be your example which leaves them far behind. If you give money, spend yourself with it, and do not merely abandon it to them. We make curious mistakes sometimes. Often the poor man is not so cold and hungry as he is dirty and ragged and gross. It is partly his taste, and not merely his misfortune. If you give him money, he will perhaps buy more rags with it. I was wont to pity the clumsy Irish laborers who cut ice on the pond, in such mean and ragged clothes, while I shivered in my more tidy and somewhat more fashionable garments, till, one bitter cold day, one who had slipped into the water came to my house to warm him, and I saw him strip off three pairs of pants and two pairs of stockings ere he got down to the skin, though they were dirty and ragged enough, it is true, and that he could afford to refuse the extra garments which I offered him, he had so many intra ones. This ducking was the very thing he needed. Then I began to pity myself, and I saw that it would be a greater charity to bestow on me a flannel shirt than a whole slop-shop on him. There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil to one who is striking at the root, and it may be that he who bestows the largest amount of time and money on the needy is doing the most by his mode of life to produce that misery which he strives in vain to relieve. It is the pious slave-breeder devoting the proceeds of every tenth slave to buy a Sundays liberty for the rest. Some show their kindness to the poor by employing them in their kitchens. Would they not be kinder if they employed themselves there? You boast of spending a tenth part of your income in charity; maybe you should spend the nine tenths so, and done with it. Society recovers only a tenth part of the property then. Is this owing to the generosity of him in whose possession it is found, or to the remissness of the officers of justice?

务必给予穷人他们最需要的帮助,尽管这帮助可能是你的榜样,这榜样让他们远远落后。如果你给钱,你自己要和钱一起花出去,不要仅仅把钱丢给他们。我们有时会犯奇怪的错误。穷人常常不是因为寒冷和饥饿,而是因为肮脏、破烂和粗鄙。这有一部分是他的品味,而不仅仅是他的不幸。如果你给他钱,他也许会用钱买更多的破衣服。我过去常常可怜那些在湖上凿冰的笨拙的爱尔兰人劳工,他们穿着如此寒酸破烂的衣服,而我穿着更整洁、也更时髦一些的衣服瑟瑟发抖,直到一个严寒的日子,一个滑进水里的工人来我家取暖,我看到他脱掉了三条裤子和两双袜子才露出皮肤,尽管它们确实够脏够破,而且他能够拒绝我给他的额外衣服,因为他里面的衣服足够多。这次落水正是他需要的。然后我开始可怜我自己,我明白,给我一件法兰绒衬衫比给他一整家廉价成衣店是更大的慈善。一千个人在砍削罪恶的枝叶,只有一个人在砍伐罪恶的根,也许那个在穷人身上花费最多时间和金钱的人,正通过他的生活方式,制造着他徒劳地试图缓解的那种悲惨。那就像虔诚的奴隶贩子,把每十个奴隶的收益用来为其余奴隶购买星期日的自由。有些人通过雇佣穷人在他们的厨房里干活来显示对穷人的仁慈。如果他们自己在厨房里干活,岂不是更仁慈吗?你夸耀把收入的十分之一用于慈善;也许你应该把十分之九也这样花掉,然后完事。这样社会只收回了十分之一的财产。这归功于财产持有者的慷慨,还是归咎于司法官员的疏忽?

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wont /wəʊnt/
adj. 习惯于
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clumsy /ˈklʌmzi/
adj. 笨拙的
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garments /ˈɡɑːmənts/
n. 衣服
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strip /strɪp/
v. 脱去
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stockings /ˈstɒkɪŋz/
n. 长袜
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ducking /ˈdʌkɪŋ/
n. 浸入水中
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bestow /bɪˈstəʊ/
v. 赠与
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flannel /ˈflænl/
n. 法兰绒
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slop-shop /ˈslɒpʃɒp/
n. 廉价服装店
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hacking /ˈhækɪŋ/
v.
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pious /ˈpaɪəs/
adj. 虔诚的
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slave-breeder /ˈsleɪvˌbriːdə/
n. 奴隶繁殖者
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proceeds /ˈprəʊsiːdz/
n. 收益
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boast /bəʊst/
v. 吹嘘
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generosity /ˌdʒenəˈrɒsəti/
n. 慷慨
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remissness /rɪˈmɪsnəs/
n. 疏忽

慈善几乎是唯一被人类充分赞赏的美德。不仅如此,它还被大大高估了;而正是我们的自私高估了它。一个强健的穷人,在康科德一个晴朗的日子里,向我称赞一位同镇居民,因为,他说,那人对穷人很仁慈;意思是指他自己。这个种族仁慈的叔伯姑婶,比它真正的精神父母更受尊敬。我曾听过一位博学睿智的牧师演讲英格兰,在列举了她的科学、文学和政治上的杰出人物,莎士比亚、培根、克伦威尔、弥尔顿、牛顿等人之后,接下来谈到她的基督教英雄,仿佛他的职业要求他这样做,他把他们提升到远高于所有其他人的位置,作为伟人中最伟大的。他们是佩恩、霍华德和弗莱夫人。每个人都必定感到其中的虚假和伪善。最后这些人并非英格兰最优秀的男人和女人;也许,只是她最优秀的慈善家。

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robust /rəʊˈbʌst/
adj. 强健的
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reverend /ˈrevərənd/
adj. 尊敬的
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lecturer /ˈlektʃərə/
n. 讲师
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enumerating /ɪˈnjuːməreɪtɪŋ/
v. 列举
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literary /ˈlɪtərəri/
adj. 文学的
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worthies /ˈwɜːðiz/
n. 杰出人物
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elevated /ˈelɪveɪtɪd/
adj. 提升的
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falsehood /ˈfɔːlshʊd/
n. 虚假
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cant /kænt/
n. 伪善之言
🔊 I would not subtract anything from the praise that is due to philanthropy, but merely demand justice for all who by their lives and works are a blessing to mankind. I do not value chiefly a mans uprightness and benevolence, which are, as it were, his stem and leaves. Those plants of whose greenness withered we make herb tea for the sick serve but a humble use, and are most employed by quacks. I want the flower and fruit of a man; that some fragrance be wafted over from him to me, and some ripeness flavor our intercourse. His goodness must not be a partial and transitory act, but a constant superfluity, which costs him nothing and of which he is unconscious. This is a charity that hides a multitude of sins. The philanthropist too often surrounds mankind with the remembrance of his own castoff griefs as an atmosphere, and calls it sympathy. We should impart our courage, and not our despair, our health and ease, and not our disease, and take care that this does not spread by contagion. From what southern plains comes up the voice of wailing? Under what latitudes reside the heathen to whom we would send light? Who is that intemperate and brutal man whom we would redeem? If anything ail a man, so that he does not perform his functions, if he have a pain in his bowels even - for that is the seat of sympathy - he forthwith sets about reforming - the world. Being a microcosm himself, he discovers - and it is a true discovery, and he is the man to make it - that the world has been eating green apples; to his eyes, in fact, the globe itself is a great green apple, which there is danger awful to think of that the children of men will nibble before it is ripe; and straightway his drastic philanthropy seeks out the Esquimau and the Patagonian, and embraces the populous Indian and Chinese villages; and thus, by a few years of philanthropic activity, the powers in the meanwhile using him for their own ends, no doubt, he cures himself of his dyspepsia, the globe acquires a faint blush on one or both of its cheeks, as if it were beginning to be ripe, and life loses its crudity and is once more sweet and wholesome to live. I never dreamed of any enormity greater than I have committed. I never knew, and never shall know, a worse man than myself.

我不想减损应给予慈善的赞誉,只是要求对所有那些以其生活和作品造福人类的人公正对待。我并不主要看重一个人的正直和仁慈,那好比是他的茎和叶。那些我们取其枯绿制成草药茶给病人喝的植物,只服务于卑微的用途,而且多为江湖郎中滥用。我要的是一个人的花朵和果实;让某种芬芳从他那里向我飘来,让某种成熟的风味滋润我们的交往。他的善良不能是片面的、短暂的行为,而必须是一种持续的、充沛的流露,这对他毫无成本,并且他自己也无意识。这是一种遮掩许多罪过的慈善。慈善家太经常用他自己已被抛弃的悲伤记忆作为气氛包围人类,并称之为同情。我们应该传递我们的勇气,而不是绝望,我们的健康和安逸,而不是疾病,并且小心不要让它通过接触传染开去。从哪些南方的平原传来了哀号声?在哪些纬度居住着我们想要送去光明的异教徒?那个我们要拯救的纵欲而残暴的人是谁?如果一个人有任何不适,以至于不能履行他的职责,如果他甚至肚子疼--因为那是同情的所在--他立刻着手去改革--世界。作为一个微观世界本身,他发现--这是一个真正的发现,而且他是做出这个发现的人--世界一直在吃青苹果;在他看来,事实上地球本身就是一个巨大的青苹果,可怕地想到人类的孩子们会在它成熟之前就啃食它;于是他那猛烈的慈善立刻去寻找爱斯基摩人和巴塔哥尼亚人,拥抱人烟稠密的印第安人和中国村庄;就这样,经过几年的慈善活动,那些势力无疑在此期间利用他达到自己的目的,他治好了自己的消化不良,地球一边或两边的脸颊染上了淡淡的红晕,仿佛开始成熟了,生活失去了它的生涩,重新变得甜美而健康。我从未梦见过比我犯下的更大的罪行。我从不认识,也永远不会认识一个比我更坏的人。

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subtract /səbˈtrækt/
v. 减去
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uprightness /ˈʌpraɪtnəs/
n. 正直
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benevolence /bəˈnevələns/
n. 仁慈
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herb /hɜːb/
n. 草药
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quacks /kwæks/
n. 庸医
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wafted /ˈwɒftɪd/
v. 飘荡
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ripeness /ˈraɪpnəs/
n. 成熟
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flavor /ˈfleɪvə/
v. 调味
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intercourse /ˈɪntəkɔːs/
n. 交往
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transitory /ˈtrænzɪtri/
adj. 短暂的
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superfluity /ˌsuːpəˈfluːəti/
n. 过剩
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multitude /ˈmʌltɪtjuːd/
n. 大量
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castoff /ˈkɑːstɒf/
adj. 丢弃的
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griefs /ɡriːfs/
n. 悲伤
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atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪə/
n. 气氛
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sympathy /ˈsɪmpəθi/
n. 同情
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impart /ɪmˈpɑːt/
v. 传授
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contagion /kənˈteɪdʒən/
n. 传染
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wailing /ˈweɪlɪŋ/
n. 哀号
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heathen /ˈhiːðn/
n. 异教徒
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intemperate /ɪnˈtempərət/
adj. 放纵的
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brutal /ˈbruːtl/
adj. 残忍的
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redeem /rɪˈdiːm/
v. 赎回;拯救
🔊
ail /eɪl/
v. 使痛苦
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bowels /ˈbaʊəlz/
n.
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forthwith /ˌfɔːθˈwɪθ/
adv. 立即
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reforming /rɪˈfɔːmɪŋ/
v. 改革
🔊
microcosm /ˈmaɪkrəkɒzəm/
n. 微观世界
🔊
drastic /ˈdræstɪk/
adj. 激烈的
🔊
Esquimau /ˈeskɪməʊ/
n. 爱斯基摩人
🔊
Patagonian /ˌpætəˈɡəʊniən/
n. 巴塔哥尼亚人
🔊
populous /ˈpɒpjələs/
adj. 人口稠密的
🔊
dyspepsia /dɪsˈpepsiə/
n. 消化不良
🔊
blush /blʌʃ/
n. 脸红
🔊
crudity /ˈkruːdəti/
n. 粗糙;未成熟
🔊
enormity /ɪˈnɔːməti/
n. 巨大;暴行

我相信,使改革者如此悲伤的,不是他对苦难中同胞的同情,而是,尽管他是上帝最圣洁的儿子,是他私人的病痛。让这得到纠正,让春天降临到他身上,让早晨升起在他的卧榻之上,他会毫无歉意地离开他慷慨的同伴。我不作反对使用烟草的演讲,我的借口是我从未嚼过它,那是改过自新的嚼烟草者必须付出的代价;尽管我嚼过的东西足够多,我都可以发表反对演讲了。如果你不幸被诱入这些慈善事业中的任何一项,不要让你的左手知道你的右手在做什么,因为这不值得知道。救起溺水的人,然后系好你的鞋带。从容不迫,着手做些自由的劳动吧。

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reformer /rɪˈfɔːmə/
n. 改革者
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distress /dɪˈstres/
n. distress
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righted /ˈraɪtɪd/
v. 纠正
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couch /kaʊtʃ/
n. 长沙发
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tobacco /təˈbækəʊ/
n. 烟草
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chewed /tʃuːd/
v. 咀嚼
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penalty /ˈpenəlti/
n. 惩罚
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betrayed /bɪˈtreɪd/
v. 背叛
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rescue /ˈreskjuː/
v. 救援
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drowning /ˈdraʊnɪŋ/
adj. 溺水的
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shoestrings /ˈʃuːstrɪŋz/
n. 鞋带

我们的举止在与圣徒的交往中败坏了。我们的赞美诗集里回响着对上帝美妙的诅咒和永远忍受他的旋律。有人会说,甚至先知和救赎者们安慰人的恐惧多于坚定人的希望。没有任何地方记载着对生命这份礼物简单而不可抑制的满足,任何值得纪念的对上帝的赞美。所有的健康和成功都对我有益,无论它显得多么遥远和疏离;所有的疾病和失败都让我悲伤,对我有害,无论它对我或我对它有多少同情。那么,如果我们确实想通过真正的印第安人式、植物式、磁性或自然的方法来恢复人类,让我们首先像自然本身一样简单和健康,驱散笼罩在我们自己眉头的乌云,让一点生命的气息渗入我们的毛孔。不要停下来做穷人的监工,而要努力成为世上的贤者。

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manners /ˈmænəz/
n. manners
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corrupted /kəˈrʌptɪd/
v. 腐化
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hymn-books /ˈhɪm bʊks/
n. 赞美诗集
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resound /rɪˈzaʊnd/
v. 回响
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melodious /məˈləʊdiəs/
adj. 悦耳的
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cursing /ˈkɜːsɪŋ/
n. 诅咒
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enduring /ɪnˈdjʊərɪŋ/
v. 忍受
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prophets /ˈprɒfɪts/
n. 先知
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redeemers /rɪˈdiːməz/
n. 救世主
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consoled /kənˈsəʊld/
v. 安慰
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irrepressible /ˌɪrɪˈpresəbl/
adj. 压抑不住的
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botanic /bəˈtænɪk/
adj. 植物学的
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magnetic /mæɡˈnetɪk/
adj. 磁性的
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dispel /dɪˈspel/
v. 驱散
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overseer /ˈəʊvəsɪə/
n. 监督者

我在设拉子的萨迪长老的蔷薇园或《花卉园》中读到:“他们问一位智者说:至高无上的上帝创造了许多著名的高大荫凉的树木,除不结果实的柏树外,没有一种被称为自由者,或自由的;这其中有什么奥秘?他答道,每种树都有其恰当的产物和指定的季节,在此期间它新鲜茂盛,季节一过则干枯凋零;柏树却不受这两种状态影响,它永远繁茂;自由者,或称宗教上的独立者,其本性便是如此。--莫将你的心系于转瞬即逝之物;因为哈里发的种族灭绝之后,底格里斯河仍将流经巴格达:如果你的手富足,就要像枣树一样慷慨;但如果它无物可施,就做个自由者,或自由的人,像柏树一样。”

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celebrated /ˈselɪbreɪtɪd/
adj. 著名的
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lofty /ˈlɒfti/
adj. 高耸的
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umbrageous /ʌmˈbreɪdʒəs/
adj. 成荫的
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cypress /ˈsaɪprəs/
n. 柏树
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mystery /ˈmɪstri/
n. 神秘
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appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/
adj. 适当的
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appointed /əˈpɔɪntɪd/
adj. 指定的
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continuance /kənˈtɪnjuəns/
n. 持续
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blooming /ˈbluːmɪŋ/
adj. 盛开的
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withered /ˈwɪðəd/
adj. 枯萎的
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flourishing /ˈflʌrɪʃɪŋ/
adj. 繁荣的
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caliphs /ˈkeɪlɪfs/
n. 哈里发
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extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
adj. 灭绝的
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liberal /ˈlɪbərəl/
adj. 慷慨的
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date tree /deɪt triː/
n. 枣椰树

补遗诗篇

🔊 The Pretensions of Poverty

贫困的妄自尊大

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Pretensions /prɪˈtenʃnz/
n. 自命不凡
🔊 Thou dost presume too much, poor needy wretch,

你这可怜的穷光蛋,未免太过僭越,

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presume /prɪˈzjuːm/
v. 假定
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wretch /retʃ/
n. 可怜虫
🔊 To claim a station in the firmament

竟妄想在天穹中占据一席之地,

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firmament /ˈfɜːməmənt/
n. 天空

只因你那简陋的茅舍,或是你的木桶,

🔊 Nurses some lazy or pedantic virtue

滋养着某种懒惰或迂腐的德行,

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pedantic /pɪˈdæntɪk/
adj. 过于注重细节或规则的,学究式的

沐浴着廉价的阳光,或是在清泉绿荫旁,

🔊 With roots and pot-herbs; where thy right hand,

以草根和野菜为粮;你那右手,

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pot-herbs /ˈpɒt hɜːrbz/
n. 烹饪用的草本植物,香草

将那些仁爱的激情从心中撕裂,

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humane /hjuːˈmeɪn/
adj. 仁慈的,人道的,富有同情心的

本可在其根茎上开出绚烂美德的花朵,

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flourish /ˈflʌrɪʃ/
v. 繁荣,兴旺,茂盛
🔊 Degradeth nature, and benumbeth sense,

却使天性堕落,使感官麻木,

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Degradeth /dɪˈɡreɪdɪθ/
v. 降低,退化,贬低(古英语形式,现代为 degrade)
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benumbeth /bɪˈnʌmɪθ/
v. 使麻木,使迟钝(古英语形式,现代为 benumb)
🔊 And, Gorgon-like, turns active men to stone.

如戈耳工一般,将活跃的人化为石头。

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Gorgon-like /ˈɡɔːrɡən laɪk/
adj. 像蛇发女怪戈耳工一样的,令人恐惧或石化的

我们不需要你那沉闷的陪伴,

🔊 Of your necessitated temperance,

你那迫不得已的节制,

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necessitated /nɪˈsɛsɪteɪtɪd/
adj. 必需的,被迫的,必要的
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temperance /ˈtɛmpərəns/
n. 节制,克制,禁酒

或是那不自然的愚钝,

不识喜乐亦不知悲苦;也不要你那强装的、

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forc’d /fɔːrst/
adj. 强迫的,被迫的(古英语形式,现代为 forced)
🔊 Falsely exalted passive fortitude

虚假拔高的消极坚韧,

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exalted /ɪɡˈzɔːltɪd/
adj. 崇高的,高贵的,兴奋的
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fortitude /ˈfɔːrtɪtjuːd/
n. 坚韧,刚毅,勇气
🔊 Above the active. This low abject brood,

凌驾于积极之上。这群卑贱的族类,

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abject /ˈæbdʒekt/
adj. 卑劣的,可怜的,绝望的
🔊 That fix their seats in mediocrity,

将座席固定在中庸之地,

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mediocrity /ˌmiːdiˈɒkrəti/
n. 平庸,平凡,普通
🔊 Become your servile minds; but we advance

沦为你们奴性的心灵;而我们弘扬的

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servile /ˈsɜːrvaɪl/
adj. 奴性的,卑躬屈膝的,顺从的
🔊 Such virtues only as admit excess,

唯有那些能臻于极致的德性,

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excess /ɪkˈses/
n. 过量,过度
🔊 Brave, bounteous acts, regal magnificence,

英勇慷慨之举,帝王般的恢弘气度,

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bounteous /ˈbaʊn.ti.əs/
adj. 慷慨的,丰富的
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regal /ˈriː.ɡəl/
adj. 皇家的,庄严的
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magnificence /mæɡˈnɪf.ɪ.səns/
n. 壮丽,宏伟
🔊 All-seeing prudence, magnanimity

明察秋毫的审慎,无边无际的宽宏,

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All-seeing /ˌɔːl ˈsiː.ɪŋ/
adj. 全视的,无所不见的
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prudence /ˈpruː.dəns/
n. 谨慎,明智
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magnanimity /ˌmæɡ.nəˈnɪm.ə.ti/
n. 宽宏大量

以及那古之英名未能尽述的英雄气概,

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heroic /həˈroʊ.ɪk/
adj. 英雄的,英勇的
🔊 For which antiquity hath left no name,

仅留下楷模,如赫拉克勒斯,

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antiquity /ænˈtɪk.wə.ti/
n. 古代,古老

阿喀琉斯、忒修斯。滚回你那令人作呕的斗室;

当你看见那新近启明的星体时,

🔊 And when thou seest the new enlightened sphere,

要用心领悟那些先贤的本色。

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enlightened /ɪnˈlaɪ.tənd/
adj. 开明的,启蒙的
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sphere /sfɪr/
n. 领域,范围

T·卡鲁

🔊 T. CAREW

四季就这样轮转进入了夏天,仿佛一个人漫步走进了越来越高的草丛。

Translation not available

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rambles /ˈræm.bəlz/
v. 漫步,闲逛
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