阅读主题:
语言:
📕 rednote ID(小红书号):3881567312
📢 自动下一章:
🔊

Chapter one: Economy (第一章 生计)

探索《瓦尔登湖》第1章,包含英文原文、简体中文翻译、详细的雅思词汇解析以及英文原声音频。边听边学,提升阅读技巧。

英文原文
翻译
雅思词汇 (ZH-CN)

当我写下后面这几页,或者说其中绝大部分时,我正独自一人住在林子里,离最近的邻居也有一英里之遥,住在马萨诸塞州康科德镇瓦尔登湖畔一座自己亲手盖的木屋里,仅凭双手劳作糊口。我在那儿住了两年零两个月。如今,我重又回到文明世界做个过客。

🔊
sojourner /ˈsəʊdʒənə(r)/
n. 旅居者;逗留者
🔊 I should not obtrude my affairs so much on the notice of my readers if very particular inquiries had not been made by my townsmen concerning my mode of life, which some would call impertinent, though they do not appear to me at all impertinent, but, considering the circumstances, very natural and pertinent. Some have asked what I got to eat; if I did not feel lonesome; if I was not afraid; and the like. Others have been curious to learn what portion of my income I devoted to charitable purposes; and some, who have large families, how many poor children I maintained. I will therefore ask those of my readers who feel no particular interest in me to pardon me if I undertake to answer some of these questions in this book. In most books, the I, or first person, is omitted; in this it will be retained; that, in respect to egotism, is the main difference. We commonly do not remember that it is, after all, always the first person that is speaking. I should not talk so much about myself if there were anybody else whom I knew as well. Unfortunately, I am confined to this theme by the narrowness of my experience. Moreover, I, on my side, require of every writer, first or last, a simple and sincere account of his own life, and not merely what he has heard of other men's lives; some such account as he would send to his kindred from a distant land; for if he has lived sincerely, it must have been in a distant land to me. Perhaps these pages are more particularly addressed to poor students. As for the rest of my readers, they will accept such portions as apply to them. I trust that none will stretch the seams in putting on the coat, for it may do good service to him whom it fits.

若非我的乡邻们对我的生活方式表现出异乎寻常的兴趣,进而刨根问底地打听(其中一些或许会被视为冒昧,但在我看来却绝非如此,考虑到具体情况,反倒十分自然、恰如其分),我本不该将自己的事如此频繁地叨扰读者。有人问我吃什么;是否感到孤单;怕不怕;诸如此类。另一些人则好奇我收入的多大比例用于慈善;还有些儿女成群的人,想知道我养活了几个穷孩子。因此,我恳请那些对我本人并无特别兴趣的读者,原谅我在这本书中试图回答其中一些问题。在大多数书里,“我”,即第一人称,是被省略的;本书则将予以保留;在自我中心这一点上,此为主要区别。我们通常忘了,说到底,说话的永远是第一人称。倘若我对他人的了解能像对自己一般透彻,便不会这样絮絮叨叨谈论自己了。遗憾的是,我的经验如此狭隘,使我不得不拘囿于此。况且,就我而言,我对每一位作家--无论迟早--都要求他对自己的人生作一番简单而真诚的叙述,而不仅仅是他听来的别人的人生;一种他仿佛从遥远的异乡寄给亲人的记述;因为倘若他活得真诚,那地方于我必定是遥远的异乡。或许这几页文字尤其适合穷学生们阅读。至于其他读者,他们会择取那些适用于他们的部分。我相信没有人会穿上不合身的衣服而绷裂线缝,因为只有合身的,方能让他称心受用。

🔊
obtrude /əbˈtruːd/
v. 强加;强行闯入
🔊
particular inquiries /pəˈtɪkjələr ɪnˈkwaɪəriz/
n. phrase. 特别的询问
🔊
mode of life /məʊd əv laɪf/
n. phrase. 生活方式
🔊
impertinent /ɪmˈpɜːtɪnənt/
adj. 无礼的;鲁莽的;不相干的
🔊
pertinent /ˈpɜːtɪnənt/
adj. 相关的;切题的
🔊
charitable purposes /ˈtʃærɪtəbl ˈpɜːpəsɪz/
n. phrase. 慈善目的
🔊
maintained /meɪnˈteɪnd/
v. 维持;抚养;坚持
🔊
egotism /ˈiːɡətɪzəm/
n. 自我中心;自负
🔊 I would fain say something, not so much concerning the Chinese and Sandwich Islanders as you who read these pages, who are said to live in New England; something about your condition, especially your outward condition or circumstances in this world, in this town, what it is, whether it is necessary that it be as bad as it is, whether it cannot be improved as well as not. I have travelled a good deal in Concord; and everywhere, in shops, and offices, and fields, the inhabitants have appeared to me to be doing penance in a thousand remarkable ways. What I have heard of Bramins sitting exposed to four fires and looking in the face of the sun; or hanging suspended, with their heads downward, over flames; or looking at the heavens over their shoulders "until it becomes impossible for them to resume their natural position, while from the twist of the neck nothing but liquids can pass into the stomach"; or dwelling, chained for life, at the foot of a tree; or measuring with their bodies, like caterpillars, the breadth of vast empires; or standing on one leg on the tops of pillars - even these forms of conscious penance are hardly more incredible and astonishing than the scenes which I daily witness. The twelve labors of Hercules were trifling in comparison with those which my neighbors have undertaken; for they were only twelve, and had an end; but I could never see that these men slew or captured any monster or finished any labor. They have no friend Iolaus to burn with a hot iron the root of the hydra's head, but as soon as one head is crushed, two spring up.

我颇想说几句话,与其说是关于那些中国人和桑威奇群岛的岛民,不如说是关于你们这些阅读本书、据说住在新英格兰的人;谈谈你们的境况,特别是你们在这世间、在这镇上外在的境遇或处境,究竟是何光景,是否非得如此糟糕不可,是否真的无法改善。我在康科德游历甚广;无论在店铺、办公室还是田野,在我看来,居民们都在以千百种引人注目的方式苦修。我所听闻的婆罗门教徒置身于四堆火焰之间曝晒,直面烈日;或是头下脚上地倒悬于烈焰之上;或是“扭颈望天,以致无法恢复自然姿态,且因脖颈扭曲,唯有流质能入腹中”;或是终身被铁链锁于树下;或是如尺蠖般以身丈量辽阔帝国的疆域;或是单腿立于柱顶--即便是这些有意识的苦修,也未必比我日目所见的景象更为不可思议、更令人惊愕。与我的邻居们所承担的劳役相比,赫拉克勒斯的十二项伟业简直微不足道;因为后者仅有十二项,且有尽头;可我从未见这些人斩杀或擒获任何怪兽,亦未见他们完成任何一项劳役。他们没有朋友伊俄拉俄斯用烧红的烙铁灼蚀九头蛇的颈根,而是刚砸碎一个脑袋,便冒出两个来。

🔊
fain /feɪn/
adv. (古语或文学)乐意地;宁愿
🔊
Sandwich Islanders /ˈsænwɪdʒ ˈaɪləndəz/
n. phrase. 桑威奇群岛居民(夏威夷旧称)
🔊
Bramins /ˈbrɑːmɪnz/
n. (梵文音译)婆罗门,印度种姓制度中的祭司阶层
🔊
penance /ˈpenəns/
n. 忏悔;苦修
🔊
conscious penance /ˈkɒnʃəs ˈpenəns/
n. phrase. 有意识的苦修/忏悔
🔊
twelve labors of Hercules /twelv ˈleɪbəz əv ˈhɜːkjəliːz/
n. phrase. 赫拉克勒斯的十二项任务(希腊神话)
🔊
trifling /ˈtraɪflɪŋ/
adj. 微不足道的;琐碎的
🔊
Iolaus /aɪəˈleɪəs/
n. 伊俄拉俄斯(希腊神话中赫拉克勒斯的侄子与伙伴)
🔊
hydra /ˈhaɪdrə/
n. 九头蛇(希腊神话中的多头怪物);难以根除的祸患

我见到我的年轻乡邻们,不幸继承了田庄、房屋、谷仓、牲畜和农具;这些东西得来容易,摆脱却难。他们倒不如生来就在开阔的牧场,由母狼哺育,那样或许能用更清亮的眼睛,看清自己命定该在哪片田野上耕耘。是谁令他们沦为土地的农奴?当人注定只须咽下一配克泥土时,他们为何要吞食那六十英亩田地?他们为何一出生就开始为自己挖掘坟墓?他们不得不推着这一大堆家当过活,尽其所能地勉力前行。我见过多少可怜的不朽灵魂,几乎被重负压垮、窒息,在人生路上匍匐蠕行,推着面前一座七十五英尺长、四十英尺宽、从不清理的奥吉亚斯牛棚般的谷仓,还有百来英亩的耕地、草场和林地!那些无产无业、无须与这类多余的祖传累赘搏斗的人,则发现要开垦、耕耘自己那几立方英尺的血肉之躯,已然足够辛劳。

🔊
serfs /sɜːfs/
n. 农奴
🔊
condemned /kənˈdemd/
v. 被谴责;被判处;注定
🔊
peck /pek/
n. 配克(干量单位);少量
🔊
immortal soul /ɪˈmɔːtl səʊl/
n. phrase. 不朽的灵魂
🔊
well-nigh /ˌwel ˈnaɪ/
adv. 几乎
🔊
smothered /ˈsmʌðəd/
v. 使窒息;掩盖;抑制
🔊
Augean stables /ɔːˈdʒiːən ˈsteɪblz/
n. phrase. 奥吉亚斯的牛厩(希腊神话中极脏的牛厩);喻指极其肮脏或难以清理的地方或局面
🔊
portionless /ˈpɔːʃənləs/
adj. 没有份儿的;没有继承财产的
🔊
encumbrances /ɪnˈkʌmbrənsɪz/
n. 负担;累赘;妨碍物
🔊
subdue /səbˈdjuː/
v. 征服;抑制;使柔和

但人们是在谬误之下劳作的。人性中更美好的部分,很快就被犁入泥土,化作了肥料。仿佛被一种看似命运、常被称为必然的东西所驱遣,正如一本古书所言,他们积攒财宝,虫会蛀,锈会蚀,贼会挖穿偷去。此乃愚人的生活,纵使生前不曾醒悟,到了尽头终会发现。据说丢卡利翁和皮拉从头顶向后扔石头,从而创造了人类:-

🔊
compost /ˈkɒmpɒst/
n. 堆肥;混合肥料
🔊
moth and rust /mɒθ ənd rʌst/
n. phrase. 虫蛀和锈蚀(源自《圣经》,喻指物质的朽坏)
🔊
corrupt /kəˈrʌpt/
v. 使腐败;使堕落;破坏
🔊
Deucalion /djuːˈkeɪliən/
n. 杜卡利翁(希腊神话中普罗米修斯之子,洪水后的幸存者与人类再造者)
🔊
Pyrrha /ˈpɪrə/
n. 皮拉(希腊神话中杜卡利翁的妻子)

由此吾侪成坚忍族类,历经劳苦磨砺,

且以吾侪起源之证,昭示吾侪所自何来。

🔊 Or, as Raleigh rhymes it in his sonorous way -

或如雷利以其洪亮音韵所吟咏的那般--

🔊
Raleigh /ˈrɔːli/
n. 雷利(Sir Walter Raleigh,英国探险家、作家)
🔊
sonorous /ˈsɒnərəs/
adj. 响亮的;洪亮的;能发出响亮声音的
🔊 "From thence our kind hard-hearted is, enduring pain and care,

“由此吾族心肠坚硬,忍受苦痛与忧烦,

🔊
hard-hearted /ˌhɑːd ˈhɑːtɪd/
adj. 铁石心肠的;无情的
🔊
enduring /ɪnˈdjʊərɪŋ/
adj. 持久的;耐久的
🔊 Approving that our bodies of a stony nature are."

证吾躯体禀石性,坚不可摧亦如磐。”

🔊
Approving /əˈpruːvɪŋ/
v. 证明;认可;赞成
🔊
stony nature /ˈstəʊni ˈneɪtʃə(r)/
n. phrase. 石头的本质;坚硬如石的性质
🔊 So much for a blind obedience to a blundering oracle, throwing the stones over their heads behind them, and not seeing where they fell.

这便是对一则昏聩神谕的盲目顺从,将石头从头顶向后扔,却不顾它们落向何方。

🔊
blind obedience /blaɪnd əˈbiːdiəns/
n. phrase. 盲从
🔊
blundering oracle /ˈblʌndərɪŋ ˈɒrəkl/
n. phrase. 犯大错的神谕;蹩脚的先知

大多数人,即便在这相对自由的国度,也仅仅由于无知与谬误,终日为人造的忧患与过分粗重的劳作所困,以致无法采摘生命中更为精致的果实。他们的手指因过度辛劳而变得笨拙,颤抖不已。事实上,劳动者日复一日并无闲暇保持一种真正完整的人格;他无法维系最具男子气概的人际关系;他的劳动在市场上只会贬值。他除了做一台机器,别无时间成为其他任何存在。一个不得不频繁运用知识的人,如何能牢记他的无知--那正是他的成长所必需的?在我们评判他之前,有时应当免费供他吃穿,用我们的琼浆使他恢复元气。我们天性中至为精美的品质,如同果实上的茸毛,唯有轻手轻脚方能保全。然而,无论对己对人,我们都不曾这般温柔相待。

🔊
factitious /fækˈtɪʃəs/
adj. 人为的;虚假的;不自然的
🔊
superfluously /suːˈpɜːfluəsli/
adv. 多余地;过剩地
🔊
coarse /kɔːs/
adj. 粗糙的;粗俗的;粗劣的
🔊
plucked /plʌkt/
v. 采摘;拔;拽
🔊
clumsy /ˈklʌmzi/
adj. 笨拙的;不灵巧的
🔊
integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti/
n. 正直;诚实;完整
🔊
depreciated /dɪˈpriːʃieɪtɪd/
v. 贬值;贬低
🔊
gratuitously /ɡrəˈtjuːɪtəsli/
adv. 免费地;无缘无故地
🔊
cordials /ˈkɔːdiəlz/
n. 甜露酒;烈性甜酒;爽心之物
🔊
bloom /bluːm/
n. 花;开花期;最佳时期;(水果表面的)粉霜

我们都知道,你们当中有些人穷困潦倒,度日维艰,有时简直喘不过气来。我毫不怀疑,有些读这本书的人,无力偿付你们业已下肚的餐饭,或是那正迅速磨损乃至已然磨破的外套与鞋子,你们是借着偷来的、从债主那儿克扣下的一小时光阴,才翻到这一页的。你们许多人过着何等卑琐鬼祟的生活,已昭然若揭,因为我的眼光已被经验磨利。你们总在悬崖边缘,试图做点生意,试图摆脱债务--那是个极古老的泥淖,拉丁人称之为“他人的铜币”,因为他们有些硬币是铜铸的;你们仍活着、死去,最终葬身于这“他人的铜币”之下;总许诺要还钱,许诺明日就还,今日却死了,债务未清;为讨好、为拉生意,使尽浑身解数,只差没犯下足以投入州立监狱的罪行了;说谎、谄媚、投票、将自己收缩成一枚礼貌的坚果,或膨胀成一团稀薄而虚浮的慷慨氛围,好说服你的邻居让你为他制鞋、做帽、裁衣、造车,或为他进口杂货;你们把自己弄病了,只为攒下点什么以备病时之需,藏在旧箱子里,或抹灰层后的袜筒内,或更稳妥地,存入砖砌的银行;无论何处,无论多寡。

🔊
gasping /ˈɡɑːspɪŋ/
v. 喘气;喘息
🔊
sneaking /ˈsniːkɪŋ/
adj. 偷偷摸摸的;暗中的
🔊
whetted /wetɪd/
v. 磨快;刺激(食欲、兴趣等)
🔊
slough /slaʊ/
n. 泥沼;困境;蜕皮
🔊
aes alienum /ˌaɪs əˈliːənəm/
n. phrase. (拉丁语)别人的铜钱;外债
🔊
insolvent /ɪnˈsɒlvənt/
adj. 无力偿还债务的;破产的
🔊
curry favor /ˈkʌri ˈfeɪvə(r)/
v. phrase. 讨好;巴结
🔊
civility /səˈvɪləti/
n. 礼貌;客气;礼仪
🔊
vaporous /ˈveɪpərəs/
adj. 蒸汽状的;空洞的;虚无缥缈的

有时我深感诧异,我们竟能如此轻浮--我几乎要说--以至于去关注那种被称为黑奴制度的、粗野且多少有些异域的奴役形态,殊不知奴役南北双方的、敏锐而精微的主子有那么多。有个南方监工固然难受;有个北方监工更糟;但最糟不过的,是你自己成了驱使自己的监工。居然还谈什么人的神性!瞧瞧公路上赶车的把式,日夜兼程赶往集市;他内心可有何种神性在悸动?他最高的职责就是给马喂料饮水!比起航运业的利益,他的命运于他算得了什么?他难道不是在为某个惹事生非的乡绅赶车吗?他何等神圣,何等不朽?看他如何畏缩、如何鬼祟,终日模糊地恐惧着,既不神圣也不不朽,只是他自己对自身看法的奴隶与囚徒,一种由他自身行径赢得的声名。与我们自己的私见相比,公众舆论只是个软弱的暴君。一个人如何看待自己,这才决定,或更准确地说,昭示了他的命运。即便在西部印第安人幻想与想象的疆域里自我解放--那里可有什么威尔伯福斯能促成此事?再想想此间淑女们,她们编织着梳妆坐垫以备末日之用,却不愿对自身命运流露出太多稚嫩的兴趣!仿佛你能消磨时光而不伤及永恒。

🔊
frivolous /ˈfrɪvələs/
adj. 轻浮的;琐碎的;无聊的
🔊
servitude /ˈsɜːvɪtjuːd/
n. 奴役;劳役
🔊
overseer /ˈəʊvəsɪə(r)/
n. 监工;监督人
🔊
teamster /ˈtiːmstə(r)/
n. 卡车司机;驾驭联畜运输车的人
🔊
wending /ˈwendɪŋ/
v. 行走;行进(尤指缓慢或迂回地)
🔊
fodder /ˈfɒdə(r)/
n. 饲料;素材
🔊
cowers /ˈkaʊəz/
v. 蜷缩;畏缩
🔊
sneaks /sniːks/
v. 偷偷地走;溜
🔊
self-emancipation /ˌself ɪˌmænsɪˈpeɪʃn/
n. phrase. 自我解放
🔊
Wilberforce /ˈwɪlbəfɔːs/
n. 威尔伯福斯(William Wilberforce,英国废奴主义者)

芸芸众生过着静默绝望的生活。所谓听天由命,无非是根深蒂固的绝望。你从绝望之城,走向绝望之乡,不得不用水貂与麝鼠的勇气聊以自慰。甚至在人类所谓的游戏与娱乐背后,也蛰伏着一种模式化而不自觉的绝望。其中并无游戏可言,因游戏本在工作之后。但智慧的特征之一,便是不做绝望之事。

🔊
resignation /ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃn/
n. 辞职;顺从;听任
🔊
console /kənˈsəʊl/
v. 安慰;慰藉
🔊
bravery /ˈbreɪvəri/
n. 勇敢;勇气
🔊
minks /mɪŋks/
n. 水貂(复数)
🔊
muskrats /ˈmʌskræts/
n. 麝鼠(复数)
🔊
stereotyped /ˈsteriətaɪpt/
adj. 模式化的;老套的
🔊 When we consider what, to use the words of the catechism, is the chief end of man, and what are the true necessaries and means of life, it appears as if men had deliberately chosen the common mode of living because they preferred it to any other. Yet they honestly think there is no choice left. But alert and healthy natures remember that the sun rose clear. It is never too late to give up our prejudices. No way of thinking or doing, however ancient, can be trusted without proof. What everybody echoes or in silence passes by as true to-day may turn out to be falsehood to-morrow, mere smoke of opinion, which some had trusted for a cloud that would sprinkle fertilizing rain on their fields. What old people say you cannot do, you try and find that you can. Old deeds for old people, and new deeds for new. Old people did not know enough once, perchance, to fetch fresh fuel to keep the fire a-going; new people put a little dry wood under a pot, and are whirled round the globe with the speed of birds, in a way to kill old people, as the phrase is. Age is no better, hardly so well, qualified for an instructor as youth, for it has not profited so much as it has lost. One may almost doubt if the wisest man has learned anything of absolute value by living. Practically, the old have no very important advice to give the young, their own experience has been so partial, and their lives have been such miserable failures, for private reasons, as they must believe; and it may be that they have some faith left which belies that experience, and they are only less young than they were. I have lived some thirty years on this planet, and I have yet to hear the first syllable of valuable or even earnest advice from my seniors. They have told me nothing, and probably cannot tell me anything to the purpose. Here is life, an experiment to a great extent untried by me; but it does not avail me that they have tried it. If I have any experience which I think valuable, I am sure to reflect that this my Mentors said nothing about.

当我们思考,借用教义问答的话说,什么是人生的首要目的,什么是生活真正的必需品与手段时,仿佛人们是经过深思熟虑才选择了这种普通的生活方式,因为他们偏爱它胜过其他任何方式。然而他们真诚地以为别无选择。但警醒而健康的天性记得,太阳升起时本是清朗的。抛弃偏见,永远为时不晚。任何一种思考或行事的方式,无论多么古老,未经证实皆不可轻信。今日人人附和或默认为真理的,明日或证其为谬误,不过是见解的烟雾,有人曾误信其为能滋润田地的云雨。老人们说你不能做的事,你尝试后却发现你能。旧事有旧法,新事有新途。老人们或许曾一度懂得不够,未能添薪以维持炉火不熄;新人则在锅下放一小块干柴,便能以飞鸟之速环游地球,照老话说,足令老人气绝。年龄未必就更胜任导师之职,甚或不及青年,因其所得不偿所失。人们几乎会怀疑,即便最智慧的人,是否真从生活中习得任何绝对有价值之物。实际上,老年人提不出什么至关重要的忠告给年轻人,他们自身的经验是如此片面,而他们的生活,由于种种私密缘由,是那般惨痛的失败,他们必得相信这些缘由;或许他们还残留着些许与经验相悖的信念,只是不复年轻时的光景罢了。我在这星球上活了约莫三十年,至今还未从长辈那里听到一句有价值、甚或诚挚的忠告。他们什么也不曾告诉我,而且恐怕也告诉不了我任何切中要害的话。生活,在很大程度上于我仍是一场未竟的试验;但他们尝试过的事实,于我并无裨益。倘若我有什么自认为宝贵的经验,我确信,我的门托尔对此也从未置喙。

🔊
catechism /ˈkætɪkɪzəm/
n. (基督教)教理问答;问答教学法
🔊
necessaries /ˈnɛsəsəriz/
n. 必需品(复数形式)
🔊
deliberately /dɪˈlɪbərətli/
adv. 故意地;慎重地
🔊
prejudices /ˈprɛdʒədɪsɪz/
n. 偏见,成见(复数)
🔊
echoes /ˈɛkoʊz/
v. 重复(他人的话等);发出回声
🔊
falsehood /ˈfɔːlshʊd/
n. 谎言;虚假
🔊
perchance /pərˈtʃæns/
adv. 或许,可能(古语或正式用语)
🔊
a-going /əˈɡoʊɪŋ/
adj. 进行中的(古语或方言)
🔊
whirled /wɜːrld/
v. (使)快速旋转;急转(过去式)
🔊
qualified /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/
adj. 有资格的;胜任的;有限制的
🔊
profited /ˈprɒfɪtɪd/
v. 获益,获利(过去式)
🔊
partial /ˈpɑːrʃl/
adj. 部分的;不完全的;偏袒的
🔊
belies /bɪˈlaɪz/
v. 掩饰;证明...为虚假;与...不符
🔊
seniors /ˈsiːniərz/
n. 年长者;前辈;高年级学生(复数)
🔊
avail /əˈveɪl/
v. 有益于,有助于
🔊
Mentors /ˈmɛntɔːrz/
n. 导师,指导者(复数,首字母大写)

一位农夫对我说:“你不能单靠素食过活,因为它不提供长骨头的材料。”于是他虔诚地每日花一部分时间,为他的身体补充制造骨骼的原料;他边说边跟在牛后踱步,而那牛,凭着植物制造的骨骼,拖着他和他那笨重的犁具,不顾一切障碍前行。在某些圈子,尤其是最无助、最病态的圈子,有些东西确为生活必需品,而在另一些圈子,它们仅是奢侈品,在还有些圈子,则全然闻所未闻。

🔊
solely /ˈsoʊlli/
adv. 仅仅,唯一地
🔊
religiously /rɪˈlɪdʒəsli/
adv. 虔诚地;严谨地,一丝不苟地
🔊
lumbering /ˈlʌmbərɪŋ/
adj. 笨拙而缓慢移动的;沉重的
🔊
obstacle /ˈɒbstək(ə)l/
n. 障碍,阻碍
🔊
luxuries /ˈlʌkʃəriz/
n. 奢侈品;奢华(复数)

在某些人看来,人类生活的全部疆域似乎都已被前人踏遍,高山低谷,万事万物皆已料理妥帖。据伊夫林所言:“智慧的所罗门甚至为树木的间距立下法度;罗马的执政官亦曾裁断,你可以进入邻人土地多少次,去拾取落下的橡实而不算侵权,以及多大份额归邻人所有。”希波克拉底甚至留下了我们该如何修剪指甲的指引:须与指尖平齐,不长不短。无疑,那种自以为已穷尽生活多样与欢愉的厌倦与无聊,是与亚当一般古老的。但人的能力从未被估量过;我们也不能依据任何先例来评判他所能为,因尝试得太少了。无论你迄今有何失败,“莫要苦恼,我的孩子,谁能指派你还有何事未竟?”

🔊
predecessors /ˈpriːdɪsesərz/
n. 前任;前辈;原有事物(复数)
🔊
ordinances /ˈɔːrdɪnənsɪz/
n. 法令,条例;传统习俗(复数)
🔊
praetors /ˈpriːtərz/
n. (古罗马的)执政官,行政长官(复数)
🔊
trespass /ˈtrɛspəs/
n. 非法侵入;侵害
🔊
tedium /ˈtiːdiəm/
n. 冗长乏味,单调
🔊
ennui /ɒnˈwiː/
n. 倦怠,无聊(尤指因富足或无所事事引起)
🔊
precedents /ˈprɛsɪdənts/
n. 先例,判例(复数)
🔊
afflicted /əˈflɪktɪd/
adj. 受折磨的,痛苦的

我们本可用千百种简单的试验来检验自己的生活;例如,那催熟我豆子的太阳,亦同时照耀着一个如我们这般的星系。我若记得这一点,本可避免某些谬误。这并非我锄地时所思及的光亮。星辰是多么神奇三角的顶点啊!宇宙各处宅邸中,相距遥远、迥然相异的生灵,竟在同一时刻凝望着同一颗星!自然与人类生活,一如我们各自的体质那般千差万别。谁能断言生活为另一人呈现出何等前景?难道还有比我们通过彼此的眼睛对视一瞬更伟大的奇迹吗?我们本可在一小时内体验世界的所有时代;是的,体验万古之中所有世界的时代。历史,诗歌,神话!--我所知的阅读他人经验之法,无有能比此更为惊心动魄、启人深省。

🔊
ripens /ˈraɪpənz/
v. (使)成熟
🔊
illumines /ɪˈluːmɪnz/
v. 照亮;启发(古语或诗语)
🔊
hoed /hoʊd/
v. 用锄头锄(地)(过去式)
🔊
apexes /ˈeɪpeksɪz/
n. 顶点,最高点(复数)
🔊
contemplating /ˈkɒntəmpleɪtɪŋ/
v. 沉思,思忖;考虑(现在分词)
🔊
constitutions /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃ(ə)nz/
n. 宪法;体质,体格;构成(复数)
🔊
prospect /ˈprɒspekt/
n. 可能性,前景;展望
🔊
startling /ˈstɑːrtlɪŋ/
adj. 令人震惊的,惊人的
🔊
informing /ɪnˈfɔːrmɪŋ/
adj. 提供信息的;有启发性的

我的邻居们称之为善的大部分事物,我灵魂深处却信其为恶;倘若我为何事悔恨,那极可能便是我循规蹈矩的行径。是何等恶魔附体,令我表现得如此之好?你尽可说出你所能及的最睿智之言,老人--你已活了七十年,并非全无荣光--我听见一个无可抗拒的声音,正召唤我远离这一切。一代人抛弃另一代人的事业,如同遗弃搁浅的舟船。

🔊
repent /rɪˈpent/
v. 悔改,后悔
🔊
irresistible /ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəb(ə)l/
adj. 不可抗拒的;非常诱人的
🔊
abandons /əˈbændənz/
v. 抛弃,放弃
🔊
enterprises /ˈentəpraɪzɪz/
n. 事业,企业;进取心(复数)
🔊
stranded /ˈstrændɪd/
adj. 搁浅的;被困的;处于困境的

我认为我们大可以比现在所敢于信任的,再多信任一些。我们尽可将对自己的那份操心省下,真诚地投注于他处。自然既顺应我们的孱弱,亦顺应我们的力量。某些人无休无止的焦虑与紧张,乃是一种近乎不治的痼疾。我们生来便好夸大所做工作的重要性;然而有多少工作是我们未曾做的啊!或者,万一我们病倒了呢?我们是何等警惕!决意尽可能不靠信仰过活;终日戒备,到了夜里,我们不情愿地祷告,将自己托付给未知。我们被如此彻底而真诚地迫使着生活,崇敬生命,否认改变的可能。我们说,此乃唯一之途;然则从一个中心能画出多少条半径,便有多少条路。一切变化皆是值得沉思的奇迹;但这奇迹每一刻都在发生。孔子曰:“知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。”当一人将想象中的一个事实,化作他理解中的一个事实,我预见,所有人终将把他们的生活建立在此基础之上。

🔊
waive /weɪv/
v. 放弃(权利、要求等);免除
🔊
bestow /bɪˈstoʊ/
v. 赠予,授予
🔊
incessant /ɪnˈses(ə)nt/
adj. 持续不断的,不停的
🔊
incurable /ɪnˈkjʊərəb(ə)l/
adj. 无法治愈的;无可救药的
🔊
vigilant /ˈvɪdʒɪlənt/
adj. 警惕的,警觉的
🔊
reverencing /ˈrevərənsɪŋ/
v. 尊敬,崇敬(现在分词)
🔊
radii /ˈreɪdiaɪ/
n. 半径(radius的复数)

让我们稍加思量,我所提及的大多数烦恼与焦虑所为何事,我们又有多必要为此烦恼,或至少是小心在意。过一种原始而边陲的生活,即使置身于外在文明之中,亦不无裨益,即便仅仅是为了弄清何为粗陋的生活必需品,以及人们采取了哪些方法来获取它们;甚或去翻阅商人陈旧的流水账,看看人们最常在店铺购得何物,储藏何物,亦即最粗陋的杂货为何。因时代的改良对人类生存的基本法则影响甚微;正如我们的骨骼,大抵与祖先的骨骼并无二致。

🔊
primitive /ˈprɪmətɪv/
adj. 原始的,早期的;简陋的
🔊
frontier /ˈfrʌntɪər/
n. 边境,边疆;新领域
🔊
outward /ˈaʊtwərd/
adj. 外表的,向外的
🔊
gross /ɡroʊs/
adj. 总的,毛的;严重的;粗俗的
🔊
groceries /ˈɡroʊsəriz/
n. 食品杂货(复数)
🔊
skeletons /ˈskelɪt(ə)nz/
n. 骨骼,骨架;梗概(复数)
🔊 By the words, necessary of life, I mean whatever, of all that man obtains by his own exertions, has been from the first, or from long use has become, so important to human life that few, if any, whether from savageness, or poverty, or philosophy, ever attempt to do without it. To many creatures there is in this sense but one necessary of life, Food. To the bison of the prairie it is a few inches of palatable grass, with water to drink; unless he seeks the Shelter of the forest or the mountain's shadow. None of the brute creation requires more than Food and Shelter. The necessaries of life for man in this climate may, accurately enough, be distributed under the several heads of Food, Shelter, Clothing, and Fuel; for not till we have secured these are we prepared to entertain the true problems of life with freedom and a prospect of success. Man has invented, not only houses, but clothes and cooked food; and possibly from the accidental discovery of the warmth of fire, and the consequent use of it, at first a luxury, arose the present necessity to sit by it. We observe cats and dogs acquiring the same second nature. By proper Shelter and Clothing we legitimately retain our own internal heat; but with an excess of these, or of Fuel, that is, with an external heat greater than our own internal, may not cookery properly be said to begin? Darwin, the naturalist, says of the inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego, that while his own party, who were well clothed and sitting close to a fire, were far from too warm, these naked savages, who were farther off, were observed, to his great surprise, "to be streaming with perspiration at undergoing such a roasting." So, we are told, the New Hollander goes naked with impunity, while the European shivers in his clothes. Is it impossible to combine the hardiness of these savages with the intellectualness of the civilized man? According to Liebig, man's body is a stove, and food the fuel which keeps up the internal combustion in the lungs. In cold weather we eat more, in warm less. The animal heat is the result of a slow combustion, and disease and death take place when this is too rapid; or for want of fuel, or from some defect in the draught, the fire goes out. Of course the vital heat is not to be confounded with fire; but so much for analogy. It appears, therefore, from the above list, that the expression, animal life, is nearly synonymous with the expression, animal heat; for while Food may be regarded as the Fuel which keeps up the fire within us - and Fuel serves only to prepare that Food or to increase the warmth of our bodies by addition from without - Shelter and Clothing also serve only to retain the heat thus generated and absorbed.

我所说的生活必需品,系指人类通过自身努力所获一切事物中,那些自始便对人类生活至关重要,或由于长期使用而变得至关重要者,以致鲜有人(纵或有之)会试图摒弃,无论出于野蛮、贫穷抑或哲思。对许多生物而言,在此意义上仅有一种必需品,即食物。对草原上的野牛来说,几英寸鲜美的青草外加饮水,便是其生活必需品;除非它寻求森林或山阴的遮蔽。兽类无有需要超过食物与遮蔽之物者。在此气候下,人类的生活必需品大可准确地分为以下几类:食物、住所、衣物与燃料;因唯有确保这些之后,我们方有余力自由地、且怀抱成功之望地思考生活真正的问题。人类不仅发明了房屋,亦发明了衣物与熟食;或系偶然发现火的温暖,随之加以利用--起初是种奢侈--方衍生出如今围炉而坐的必要。我们观察到猫狗亦习得同样的第二天性。借由适宜的住所与衣物,我们合法地保留了自身的体热;然若此二者或燃料过剩,亦即外部热量超出了我们自身的体热,岂非恰可称之为烹饪之始?博物学家达尔文言及火地岛的居民,说他那一行人衣履周备,紧挨火堆而坐,犹觉远非太暖,而那些赤身露体的野蛮人,离火更远,却“被烤得大汗淋漓”,令他大为惊异。同样,我们听闻新荷兰人赤身裸体而无恙,而欧洲人裹衣犹颤。难道不可能将此等野蛮人之强健体魄与文明人之才智相融合?据李比希所言,人体乃一火炉,食物则是维持肺部内燃的燃料。天寒时我们食多,天暖时食少。动物热量乃缓慢燃烧之结果,当此过程过速,则疾病与死亡降临;或因燃料匮乏,或因通风不良,炉火便熄。当然,生命热量不可与火混为一谈;然类比止于此。故由上列清单观之,“动物生命”之表述,几与“动物热量”同义;因食物固可视作维持体内炉火之燃料--而燃料仅用于预备食物,或自外部增添体温--然住所与衣物亦仅用于保存如此生成与吸收的热量。

🔊
exertions /ɪɡˈzɜːrʃ(ə)nz/
n. 努力,尽力;费力(复数)
🔊
savageness /ˈsævɪdʒnəs/
n. 野蛮,未开化
🔊
bison /ˈbaɪs(ə)n/
n. 北美野牛
🔊
prairie /ˈpreəri/
n. 大草原
🔊
palatable /ˈpælətəb(ə)l/
adj. 可口的,美味的;合意的
🔊
brute /bruːt/
n. 野兽;残暴的人
🔊
accurately /ˈækjərətli/
adv. 精确地,准确地
🔊
legitimately /lɪˈdʒɪtɪmətli/
adv. 合法地;正当地
🔊
cookery /ˈkʊkəri/
n. 烹饪术,烹饪
🔊
naturalist /ˈnætʃ(ə)rəlɪst/
n. 博物学家,自然主义者
🔊
perspiration /ˌpɜːrspəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/
n. 汗,出汗
🔊
impunity /ɪmˈpjuːnəti/
n. 免罚,不受惩罚
🔊
hardiness /ˈhɑːrdinəs/
n. 耐劳,强壮;耐寒性
🔊
intellectualness /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəlnəs/
n. 智力,理智
🔊
combustion /kəmˈbʌstʃ(ə)n/
n. 燃烧
🔊
draught /dræft/
n. 气流,通风;一饮(英式拼法,美式常作 draft)
🔊
analogy /əˈnælədʒi/
n. 类比,比喻
🔊
synonymous /sɪˈnɒnɪməs/
adj. 同义的
🔊 The grand necessity, then, for our bodies, is to keep warm, to keep the vital heat in us. What pains we accordingly take, not only with our Food, and Clothing, and Shelter, but with our beds, which are our night-clothes, robbing the nests and breasts of birds to prepare this shelter within a shelter, as the mole has its bed of grass and leaves at the end of its burrow! The poor man is wont to complain that this is a cold world; and to cold, no less physical than social, we refer directly a great part of our ails. The summer, in some climates, makes possible to man a sort of Elysian life. Fuel, except to cook his Food, is then unnecessary; the sun is his fire, and many of the fruits are sufficiently cooked by its rays; while Food generally is more various, and more easily obtained, and Clothing and Shelter are wholly or half unnecessary. At the present day, and in this country, as I find by my own experience, a few implements, a knife, an axe, a spade, a wheelbarrow, etc., and for the studious, lamplight, stationery, and access to a few books, rank next to necessaries, and can all be obtained at a trifling cost. Yet some, not wise, go to the other side of the globe, to barbarous and unhealthy regions, and devote themselves to trade for ten or twenty years, in order that they may live - that is, keep comfortably warm - and die in New England at last. The luxuriously rich are not simply kept comfortably warm, but unnaturally hot; as I implied before, they are cooked, of course a la mode.

故而,我们身体之重大需求,乃是保暖,保持体内生命热量。为此我们何等煞费苦心,不仅于食物、衣物与住所,于床铺亦然,床铺乃我们之夜衣,我们掠夺鸟巢与鸟胸以营构这住所中之居所,正如鼹鼠在穴道尽头铺设草叶为床!穷人惯于抱怨此乃冰冷人世;而我们多半疾患,皆可直接归因于身体与社会层面的双重寒冷。于某些气候,夏日令人可能过上一种极乐生活。彼时,除烹饪食物外,燃料非属必需;太阳便是他的炉火,许多果实在其光线下已熟透;而食物通常更为多样,更易获取,衣物与住所则全然或部分无需。据我自身经验,当今在此国度,几件器具--刀、斧、铲、手推车等--以及于好学之士,灯火、文具与几本书的获取途径,皆仅次于必需品,且所费无几。然总有不智之人,远涉重洋,前往蛮荒不毛之地,投身贸易十载或廿年,为的不过是活命--亦即保持舒适温暖--最终死在新英格兰。奢侈的富人非仅舒适地保持温暖,更是热得不自然;如前文所暗示,他们是被“烹饪”了,自然是时髦烹饪法。

🔊
robbing /ˈrɒbɪŋ/
v. 抢劫,剥夺(现在分词)
🔊
mole /moʊl/
n. 鼹鼠
🔊
burrow /ˈbɜːroʊ/
n. (动物挖的)地洞,洞穴
🔊
wont /woʊnt/
adj. 惯常的,习惯于(古语或正式)
🔊
Elysian /ɪˈlɪziən/
adj. 极乐世界的,幸福的
🔊
studious /ˈstuːdiəs/
adj. 好学的,用功的;专心的
🔊
stationery /ˈsteɪʃəneri/
n. 文具
🔊
barbarous /ˈbɑːrb(ə)rəs/
adj. 野蛮的,残暴的
🔊
luxuriously /lʌɡˈʒʊriəsli/
adv. 奢侈地,豪华地
🔊
a la mode /ˌɑː lɑː ˈmoʊd/
adj. 时髦的,流行的;加冰淇淋的(法语短语)
🔊 Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts of life, are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind. With respect to luxuries and comforts, the wisest have ever lived a more simple and meagre life than the poor. The ancient philosophers, Chinese, Hindoo, Persian, and Greek, were a class than which none has been poorer in outward riches, none so rich in inward. We know not much about them. It is remarkable that we know so much of them as we do. The same is true of the more modern reformers and benefactors of their race. None can be an impartial or wise observer of human life but from the vantage ground of what we should call voluntary poverty. Of a life of luxury the fruit is luxury, whether in agriculture, or commerce, or literature, or art. There are nowadays professors of philosophy, but not philosophers. Yet it is admirable to profess because it was once admirable to live. To be a philosopher is not merely to have subtle thoughts, nor even to found a school, but so to love wisdom as to live according to its dictates, a life of simplicity, independence, magnanimity, and trust. It is to solve some of the problems of life, not only theoretically, but practically. The success of great scholars and thinkers is commonly a courtier-like success, not kingly, not manly. They make shift to live merely by conformity, practically as their fathers did, and are in no sense the progenitors of a noble race of men. But why do men degenerate ever? What makes families run out? What is the nature of the luxury which enervates and destroys nations? Are we sure that there is none of it in our own lives? The philosopher is in advance of his age even in the outward form of his life. He is not fed, sheltered, clothed, warmed, like his contemporaries. How can a man be a philosopher and not maintain his vital heat by better methods than other men?

多数奢侈品及诸多所谓的生活舒适品,非但非属不可或缺,反而是人类升华之积极障碍。就奢侈与舒适而言,历来最智慧之人所过的生活,较穷人更为简朴清贫。古代哲人,中国、印度、波斯及希腊之哲人,其外在一类,论财富无一更贫,论内在则无一更富。我们对其所知不多。可怪者,我们对他们的了解竟至于此。于其族类中更为近世的革新者与施惠者,亦复如是。若非立于我们所谓自愿贫穷之有利位置,无人能成为人类生活公正而智慧的观察者。奢侈生活之果实便是奢侈,无论于农业、商业、文学抑或艺术。如今有哲学教授,却无哲学家。然则从事此业依然可敬,因其一度曾是令人敬仰的生活方式。为哲人,非仅怀精妙之思,亦非仅立一学派,乃是如此挚爱智慧,乃至依其指引而活,过一种简朴、独立、宽宏与信任的生活。乃是解决生命诸多问题,非仅于理论,亦于实践。大学者大思想家之成功,常属廷臣式之成功,非王者之风,亦非丈夫之气。他们仅靠顺应谋生,实则一如父辈,绝非高尚人类种族之先驱。然则人类何以总在退化?家族何以中落?那种使国家衰弱并终致毁灭的奢侈,其本性为何?我们能否确信自身生活中全无沾染?哲人甚至在其生活之外在形式上,亦领先于其时代。他不像同时代人那样被喂养、庇护、穿衣、取暖。一个人若不能较他人以更善之法维持其生命热量,又焉能成为哲人?

🔊
indispensable /ˌɪndɪˈspensəb(ə)l/
adj. 不可或缺的,必不可少的
🔊
hindrances /ˈhɪndrənsɪz/
n. 阻碍,妨碍(复数)
🔊
elevation /ˌelɪˈveɪʃ(ə)n/
n. 提升,提高;海拔
🔊
meagre /ˈmiːɡər/
adj. 贫乏的,不足的;瘦的
🔊
Hindoo /ˈhɪnduː/
n. 印度人,印度教信徒(旧时拼法,现通常用 Hindu)
🔊
vantage /ˈvæntɪdʒ/
n. 优势,有利地位
🔊
voluntary /ˈvɒlənt(ə)ri/
adj. 自愿的,志愿的
🔊
impartial /ɪmˈpɑːrʃ(ə)l/
adj. 公正的,不偏不倚的
🔊
benefactors /ˈbenɪfæktərz/
n. 捐助者,恩人(复数)
🔊
subtle /ˈsʌt(ə)l/
adj. 微妙的;精巧的;敏锐的
🔊
magnanimity /ˌmæɡnəˈnɪməti/
n. 宽宏大量,慷慨
🔊
courtier-like /ˈkɔːrtiər laɪk/
adj. 朝臣般的,阿谀奉承的
🔊
make shift /meɪk ʃɪft/
v. phrase. 凑合,将就
🔊
conformity /kənˈfɔːrməti/
n. 一致,符合;遵从
🔊
progenitors /proʊˈdʒenɪtərz/
n. 祖先,先驱;创始人(复数)
🔊
degenerate /dɪˈdʒenəreɪt/
v. 退化,堕落
🔊
enervates /ˈenərveɪts/
v. 使衰弱,使无力

当一人通过我所描述之诸般方式暖和过来,其复欲何求?当然不再是更多同类的温暖,诸如更丰盛的食物、更宏丽的屋宇、更精美充裕的衣物、更持久炽热的炉火之类。当其获致生活必需之物后,除却获取多余之物,尚有另一种选择;那便是,即刻启程去历险生活,其从卑微劳作中解脱的假期已然开始。土地看来适于种子,因其胚根已向下深扎,而今亦可满怀信心地向上抽发嫩芽。人类何以将自己如此牢固地植根于泥土?岂不正是为了能以同等比例,向苍穹之上生长?--盖因更高贵的植物之所以受珍视,是为其最终在远离地面的空气与光华中结出果实,它们不似卑微的食用植物那般被对待,后者虽是多年生,却只在根茎长成时方受栽培,且常为此目的而被截去顶端,以致多数人于其花季亦无从辨识。

🔊
superfluities /ˌsuːpərˈfluːətiz/
n. 多余物,过剩品(复数)
🔊
adventure /ədˈventʃər/
v. 冒险;大胆进行
🔊
vacation /vəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/
n. 假期;休假
🔊
humbler /ˈhʌmblər/
adj. 更卑微的,更谦逊的(比较级)
🔊
toil /tɔɪl/
n. 苦工,劳累的工作
🔊
radicle /ˈrædɪk(ə)l/
n. 胚根,小根
🔊
esculents /ˈeskjʊlənts/
n. 食用植物,食物(复数,较正式或古语)
🔊
biennials /baɪˈeniəlz/
n. 两年生植物(复数)

我无意向那些坚强勇毅的天性立规设矩,无论在天堂或地狱,他们皆会料理自身之事,且或许比最富者建造得更宏伟、挥霍得更无度,却从不令己贫困,甚至不自知如何过活--倘若真有此等人物,诚如梦中所见;亦非写给那些恰恰从现状中获得鼓舞与灵感,并以情人般的痴迷热情珍视之的人们--在某种程度上,我自忖亦属此类;我亦非要对那些无论境况如何皆各得其所者言语,他们自知是否各得其所;--我主要欲向那大众言说,他们心怀不满,且慵懒地抱怨自身命运多舛或生不逢时,而他们本可改善之。有些人抱怨得最是激烈,最是无可慰藉,因其正在,如其自言,履行己责。我心中尚念及那一类看似富裕、实则最为可悲地贫困之人,他们积攒了渣滓,却不知如何使用或摆脱,遂为自己锻造了金枷银锁。

🔊
valiant /ˈvæliənt/
adj. 勇敢的,英勇的
🔊
magnificently /mæɡˈnɪfɪs(ə)ntli/
adv. 宏伟地,壮丽地;极好地
🔊
lavishly /ˈlævɪʃli/
adv. 奢侈地,大量地
🔊
impoverishing /ɪmˈpɒv(ə)rɪʃɪŋ/
v. 使贫穷,使枯竭(现在分词)
🔊
cherish /ˈtʃerɪʃ/
v. 珍爱,怀抱(希望等)
🔊
fondness /ˈfɒndnəs/
n. 喜爱,爱好
🔊
discontented /ˌdɪskənˈtentɪd/
adj. 不满的,不满足的
🔊
energetically /ˌenərˈdʒetɪkli/
adv. 精力充沛地;积极地
🔊
inconsolably /ˌɪnkənˈsoʊləbli/
adv. 无法安慰地,极度沮丧地
🔊
dross /drɒs/
n. 渣滓,废物;杂质
🔊
fetters /ˈfetərz/
n. 脚镣;束缚,羁绊(复数)

若我试图讲述往昔岁月里曾如何渴望度过此生,恐令那些对我实际经历略知一二的读者讶异;于那些一无所知者,则必致震惊。我只愿略略提及一些我曾珍视的尝试。

🔊
acquainted /əˈkweɪntɪd/
adj. 熟悉的,了解的
🔊
astonish /əˈstɒnɪʃ/
v. 使惊讶,使吃惊
🔊
cherished /ˈtʃerɪʃt/
v. 珍爱,珍视(过去式)

无论何种天气,无论昼夜何时,我总渴望把握光阴罅隙,并在我手杖上刻下凹痕;伫立于过去与未来这两个永恒的交汇点,那正是此刻当下;紧踏那条线。其中或有晦涩之处,尚祈见谅,因我的行当藏着比大多数人多得多的秘密,且非有意保守,实与其本性密不可分。我愿欣然尽述所知,绝不会在大门上涂写“闲人免进”。

🔊
nick /nɪk/
n. 恰好时刻;刻痕
🔊
notch /nɒtʃ/
v. 刻凹痕;赢得
🔊
eternities /ɪˈtɜːrnətiz/
n. 永恒;似乎无限长的时间(复数)
🔊
obscurities /əbˈskjʊərətiz/
n. 费解之处;默默无闻(复数)
🔊
inseparable /ɪnˈsep(ə)rəb(ə)l/
adj. 分不开的,不可分割的

我很久以前丢失了一只猎犬、一匹枣红马和一只斑鸠,至今仍在循迹追踪。我曾向许多旅人打听过它们,描述其踪迹及它们会回应何种呼唤。我曾遇一二人,他们听过犬吠与马蹄声,甚至见斑鸠隐入云后,他们似乎与我一般急切想寻回它们,仿佛是他们自己所失。

🔊
hound /haʊnd/
n. 猎犬
🔊
bay /beɪ/
adj. 红棕色的(尤指马)
🔊
turtle dove /ˈtɜːrt(ə)l dʌv/
n. 斑鸠
🔊
tramp /træmp/
n. 沉重的脚步声;长途跋涉

我所期待的,非仅日出与黎明,若有可能,更是自然本身!多少个清晨,无论冬夏,在邻人尚未开始为生计奔忙之前,我已着手自己的活计!无疑,我的许多同乡曾遇见我完成此番差事后归来,那些黎明时分动身前往波士顿的农夫,或是出工的樵夫。诚然,我从未在物质上助益太阳东升,但毋庸怀疑,能身临其境,其本身即为至关重要之事。

🔊
anticipate /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/
v. 预见;预料
🔊
merely /ˈmɪəli/
adv. 仅仅,只不过
🔊
materially /məˈtɪəriəli/
adv. 物质上;实质上;相当大地

多少个秋日,是的,还有冬日,我都在镇外度过,试图探听风中消息,聆听并迅速传递!我几乎投尽所有本钱,还跑得气喘吁吁,险将自家呼吸也搭了进去,逆风疾行。倘若此事关乎任何政党,信我之言,它早该带着最早的情报见诸公报了。其他时候,我则从某处悬崖或树上的瞭望台守望,用电讯报告任何新来者;或于薄暮时分在山巅等候天塌,好抓住些什么,虽从未抓住多少,且那物事,如吗哪一般,总在日光下再度消融。

🔊
express /ɪkˈspres/
adv. 以快递方式;迅速地
🔊
capital /ˈkæpɪtl/
n. 资金,资本
🔊
bargain /ˈbɑːɡən/
n. 交易;便宜货
🔊
Gazette /ɡəˈzet/
n. (用作报纸名称)公报,报
🔊
intelligence /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/
n. 情报;信息;智力
🔊
observatory /əbˈzɜːvətri/
n. 天文台;观测站
🔊
telegraph /ˈtelɪɡrɑːf/
v. 打电报;流露,显示
🔊
manna-wise /ˈmænə waɪz/
adv. 像吗哪一样(《圣经》中古以色列人经过荒野时获得的神赐食物,此处比喻短暂易逝之物)

曾有很长一段时日,我是一家报刊的通讯员,那报刊发行不广,编辑至今认为不宜发表我的大部分投稿,而且,正如作家常遇之事,我仅落得白费辛劳。然则,此番辛劳本身即是酬报。

🔊
circulation /ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃn/
n. 发行量;流通
🔊
bulk /bʌlk/
n. 大部分;主体
🔊
contributions /ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃnz/
n. (pl.). 投稿;贡献
🔊
pains /peɪnz/
n. (pl.). 辛苦;努力
🔊 For many years I was self-appointed inspector of snow-storms and rain-storms, and did my duty faithfully; surveyor, if not of highways, then of forest paths and all across-lot routes, keeping them open, and ravines bridged and passable at all seasons, where the public heel had testified to their utility.

多年间,我自封为风雪与雨暴的稽查员,并忠实践职;作为测量员--若非公路的,便是林间小径与所有穿野越田路线的--保持其畅通,并使峡谷于四季皆可借桥通行,凡公众足迹所至,皆证其实用。

🔊
self-appointed /ˌself əˈpɔɪntɪd/
adj. 自封的,自己任命的
🔊
inspector /ɪnˈspektə(r)/
n. 检查员;视察员
🔊
surveyor /səˈveɪə(r)/
n. 测量员;勘测员
🔊
highways /ˈhaɪweɪz/
n. (pl.). 公路
🔊
ravines /rəˈviːnz/
n. (pl.). 沟壑,峡谷
🔊
bridged /brɪdʒd/
v. (past participle). 架桥于;连接,弥合
🔊
passable /ˈpɑːsəbl/
adj. 可通行的;尚可的
🔊
utility /juːˈtɪləti/
n. 效用,功用;公用事业

我曾照管镇上野生动物的存量,它们跃过篱笆,给忠实的牧人平添不少麻烦;我也留意过农场中人迹罕至的角落;虽并不总知今日在特定田地里劳作的是约拿抑或所罗门;那不关我事。我给红越橘、沙樱桃与椴树,红松与黑梣,白葡萄与黄堇菜浇过水,否则它们在旱季或已枯萎。

🔊
stock /stɒk/
n. 牲畜;存货;股票
🔊
herdsman /ˈhɜːdzmən/
n. 牧人
🔊
unfrequented /ˌʌnfrɪˈkwentɪd/
adj. 人迹罕至的,冷僻的
🔊
nooks /nʊks/
n. (pl.). 角落;隐蔽处
🔊
huckleberry /ˈhʌklberi/
n. 越橘类植物
🔊
nettle-tree /ˈnetl triː/
n. 朴树(一种树木)
🔊
ash /æʃ/
n. 白蜡树;灰
🔊
violet /ˈvaɪələt/
n. 紫罗兰;蓝紫色
🔊
withered /ˈwɪðəd/
adj. 枯萎的,凋谢的

总之,我如此这般持续了许久(我言此并非自夸),忠实地料理我的事务,直至愈发明显的是,我的同乡们终究不会将我列入镇官名录,亦不会予我一个领微薄津贴的闲职。我的账目,我敢发誓一直记得忠实,确实从未被审计,遑论被接受、支付与结算。然则,我并未将心思悬系于此。

🔊
boasting /ˈbəʊstɪŋ/
n. 吹嘘,自夸
🔊
evident /ˈevɪdənt/
adj. 明显的,清楚的
🔊
sinecure /ˈsaɪnɪkjʊə(r)/
n. 闲职,挂名职务
🔊
allowance /əˈlaʊəns/
n. 津贴,补贴;限额
🔊
audited /ˈɔːdɪtɪd/
v. (past participle). 审计,查账
🔊
settled /ˈsetld/
v. (past participle). 结清(账目);解决

不久前,一个流浪的印第安人前往我附近一位知名律师家中售卖篮子。“您想买篮子吗?”他问道。“不,我们不需要,”对方回答。“什么!”那印第安人走出大门时嚷道,“您这是想饿死我们吗?”眼见他那勤勉的白人邻居们如此优渥--那位律师只须编织论点,财富与地位便仿佛凭借某种魔力随之而来--他心中自忖:我也要去经商;我要编篮子;这是我能为之事。他想着,待篮子编好,他便尽了己责,接着就该轮到白人来购买了。他尚未领悟,他必须设法让对方觉得买他的篮子划算,或至少让对方觉得如此,抑或制作别样值得对方购买之物。我也曾编织一种质地精巧的篮子,但未让任何人觉得值得买它们。然而,于我而言,我仍认为编织它们是值得我花时间的,非但未研究如何让人们觉得值得买我的篮子,我研究的倒是如何避免不得不卖掉它们的必要。人们所赞扬并视作成功的那种生活,不过其中一种而已。我们何以要厚此薄彼,夸大任何一种?

🔊
strolling /ˈstrəʊlɪŋ/
adj. 漫步的,闲逛的
🔊
industrious /ɪnˈdʌstriəs/
adj. 勤奋的,勤劳的
🔊
standing /ˈstændɪŋ/
n. 地位,身份;声望
🔊
delicate /ˈdelɪkət/
adj. 精致的;微妙的;脆弱的
🔊
texture /ˈtekstʃə(r)/
n. 质地;纹理
🔊
exaggerate /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/
v. 夸大,夸张

发觉我的同胞们不太可能在法院为我提供任何职守,或任何地方的教区牧师圣职或有俸禄的职位,我唯有自谋生计,于是我将面孔比以往任何时候都更决绝地转向林野,在那里我更广为人知。我决意立即投身商业,不等攒下通常的资本,便运用我已有的这点微薄资财。我前往瓦尔登湖的目的,既非去那里过廉价生活,亦非去过昂贵生活,而是以最少障碍处理一些私人事务;倘若因缺乏一点常识、一点进取心与商业才能而受阻,无法达成此事,那与其说是悲哀,不如说是愚蠢。

🔊
fellow-citizens /ˌfeləʊ ˈsɪtɪznz/
n. (pl.). 同胞,同市/国民
🔊
curacy /ˈkjʊərəsi/
n. 助理牧师的职位或任期
🔊
living /ˈlɪvɪŋ/
n. 生计;生活;有俸圣职
🔊
exclusively /ɪkˈskluːsɪvli/
adv. 专门地;排他地
🔊
slender /ˈslendə(r)/
adj. 微薄的;苗条的;细长的
🔊
transact /trænˈzækt/
v. 办理,处理(业务)
🔊
hindered /ˈhɪndəd/
v. (past participle). 阻碍,妨碍
🔊
enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz/
n. 事业心,进取心;企业,事业
🔊
talent /ˈtælənt/
n. 才能,天赋
🔊 I have always endeavored to acquire strict business habits; they are indispensable to every man. If your trade is with the Celestial Empire, then some small counting house on the coast, in some Salem harbor, will be fixture enough. You will export such articles as the country affords, purely native products, much ice and pine timber and a little granite, always in native bottoms. These will be good ventures. To oversee all the details yourself in person; to be at once pilot and captain, and owner and underwriter; to buy and sell and keep the accounts; to read every letter received, and write or read every letter sent; to superintend the discharge of imports night and day; to be upon many parts of the coast almost at the same time - often the richest freight will be discharged upon a Jersey shore; - to be your own telegraph, unweariedly sweeping the horizon, speaking all passing vessels bound coastwise; to keep up a steady despatch of commodities, for the supply of such a distant and exorbitant market; to keep yourself informed of the state of the markets, prospects of war and peace everywhere, and anticipate the tendencies of trade and civilization - taking advantage of the results of all exploring expeditions, using new passages and all improvements in navigation; - charts to be studied, the position of reefs and new lights and buoys to be ascertained, and ever, and ever, the logarithmic tables to be corrected, for by the error of some calculator the vessel often splits upon a rock that should have reached a friendly pier - there is the untold fate of La Prouse; - universal science to be kept pace with, studying the lives of all great discoverers and navigators, great adventurers and merchants, from Hanno and the Phoenicians down to our day; in fine, account of stock to be taken from time to time, to know how you stand. It is a labor to task the faculties of a man - such problems of profit and loss, of interest, of tare and tret, and gauging of all kinds in it, as demand a universal knowledge.

我一直致力于养成严谨的商业习惯;此于每个人皆不可或缺。倘若你的贸易对象是天朝,那么海岸边某处小账房,譬如塞勒姆港的,便足作固定之所。你将出口此国所能提供的物品,纯粹土产,大量的冰、松木与少量的花岗岩,且永远用本国船只。这些会是稳妥的冒险。亲自监督一切细节;同时兼任领航员与船长、船主与保险商;买卖并记账;阅读收到的每一封信件,书写或审阅寄出的每一封信;日夜监管进口货物的卸载;几乎同时现身于海岸多处--最值钱的货载常卸于泽西海岸;--做你自己的电报员,不倦地扫视地平线,与所有沿海岸航行的过往船只搭话;保持商品稳定地发送,以供应如此遥远且需求过度的市场;随时掌握市场动态、各地的战和前景,并预判贸易与文明的趋势--利用一切探险远征的成果,采用新航道与航海术的一切改良;--研究海图,确定礁石的位置以及新的灯塔与浮标,并须不断、不断地修正对数表,因某位计算者的错误,常令本应抵达友善码头的船只触礁粉碎--此即拉彼鲁兹那未可尽言的命运;--跟上普世科学的步伐,研习所有伟大发现者与航海家、伟大冒险家与商人的生平,自汉诺与腓尼基人直至今日;总之,不时盘存,明了你的状况。此乃耗竭一人全部才智的劳动--诸如盈亏、利息、皮重与损耗,以及其中各种计量问题,皆需一种普世知识。

🔊
endeavored /ɪnˈdevəd/
v. (past tense). 努力,尽力
🔊
Celestial Empire /səˈlestiəl ˈempaɪə(r)/
n. phrase. 天朝(旧时西方对中国的称呼)
🔊
fixture /ˈfɪkstʃə(r)/
n. 固定装置;固定成员
🔊
export /ˈekspɔːt/
v. 出口
🔊
articles /ˈɑːtɪklz/
n. (pl.). 商品;物品;文章
🔊
affords /əˈfɔːdz/
v. 提供;负担得起
🔊
native /ˈneɪtɪv/
adj. 本地的;土生土长的
🔊
bottoms /ˈbɒtəmz/
n. (pl.). (船只的)底部;此处指'船'
🔊
ventures /ˈventʃəz/
n. (pl.). 商业冒险;风险投资
🔊
pilot /ˈpaɪlət/
n. 领航员;飞行员
🔊
underwriter /ˈʌndəraɪtə(r)/
n. 保险商;担保人
🔊
superintend /ˌsuːpərɪnˈtend/
v. 监督,管理
🔊
discharge /dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/
n. 卸货;排出;释放
🔊
imports /ˈɪmpɔːts/
n. (pl.). 进口货物
🔊
coastwise /ˈkəʊstwaɪz/
adv. 沿着海岸,沿海岸
🔊
despatch /dɪˈspætʃ/
n. 发送;迅速处理
🔊
commodities /kəˈmɒdətiz/
n. (pl.). 商品,货物(尤指大宗商品)
🔊
exorbitant /ɪɡˈzɔːbɪtənt/
adj. (价格、收费)过高的,离谱的
🔊
prospects /ˈprɒspekts/
n. (pl.). 前景,可能性;展望
🔊
navigation /ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃn/
n. 航行;导航
🔊
charts /tʃɑːts/
n. (pl.). 海图;图表
🔊
reefs /riːfs/
n. (pl.). 礁石,暗礁
🔊
buoys /bɔɪz/
n. (pl.). 浮标
🔊
ascertained /ˌæsəˈteɪnd/
v. (past participle). 查明,确定
🔊
logarithmic /ˌlɒɡəˈrɪðmɪk/
adj. 对数的
🔊
calculator /ˈkælkjuleɪtə(r)/
n. 计算者;计算器
🔊
pier /pɪə(r)/
n. 码头;突堤
🔊
untold /ˌʌnˈtəʊld/
adj. 未透露的;数不清的;巨大的
🔊
universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/
adj. 普遍的;全世界的;通用的
🔊
navigators /ˈnævɪɡeɪtəz/
n. (pl.). 航海家;导航员
🔊
adventurers /ədˈventʃərəz/
n. (pl.). 冒险家
🔊
merchants /ˈmɜːtʃənts/
n. (pl.). 商人
🔊
Phoenicians /fəˈniːʃnz/
n. (pl.). 腓尼基人(古代地中海东岸的民族)
🔊
faculties /ˈfækltiz/
n. (pl.). 官能,能力;大学院系
🔊
tare /teə(r)/
n. (货物包装的)皮重
🔊
tret /tret/
n. 添头(旧时为补偿运输损耗而额外给买主的货物)
🔊
gauging /ˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ/
n. 测量;评估
🔊
demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/
v. 需要,要求

我曾认为瓦尔登湖会是做生意的好地方,非仅因其铁路与冰的贸易;它提供的优势或不宜公之于众;它是个良港,且有良好根基。没有涅瓦河沼泽需要填平;尽管你必须在各处用自己打下的桩基营建。据说,涨潮时若逢西风,加之涅瓦河结冰,足以将圣彼得堡从地表冲走。

🔊
divulge /daɪˈvʌldʒ/
v. 泄露,透露(秘密)
🔊
port /pɔːt/
n. 港口
🔊
foundation /faʊnˈdeɪʃn/
n. 地基;基础
🔊
marshes /ˈmɑːʃɪz/
n. (pl.). 沼泽,湿地
🔊
piles /paɪlz/
n. (pl.). 桩;堆
🔊
flood-tide /ˈflʌd taɪd/
n. 涨潮
🔊
westerly /ˈwestəli/
adj. 西的;向西的;从西边来的

因这项事业启动时并无通常的资本,故而不易揣测那些手段从何而来,然对任何此类事业,某些手段仍不可或缺。至于衣物,且直抵问题的实际部分,或许我们在获取衣物时,受新奇之爱与对他人看法的顾念驱使,更甚于真正的实用价值。让那有工作要做的人记住,衣物之目的,首要在于保持生命热量,其次则是在此社会状态下遮蔽裸体,如此他便可判断,在不添置衣物的情况下,能完成多少必要或重要的工作。国王与王后一套华服仅穿一次,纵使由某御用裁缝或女装师缝制,亦无从体会穿一套合身衣服的舒适。他们不过是悬挂干净衣物的木马。我们的衣物日复一日愈发与我们融为一体,承受着穿着者性格的印记,直至我们不舍轻易弃之,仿佛弃之需有如处置我们肉身时那般迟延、那般医药器具与某种庄严仪轨。我从不因某人衣上有补丁而看低他;但我确信,通常人们更焦虑的是拥有时髦的、或至少洁净无补丁的衣物,而非拥有一颗健全的良心。

🔊
conjecture /kənˈdʒektʃə(r)/
v. 推测,猜测
🔊
undertaking /ˌʌndəˈteɪkɪŋ/
n. 事业,任务;企业
🔊
novelty /ˈnɒvlti/
n. 新奇;新奇的事物
🔊
procuring /prəˈkjʊərɪŋ/
n. 获得,取得
🔊
recollect /ˌrekəˈlekt/
v. 记起,回忆起
🔊
vital /ˈvaɪtl/
adj. 维持生命所必需的;极其重要的
🔊
wardrobe /ˈwɔːdrəʊb/
n. 衣橱;全部服装
🔊
majesties /ˈmædʒəstiz/
n. (pl.). 陛下(对国王或女王的尊称)
🔊
garments /ˈɡɑːmənts/
n. (pl.). 衣服,服装
🔊
assimilated /əˈsɪməleɪtɪd/
v. (past participle). 同化;吸收
🔊
impress /ˈɪmpres/
n. 印记;印象
🔊
wearer /ˈweərə(r)/
n. 穿着者,佩戴者
🔊
solemnity /səˈlemnəti/
n. 庄严,严肃;庄严的仪式
🔊
estimation /ˌestɪˈmeɪʃn/
n. 评价,判断;尊重
🔊
patch /pætʃ/
n. 补丁;小块
🔊
anxiety /æŋˈzaɪəti/
n. 焦虑,忧虑
🔊
conscience /ˈkɒnʃəns/
n. 良心,道德心
🔊 But even if the rent is not mended, perhaps the worst vice betrayed is improvidence. I sometimes try my acquaintances by such tests as this - Who could wear a patch, or two extra seams only, over the knee? Most behave as if they believed that their prospects for life would be ruined if they should do it. It would be easier for them to hobble to town with a broken leg than with a broken pantaloon. Often if an accident happens to a gentleman's legs, they can be mended; but if a similar accident happens to the legs of his pantaloons, there is no help for it; for he considers, not what is truly respectable, but what is respected. We know but few men, a great many coats and breeches. Dress a scarecrow in your last shift, you standing shiftless by, who would not soonest salute the scarecrow? Passing a cornfield the other day, close by a hat and coat on a stake, I recognized the owner of the farm. He was only a little more weather-beaten than when I saw him last. I have heard of a dog that barked at every stranger who approached his master's premises with clothes on, but was easily quieted by a naked thief. It is an interesting question how far men would retain their relative rank if they were divested of their clothes. Could you, in such a case, tell surely of any company of civilized men which belonged to the most respected class? When Madam Pfeiffer, in her adventurous travels round the world, from east to west, had got so near home as Asiatic Russia, she says that she felt the necessity of wearing other than a travelling dress, when she went to meet the authorities, for she "was now in a civilized country, where . . . people are judged of by their clothes." Even in our democratic New England towns the accidental possession of wealth, and its manifestation in dress and equipage alone, obtain for the possessor almost universal respect. But they yield such respect, numerous as they are, are so far heathen, and need to have a missionary sent to them. Beside, clothes introduced sewing, a kind of work which you may call endless; a woman's dress, at least, is never done.

但即便破处不补,所暴露的最坏恶习或属缺乏远见。我有时以此类考验试探我的熟人--谁能仅在膝上缀一块补丁,或仅多缝两条线?多数人的举止仿佛深信,倘若他们如此行事,其人生前景便将毁于一旦。拖着一条断腿蹒跚进城,于他们倒比穿一条破裤子更容易。通常,一位绅士的腿若遭意外,尚可接合;然若其裤腿遭遇类似意外,则无药可救;因他所虑非何为真正体面,而是何为受人尊敬。我们相识者寥寥,却认得许许多多外套与马裤。给你最后一件衬衫穿在稻草人身上,你衣衫不整地立于一旁,谁不会最快向那稻草人敬礼?前日路过一片玉米地,近旁木桩上挂着帽与外套,我认出那是农场主人。他不过比我上次见他时,多受了几分风吹日晒。我听闻有条狗,对每一个衣冠楚楚靠近主人家宅的陌生人狂吠,却轻易被一个赤身裸体的小偷安抚。一个有趣的问题是,倘若人们被剥去衣物,他们还能在多大程度上保持相对等级地位?此情此景下,你能准确判断一群文明人中,谁属最受尊敬的阶层吗?当普费弗夫人在她冒险的环球旅行中,自东向西,行近家园至亚洲的俄罗斯时,她说她觉得有必要换掉旅行装,再去会见当地官员,因她“现身处一个文明国度,在那里……人们是凭衣着作判断的”。即便在我们民主的新英格兰城镇,偶然拥有财富,且仅凭衣着与车马将其彰显,几乎便能令拥有者赢得普世尊敬。然而,施予此等尊敬者,人数虽众,实则仍是异教徒,需有传教士被派往他们中间。此外,衣物引入了缝纫,一种你或可称之为永无休止的活计;至少,女人的衣服是永远做不完的。

🔊
improvidence /ɪmˈprɒvɪdəns/
n. 挥霍,无远见
🔊
acquaintances /əˈkweɪntənsɪz/
n. (pl.). 相识的人,熟人
🔊
seams /siːmz/
n. (pl.). 接缝;线缝
🔊
hobble /ˈhɒbl/
v. 蹒跚,跛行
🔊
pantaloon /ˌpæntəˈluːn/
n. (旧式)裤子
🔊
mended /ˈmendɪd/
v. (past participle). 修补,修理
🔊
respectable /rɪˈspektəbl/
adj. 值得尊敬的;体面的
🔊
scarecrow /ˈskeəkrəʊ/
n. 稻草人
🔊
shift /ʃɪft/
n. (女用)衬衣;轮班;转移
🔊
shiftless /ˈʃɪftləs/
adj. 没有决断力的;无能的;懒惰的
🔊
salute /səˈluːt/
v. 向…致敬;向…行军礼
🔊
weather-beaten /ˈweðə biːtn/
adj. 饱经风霜的;风雨侵蚀的
🔊
premises /ˈpremɪsɪz/
n. (pl.). 房屋(及附属建筑、地基等);经营场所
🔊
divested /daɪˈvestɪd/
v. (past participle). 使脱去;剥夺
🔊
civilized /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/
adj. 文明的,开化的
🔊
authorities /ɔːˈθɒrətiz/
n. (pl.). 当局,官方
🔊
manifestation /ˌmænɪfeˈsteɪʃn/
n. 显示,表明;表现形式
🔊
equipage /ˈekwɪpɪdʒ/
n. 马车及随从;装备
🔊
possessor /pəˈzesə(r)/
n. 拥有者,持有人
🔊
heathen /ˈhiːðn/
n. 异教徒;未开化的人
🔊
missionary /ˈmɪʃənri/
n. 传教士
🔊 A man who has at length found something to do will not need to get a new suit to do it in; for him the old will do, that has lain dusty in the garret for an indeterminate period. Old shoes will serve a hero longer than they have served his valet - if a hero ever has a valet - bare feet are older than shoes, and he can make them do. Only they who go to soires and legislative balls must have new coats, coats to change as often as the man changes in them. But if my jacket and trousers, my hat and shoes, are fit to worship God in, they will do; will they not? Who ever saw his old clothes - his old coat, actually worn out, resolved into its primitive elements, so that it was not a deed of charity to bestow it on some poor boy, by him perchance to be bestowed on some poorer still, or shall we say richer, who could do with less? I say, beware of all enterprises that require new clothes, and not rather a new wearer of clothes. If there is not a new man, how can the new clothes be made to fit? If you have any enterprise before you, try it in your old clothes. All men want, not something to do with, but something to do, or rather something to be. Perhaps we should never procure a new suit, however ragged or dirty the old, until we have so conducted, so enterprised or sailed in some way, that we feel like new men in the old, and that to retain it would be like keeping new wine in old bottles. Our moulting season, like that of the fowls, must be a crisis in our lives. The loon retires to solitary ponds to spend it. Thus also the snake casts its slough, and the caterpillar its wormy coat, by an internal industry and expansion; for clothes are but our outmost cuticle and mortal coil. Otherwise we shall be found sailing under false colors, and be inevitably cashiered at last by our own opinion, as well as that of mankind.

一个终于找到事做的人,无需为此添置新衣;于他而言,旧的足矣,那件在阁楼积尘不知几时的旧衣。旧鞋侍奉英雄之久,将超过侍奉其仆从--倘若英雄真有仆从的话--赤脚古于鞋履,他大可凑合着用。唯那些赴社交晚会与立法舞会者,方须备新外套,外套换得与穿衣者本人变化一般频繁。但若我的外套与裤子、我的帽与鞋,足以令我敬拜上帝,它们便堪其用;难道不是吗?有谁见过他的旧衣物--他那件确实穿破、复归原始材质的旧外套--将它施与某个穷小子算不上善举,或许那孩子又会转赠一个更穷的,或我们该说更富有的、能以更少衣物将就之人?我要说,当心所有需要新衣服的事业,而非需要穿新衣的新人。若无新人,新衣又如何做得合身?若你面前有任何事业,试试用你的旧衣服去完成。所有人需要的,不是有东西去对付,而是有事情去做,或更确切地说,有目标去成为。或许我们永不该添置新衣,不论旧衣多么褴褛肮脏,直至我们行事、经营或航行了一段时间,自觉在旧衣中焕然一新,而保留它便有如将新酒装入旧瓶。我们的换羽期,犹如禽类,必是我们生命中的一场危机。潜鸟退隐至孤寂池塘度此时期。蛇亦如是蜕皮,毛虫亦如是蜕去虫形外衣,凭借内在的活力与扩张;因衣物不过是我们最外层的表皮,或者说尘世的卷绕。否则我们便将被发现悬挂假旗航行,最终无可避免地遭我们自身见解及世人见解所黜免。

🔊
indeterminate /ˌɪndɪˈtɜːmɪnət/
adj. 不确定的;模糊的
🔊
valet /ˈvæleɪ/
n. (男子的)贴身男仆
🔊
soires /ˈswɑːreɪz/
n. (pl.). 社交晚会(尤指晚间聚会)
🔊
legislative /ˈledʒɪslətɪv/
adj. 立法的
🔊
worship /ˈwɜːʃɪp/
v. 崇拜;敬奉;做礼拜
🔊
charity /ˈtʃærəti/
n. 慈善;施舍;慈善机构
🔊
procure /prəˈkjʊə(r)/
v. 获得,取得
🔊
enterprised /ˈentəpraɪzd/
v. (past participle). 冒险从事;着手进行
🔊
moulting /ˈməʊltɪŋ/
n. 换羽;蜕皮
🔊
fowls /faʊlz/
n. (pl.). 家禽;鸟
🔊
crisis /ˈkraɪsɪs/
n. 危机;紧要关头
🔊
loon /luːn/
n. 潜鸟
🔊
caterpillar /ˈkætəpɪlə(r)/
n. 毛毛虫
🔊
wormy /ˈwɜːmi/
adj. 生虫的;多虫的
🔊
cuticle /ˈkjuːtɪkl/
n. 表皮;角质层
🔊
coil /kɔɪl/
n. (一)圈;线圈;束缚(此处为比喻)
🔊
false colors /ˌfɔːls ˈkʌləz/
n. phrase. 伪装的身份;假旗帜(指海盗等挂假国旗的行为)
🔊
cashiered /kæˈʃɪəd/
v. (past participle). 革职,开除(尤指军队中)

我们一件又一件地披上衣服,仿佛我们像外生植物般,凭外在添加而生长。我们外面那层常是单薄而奇特的衣服是我们的表皮,或称假皮,它不参与我们的生命活动,可随处剥落而不致命;我们常穿的厚衣服是我们的细胞皮层,或称皮层;但我们的衬衫是我们的韧皮部,或称真树皮,剥离它便会环割乃至毁灭此人。我相信所有种族于某些季节皆穿着相当于衬衫之物。一人最好穿得如此简单,乃至黑暗中亦能触手及己,且在各方面生活得如此紧凑而有备,即便敌人占领城镇,他亦能如那位古代哲人般,空手出城门而毫无焦虑。因一件厚衣于多数用途抵得上三件薄衣,且廉价衣物能以真正适合顾客之价购得;因一件厚外套五美元可购,能穿多年,厚裤两美元,牛皮靴一双一块五,夏帽两毛五,冬帽六毛二分五,或可在家以微不足道之成本自制更佳者,那么,有谁穷到连这样一套凭自身劳动换来的衣物都穿不起,而竟找不到智者来礼敬他呢?

🔊
garment /ˈɡɑːmənt/
n. 一件衣服
🔊
exogenous /ekˈsɒdʒənəs/
adj. 外生的;外部产生的
🔊
epidermis /ˌepɪˈdɜːmɪs/
n. 表皮
🔊
cellular /ˈseljələ(r)/
adj. 细胞的;多孔的
🔊
integument /ɪnˈteɡjəmənt/
n. 外皮;覆盖物(生物学)
🔊
cortex /ˈkɔːteks/
n. 皮层;皮质
🔊
liber /ˈlaɪbə(r)/
n. 内皮,韧皮部(植物学)
🔊
bark /bɑːk/
n. 树皮
🔊
girdling /ˈɡɜːdlɪŋ/
n. 环割(剥去一圈树皮)
🔊
compactly /kəmˈpæktli/
adv. 紧凑地;简洁地
🔊
preparedly /prɪˈpeərɪdli/
adv. 有准备地
🔊
cowhide /ˈkaʊhaɪd/
n. 牛皮
🔊
nominal /ˈnɒmɪnl/
adj. 名义上的;象征性的;极小的
🔊
reverence /ˈrevərəns/
n. 尊敬,崇敬
🔊 When I ask for a garment of a particular form, my tailoress tells me gravely, "They do not make them so now," not emphasizing the "They" at all, as if she quoted an authority as impersonal as the Fates, and I find it difficult to get made what I want, simply because she cannot believe that I mean what I say, that I am so rash. When I hear this oracular sentence, I am for a moment absorbed in thought, emphasizing to myself each word separately that I may come at the meaning of it, that I may find out by what degree of consanguinity They are related to me, and what authority they may have in an affair which affects me so nearly; and, finally, I am inclined to answer her with equal mystery, and without any more emphasis of the "they" - "It is true, they did not make them so recently, but they do now." Of what use this measuring of me if she does not measure my character, but only the breadth of my shoulders, as it were a peg to bang the coat on? We worship not the Graces, nor the Parcae, but Fashion. She spins and weaves and cuts with full authority. The head monkey at Paris puts on a traveller's cap, and all the monkeys in America do the same. I sometimes despair of getting anything quite simple and honest done in this world by the help of men. They would have to be passed through a powerful press first, to squeeze their old notions out of them, so that they would not soon get upon their legs again; and then there would be some one in the company with a maggot in his head, hatched from an egg deposited there nobody knows when, for not even fire kills these things, and you would have lost your labor. Nevertheless, we will not forget that some Egyptian wheat was handed down to us by a mummy.

当我要求一件特定款式的衣服时,我的女裁缝正色告我:“他们如今不做那种样式了,”全然未强调“他们”,仿佛她引用的是如同命运女神般非人的权威,而我发现很难得到我想要的东西,只因她无法相信我所言是真,无法相信我竟如此鲁莽。闻此神谕般的句子,我一时陷入沉思,向自己逐一强调每个字眼,以期悟其意涵,找出“他们”与我血缘亲疏几何,以及他们在一件与我如此切身相关之事上有何权威;最终,我倾向于以同等神秘之态回应她,且同样不强调“他们”--“诚然,他们近来未做那种样式,但他们如今做了。”若她未衡量我的品格,而仅衡量我肩膀的宽度,仿佛只是挂衣之木桩,那么测量我又有何用?我们崇拜的不是美惠三女神,亦非命运三女神,而是时尚。她大权在握地纺纱、织布、裁剪。巴黎的头号猴儿戴上一顶旅行帽,全美洲的猴儿皆效仿之。有时我对借助人力在世间完成任何全然简单而诚实之事感到绝望。他们首先得被送进一台强力压榨机,将其旧观念挤压出去,如此他们便不会很快重新站起;然后,人群中总会冒出那么一位,脑中存有怪念,那是由不知何时产下的卵孵化而成,因纵是烈火亦杀不死此等物事,而你便将白费辛劳。然而,我们不会忘记,有些埃及小麦是由木乃伊传给我们的。

🔊
tailoress /ˈteɪlərəs/
n. 女裁缝
🔊
gravely /ˈɡreɪvli/
adv. 严肃地;严重地
🔊
impersonal /ɪmˈpɜːsənl/
adj. 客观的;不受个人感情影响的;非个人的
🔊
oracular /ɒˈrækjələ(r)/
adj. 神谕似的;玄妙深奥的
🔊
absorbed /əbˈzɔːbd/
adj. 全神贯注的;被吸收的
🔊
consanguinity /ˌkɒnsæŋˈɡwɪnəti/
n. 血缘关系,同宗
🔊
mystery /ˈmɪstri/
n. 神秘;神秘的事物
🔊
breadth /bredθ/
n. 宽度;广度
🔊
peg /peɡ/
n. 挂钩;栓
🔊
Graces /ˈɡreɪsɪz/
n. (pl.). 美惠三女神(希腊神话)
🔊
Parcae /ˈpɑːkiː/
n. (pl.). 命运三女神(罗马神话)
🔊
despair /dɪˈspeə(r)/
v. 绝望,失去希望
🔊
squeeze /skwiːz/
v. 挤压;榨出
🔊
maggot /ˈmæɡət/
n.
🔊
hatched /hætʃt/
v. (past participle). 孵化
🔊
deposited /dɪˈpɒzɪtɪd/
v. (past participle). 存放;产(卵)
🔊
mummy /ˈmʌmi/
n. 木乃伊

总的来说,我认为无论在此时此地抑或任何国度,皆不能主张穿着打扮已上升至一种艺术的尊严高度。目前人们只是将就地穿他们所能得之物。如同遭遇海难的水手,他们在海滩上寻得什么便穿上什么,隔开一小段距离,无论在空间抑或时间上,彼此嘲笑对方的化装舞会。每一代人皆嘲笑旧时尚,却又虔诚地追随新时尚。我们看着亨利八世或伊丽莎白女王的服饰发笑,仿佛那是食人岛国王与王后的装束。任何脱离了人的服装皆是可怜或怪诞的。唯自其中透出的严肃目光,与在其中度过的真诚生活,方能抑制笑声,并使任何民族的服装神圣化。若丑角突发腹痛,他的行头亦得顺应那种心绪。当士兵被炮弹击中,破布与紫袍一样合宜。

🔊
dignity /ˈdɪɡnəti/
n. 尊严;高贵;庄严
🔊
shipwrecked /ˈʃɪprekt/
adj. 遭遇海难的;船只失事的
🔊
masquerade /ˌmæskəˈreɪd/
n. 化装舞会;伪装;假象
🔊
beholding /bɪˈhoʊldɪŋ/
v. 观看;注视(behold的现在分词)
🔊
grotesque /ɡroʊˈtesk/
adj. 怪诞的;奇异的;丑陋的
🔊
consecrate /ˈkɑːnsɪkreɪt/
v. 奉献;神圣化;祝圣
🔊
colic /ˈkɑːlɪk/
n. 绞痛;急腹痛
🔊
trappings /ˈtræpɪŋz/
n. 装饰;外部标志;服饰
🔊
cannonball /ˈkænənbɔːl/
n. 炮弹;炮弹跳
🔊
Cannibal /ˈkænɪbl/
n. 食人者;同类相食的动物

男人与女人对新奇图案那种幼稚而野蛮的品味,令多少人摇晃着、眯眼对着万花筒,以期发现当今这代人所要求的特定图形。制造商们已了然此等品味仅属变幻无常。两种图案,仅在于某种特定颜色的线多几根或少几根,一种会畅销,另一种则积压于货架,尽管屡屡发生的情况是,一季过后,后者反倒成了最时髦的。相较之下,文身并非如人所称那般可怖的习俗。不能仅因其印记深入皮肤且不可更改,便斥之为野蛮。

🔊
savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/
adj. 野蛮的;凶猛的;未开化的
🔊
kaleidoscopes /kəˈlaɪdəskoʊps/
n. 万花筒;千变万化
🔊
whimsical /ˈwɪmzɪkl/
adj. 异想天开的;反复无常的;古怪的
🔊
lapse /læps/
n. 失误;流逝;失效
🔊
Comparatively /kəmˈpærətɪvli/
adv. 相对地;比较地
🔊
tattooing /tæˈtuːɪŋ/
n. 纹身;刺青
🔊
hideous /ˈhɪdiəs/
adj. 丑陋的;可怕的;令人厌恶的
🔊
unalterable /ʌnˈɔːltərəbl/
adj. 不可改变的;不变的

我无法相信我们的工厂制度是人类获取衣物的最佳模式。操作工人的状况正日益变得与英国工人相似;这不足为怪,因就我所闻所见,其主要目标并非人类可穿得体面、穿得诚实,而是毋庸置疑地使公司致富。长远观之,人们只会击中其所瞄准的目标。故而,即便他们立时失败,亦不如瞄准更高远之物。

🔊
factory system /ˈfæktəri ˈsɪstəm/
n. 工厂制度;工厂系统
🔊
operatives /ˈɑːpərətɪvz/
n. 操作工;工人;特工
🔊
clad /klæd/
adj. 穿着的;覆盖的(clothe的过去分词)
🔊
corporations /ˌkɔːrpəˈreɪʃnz/
n. 公司;法人;社团
🔊
enriched /ɪnˈrɪtʃt/
adj. 丰富的;强化的;富裕的
🔊 As for a Shelter, I will not deny that this is now a necessary of life, though there are instances of men having done without it for long periods in colder countries than this. Samuel Laing says that "the Laplander in his skin dress, and in a skin bag which he puts over his head and shoulders, will sleep night after night on the snow . . . in a degree of cold which would extinguish the life of one exposed to it in any woollen clothing." He had seen them asleep thus. Yet he adds, "They are not hardier than other people." But, probably, man did not live long on the earth without discovering the convenience which there is in a house, the domestic comforts, which phrase may have originally signified the satisfactions of the house more than of the family; though these must be extremely partial and occasional in those climates where the house is associated in our thoughts with winter or the rainy season chiefly, and two thirds of the year, except for a parasol, is unnecessary. In our climate, in the summer, it was formerly almost solely a covering at night. In the Indian gazettes a wigwam was the symbol of a day's march, and a row of them cut or painted on the bark of a tree signified that so many times they had camped. Man was not made so large limbed and robust but that he must seek to narrow his world and wall in a space such as fitted him. He was at first bare and out of doors; but though this was pleasant enough in serene and warm weather, by daylight, the rainy season and the winter, to say nothing of the torrid sun, would perhaps have nipped his race in the bud if he had not made haste to clothe himself with the shelter of a house. Adam and Eve, according to the fable, wore the bower before other clothes. Man wanted a home, a place of warmth, or comfort, first of warmth, then the warmth of the affections.

至于住所,我无意否认这在目前是生活必需品,尽管有实例表明,在比此更寒冷的国度,人们曾长期在无住所的情况下生活。塞缪尔·莱恩言道:“拉普兰人身穿皮衣,头上肩上套一皮袋,可一夜复一夜睡于雪上……其寒冷程度足以令任何一个穿着任何毛料衣物暴露在外者丧命。”他曾见他们这般睡着。然他补充道:“他们并不比其他人更强健。”但很可能,人类在地球上生活未久,便发现了房屋的便利,家庭生活的舒适--此短语最初或指房屋带来的满足,更甚于家庭本身;尽管在我们主要将房屋与冬日或雨季联想起来的气候里,这些满足感必然是极其片面且偶然的,一年中有三分之二的时间,除阳伞外,房屋并非必需。在我们这里的气候,夏季,房屋从前几乎仅为夜间遮蔽之所。在印第安人的报章上,一棚屋象征一日的行程,树皮上刻画的一排棚屋,表示他们曾露营过那么多次。人的四肢并非造得如此粗壮结实,他必须设法缩小其世界,筑墙围出一方合宜的空间。起初他赤身露体、置身户外;尽管这在晴暖的白昼极为惬意,但雨季与冬日,更不必说炎炎烈日,若非他赶紧用房屋庇护自己,恐怕早已将其种族扼杀于萌芽之中。据寓言所述,亚当与夏娃在穿其他衣物之前,先以凉亭蔽体。人欲求一归宿,一处温暖或舒适之地,首先是温暖,继而是情感的温暖。

🔊
Shelter /ˈʃeltər/
n. 庇护所;住所;保护
🔊
extinguish /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/
v. 熄灭;扑灭;使消亡
🔊
woollen /ˈwʊlən/
adj. 羊毛的;毛纺的
🔊
hardier /ˈhɑːrdiər/
adj. 更顽强的;更耐寒的(hardy的比较级)
🔊
convenience /kənˈviːniəns/
n. 便利;方便;便利设施
🔊
domestic comforts /dəˈmestɪk ˈkʌmfərts/
n. 家庭舒适;家居便利
🔊
occasional /əˈkeɪʒənl/
adj. 偶尔的;临时的
🔊
parasol /ˈpærəsɔːl/
n. 阳伞;遮阳伞
🔊
gazettes /ɡəˈzets/
n. 公报;官方报纸
🔊
wigwam /ˈwɪɡwɑːm/
n. 棚屋;印第安人的帐篷
🔊
robust /roʊˈbʌst/
adj. 强健的; robust的;坚固的
🔊
serene /səˈriːn/
adj. 宁静的;安详的;平静的
🔊
torrid /ˈtɔːrɪd/
adj. 炎热的;热情的;灼热的
🔊
nipped /nɪpt/
v. 掐;夹;冻伤(nip的过去分词)
🔊
bower /ˈbaʊər/
n. 凉亭;树荫处;闺房
🔊
affections /əˈfekʃənz/
n. 情感;喜爱;感情

我们或可想象一时期,在人类的幼年时代,某个富有进取心的凡人爬入岩洞寻求庇护。每个孩子都在某种程度上重启这个世界,且喜爱待在户外,即便在潮湿寒冷中亦如此。他玩过家家,亦玩骑马游戏,对此怀有本能。谁不记得自己幼时,饶有兴致地观看倾斜的岩石,或任何近似洞穴的入口?那是我们最原始祖先的那部分--或说任何一部分--仍存活于我们体内的自然渴望。自洞穴始,我们进步到棕榈叶屋顶、树皮与树枝屋顶、编织拉伸的亚麻布屋顶、草与稻草屋顶、木板与木瓦屋顶、石头与瓦片屋顶。最终,我们已不知生活在露天为何滋味,我们的生活是家庭式的,其程度远超我们想象。自炉边至田野,距离遥远。或许,若我们花费更多的白昼与黑夜,在我们与天体之间全无阻隔,若诗人非自屋顶下讲述那么多话语,或圣徒不在那里居住那么久,那会更好。鸟儿不在洞穴中歌唱,鸽子亦不在鸽舍里保持其纯洁。

🔊
enterprising /ˈentərpraɪzɪŋ/
adj. 有事业心的;有进取心的;有魄力的
🔊
mortal /ˈmɔːrtl/
n. 凡人;人类
🔊
shelving /ˈʃelvɪŋ/
n. 搁板;书架;倾斜
🔊
yearning /ˈjɜːrnɪŋ/
n. 渴望;向往;思念
🔊
ancestor /ˈænsestər/
n. 祖先;祖宗;先驱
🔊
palm leaves /pɑːm liːvz/
n. 棕榈叶; palm叶
🔊
boughs /baʊz/
n. 大树枝;主枝
🔊
shingles /ˈʃɪŋɡlz/
n. 木瓦;屋顶板;带状疱疹
🔊
hearth /hɑːrθ/
n. 炉床;壁炉边;家庭
🔊
celestial /səˈlestʃl/
adj. 天上的; celestial的;神圣的
🔊
obstruction /əbˈstrʌkʃn/
n. 障碍物;阻塞;妨碍
🔊
dovecots /ˈdʌvkɒts/
n. 鸽舍;鸽房
🔊 However, if one designs to construct a dwelling-house, it behooves him to exercise a little Yankee shrewdness, lest after all he find himself in a workhouse, a labyrinth without a clue, a museum, an almshouse, a prison, or a splendid mausoleum instead. Consider first how slight a shelter is absolutely necessary. I have seen Penobscot Indians, in this town, living in tents of thin cotton cloth, while the snow was nearly a foot deep around them, and I thought that they would be glad to have it deeper to keep out the wind. Formerly, when how to get my living honestly, with freedom left for my proper pursuits, was a question which vexed me even more than it does now, for unfortunately I am become somewhat callous, I used to see a large box by the railroad, six feet long by three wide, in which the laborers locked up their tools at night; and it suggested to me that every man who was hard pushed might get such a one for a dollar, and, having bored a few auger holes in it, to admit the air at least, get into it when it rained and at night, and hook down the lid, and so have freedom in his love, and in his soul be free. This did not appear the worst, nor by any means a despicable alternative. You could sit up as late as you pleased, and, whenever you got up, go abroad without any landlord or house-lord dogging you for rent. Many a man is harassed to death to pay the rent of a larger and more luxurious box who would not have frozen to death in such a box as this. I am far from jesting. Economy is a subject which admits of being treated with levity, but it cannot so be disposed of. A comfortable house for a rude and hardy race, that lived mostly out of doors, was once made here almost entirely of such materials as Nature furnished ready to their hands. Gookin, who was superintendent of the Indians subject to the Massachusetts Colony, writing in 1674, says, "The best of their houses are covered very neatly, tight and warm, with barks of trees, slipped from their bodies at those seasons when the sap is up, and made into great flakes, with pressure of weighty timber, when they are green. . . . The meaner sort are covered with mats which they make of a kind of bulrush, and are also indifferently tight and warm, but not so good as the former. . . . Some I have seen, sixty or a hundred feet long and thirty feet broad. . . . I have often lodged in their wigwams, and found them as warm as the best English houses." He adds that they were commonly carpeted and lined within with well-wrought embroidered mats, and were furnished with various utensils. The Indians had advanced so far as to regulate the effect of the wind by a mat suspended over the hole in the roof and moved by a string. Such a lodge was in the first instance constructed in a day or two at most, and taken down and put up in a few hours; and every family owned one, or its apartment in one.

然而,若一人决意建造一所住宅,他最好运用一点扬基佬的精明,免得最终发现自己进了济贫院、一座无线索的迷宫、博物馆、救济院、监狱,或竟是一座华丽的陵墓。首先思量,绝对必需的遮蔽物是何等微不足道。我在此镇见过佩诺布斯科特印第安人住在薄棉布帐篷里,周遭积雪近一英尺深,我想他们或乐见雪更深些以阻挡寒风。从前,当我思索如何诚实谋生,同时为我的正当追求留下自由,这一问题比现在更困扰我时(因不幸的是,我变得有些麻木),我常看见铁路边有只大箱子,六英尺长三英尺宽,工人们夜间将其工具锁于其中;这令我想到,每个走投无路之人花一美元便能购得这样一个箱子,钻几个孔以通风,雨天与夜间钻入,扣上盖子,如此他便能在爱情中自由,在灵魂里自由。这似乎并非最坏,亦绝非可鄙的选择。你可随心坐至多晚,且无论何时起身,皆可外出,无任何房东或屋主追讨租金。许多人为支付一个更大更豪华的箱子的租金而烦恼至死,而在此等箱中他本不会冻死。我绝非戏言。节俭这一主题固可被轻率对待,然不能如此打发。对于一个粗犷而强健、多半生活于户外的种族,一座舒适的房屋曾几乎完全是用自然现成提供的材料建成。古金,他是受马萨诸塞州殖民地管辖的印第安人事务主管,于1674年写道:“他们最好的房屋用树皮覆盖,极为整洁、紧密而温暖,树皮是在树液上升的季节自树干剥下,压成大张,趁青绿时以沉重木料压紧……较次的房屋则用一种灯心草编成的席子覆盖,亦相当紧密温暖,但不如前者好……我曾见过有些棚屋长六十或一百英尺,宽三十英尺……我常于其棚屋中过夜,发现其温暖程度不亚于最好的英国房屋。”他补充道,棚屋内通常铺着做工精美的刺绣席子为毯衬,并备有各式用具。印第安人已进步到能用一张悬于屋顶洞口、以绳牵动的席子来调节风力。这样一个棚屋最初至多一两天便能建成,拆装则只需数小时;且每家皆拥有一座,或于其中拥有一间房。

🔊
behooves /bɪˈhuːvz/
v. 对...来说是必要的;有益于(第三人称单数)
🔊
shrewdness /ˈʃruːdnəs/
n. 精明;敏锐;狡猾
🔊
workhouse /ˈwɜːrkhaʊs/
n. 济贫院; workhouse;贫民习艺所
🔊
labyrinth /ˈlæbərɪnθ/
n. 迷宫;迷宮;复杂难懂的事物
🔊
almshouse /ˈɑːmzhaʊs/
n. 济贫院;养老院;慈善院
🔊
mausoleum /ˌmɔːsəˈliːəm/
n. 陵墓;宏伟的坟墓
🔊
callous /ˈkæləs/
adj. 冷酷无情的; callous的;硬结的
🔊
auger /ˈɔːɡər/
n. 螺旋钻; auger;钻孔机
🔊
despicable /dɪˈspɪkəbl/
adj. 可鄙的;卑劣的
🔊
house-lord /ˈhaʊs lɔːrd/
n. 房东;房主
🔊
harassed /həˈræst/
adj. 烦恼的;被骚扰的
🔊
luxurious /lʌɡˈʒʊriəs/
adj. 奢侈的;豪华的;舒适的
🔊
Economy /ɪˈkɒnəmi/
n. 经济;节约;节省
🔊
levity /ˈlevəti/
n. 轻率;轻浮;不严肃
🔊
hardy /ˈhɑːrdi/
adj. 顽强的;耐寒的;强壮的
🔊
superintendent /ˌsuːpərɪnˈtendənt/
n. 主管;负责人;警长
🔊
flakes /fleɪks/
n. 薄片; flakes;雪花
🔊
bulrush /ˈbʊlrʌʃ/
n. 芦苇;香蒲
🔊
indifferently /ɪnˈdɪfrəntli/
adv. 漠不关心地;冷淡地;一般地
🔊
embroidered /ɪmˈbrɔɪdərd/
adj. 绣花的;刺绣的
🔊
utensils /juːˈtenslz/
n. 用具;器皿;餐具
🔊
regulate /ˈreɡjuleɪt/
v. 调节;管理;控制
🔊
suspended /səˈspendɪd/
adj. 悬浮的;暂停的;被吊销的
🔊 In the savage state every family owns a shelter as good as the best, and sufficient for its coarser and simpler wants; but I think that I speak within bounds when I say that, though the birds of the air have their nests, and the foxes their holes, and the savages their wigwams, in modern civilized society not more than one half the families own a shelter. In the large towns and cities, where civilization especially prevails, the number of those who own a shelter is a very small fraction of the whole. The rest pay an annual tax for this outside garment of all, become indispensable summer and winter, which would buy a village of Indian wigwams, but now helps to keep them poor as long as they live. I do not mean to insist here on the disadvantage of hiring compared with owning, but it is evident that the savage owns his shelter because it costs so little, while the civilized man hires his commonly because he cannot afford to own it; nor can he, in the long run, any better afford to hire. But, answers one, by merely paying this tax, the poor civilized man secures an abode which is a palace compared with the savage's. An annual rent of from twenty-five to a hundred dollars (these are the country rates) entitles him to the benefit of the improvements of centuries, spacious apartments, clean paint and paper, Rumford fire-place, back plastering, Venetian blinds, copper pump, spring lock, a commodious cellar, and many other things. But how happens it that he who is said to enjoy these things is so commonly a poor civilized man, while the savage, who has them not, is rich as a savage? If it is asserted that civilization is a real advance in the condition of man - and I think that it is, though only the wise improve their advantages - it must be shown that it has produced better dwellings without making them more costly; and the cost of a thing is the amount of what I will call life which is required to be exchanged for it, immediately or in the long run. An average house in this neighborhood costs perhaps eight hundred dollars, and to lay up this sum will take from ten to fifteen years of the laborer's life, even if he is not encumbered with a family - estimating the pecuniary value of every man's labor at one dollar a day, for if some receive more, others receive less; - so that he must have spent more than half his life commonly before his wigwam will be earned. If we suppose him to pay a rent instead, this is but a doubtful choice of evils. Would the savage have been wise to exchange his wigwam for a palace on these terms?

在野蛮状态下,每个家庭皆拥有一个不比最好的差、足以满足其粗陋简单需求的住所;但我想我说话有分寸:虽空中的鸟儿有巢,狐狸有洞,野蛮人有棚屋,然在现代文明社会,拥有住所的家庭不及半数。在文明尤其盛行的大城镇与城市,拥有住所者仅为总人口中极小一部分。其余的人则为这件所有人四季皆不可或缺的外衣支付年租,这笔钱足以买下整整一个村落的印第安人棚屋,如今却只能帮他们维持终生的贫穷。我无意在此坚陈租房相较于买房的劣势,但显然,野蛮人拥有住所是因其所费甚少,而文明人通常租房是因他无力购买;且长远观之,他同样无力支付租金。但有人会答曰:仅凭支付此租,贫苦的文明人便获得了一个住所,与野蛮人的相比,不啻为一座宫殿。每年二十五至一百美元的租金(此为乡村价码),便使他有权享受数个世纪以来的改良成果:宽敞的房间、洁净的油漆与墙纸、朗福德壁炉、墙背抹灰、百叶窗、铜泵、弹簧锁、宽绰的地窖,以及诸多其他物事。然则,何以据说享有这些事物者,通常竟是一个贫苦的文明人,而野蛮人无此所有,作为一个野蛮人却颇为富有?若断言文明是人类状况的真正进步--我亦认为是,然唯有智者能善用其优势--则必须证明它已在不使其更为昂贵的情况下,催生了更好的住所;而一物之成本,乃是我称之为生命的东西所需与之交换的数量,无论是立时抑或长远。此间一带一栋普通的房屋约需八百美元,而要积攒此数,需耗费劳动者十年至十五年的生命,即便他无家庭拖累--假定每人劳动的价值按一日一美元计,因有人挣得多,有人挣得少;--是故,通常在他挣得他的棚屋之前,他须耗费超过半生光阴。若我们假设他付租金,此不过是在两种祸害间可疑的选择。野蛮人以此条件以其棚屋换取一座宫殿,算得上明智之举吗?

🔊
coarser /ˈkɔːrsər/
adj. 更粗糙的;更粗俗的(coarse的比较级)
🔊
prevails /prɪˈveɪlz/
v. 盛行;占优势;说服(第三人称单数)
🔊
fraction /ˈfrækʃn/
n. 分数;小部分;碎片
🔊
abode /əˈboʊd/
n. 住所;住处;居住
🔊
entitles /ɪnˈtaɪtlz/
v. 使有资格;给...权利;给...题名(第三人称单数)
🔊
spacious /ˈspeɪʃəs/
adj. 宽敞的;广阔的
🔊
plastering /ˈplæstərɪŋ/
n. 抹灰; plastering;涂灰泥
🔊
Venetian blinds /vəˈniːʃən blaɪndz/
n. 百叶窗;威尼斯 blinds
🔊
copper pump /ˈkɒpər pʌmp/
n. 铜泵; copper pump
🔊
spring lock /sprɪŋ lɒk/
n. 弹簧锁; spring lock
🔊
commodious /kəˈmoʊdiəs/
adj. 宽敞的;便利的;舒适的
🔊
asserted /əˈsɜːrtɪd/
v. 断言;声称;维护(assert的过去式)
🔊
encumbered /ɪnˈkʌmbərd/
adj. 受拖累的;负担沉重的
🔊
pecuniary /pɪˈkjuːniəri/
adj. 金钱的;财政的

或可猜测,我将持有此种多余财产以备未来之需的几乎全部好处(就个人而言),主要归结为支付丧葬费用。但或许一个人并不需要埋葬自己。然则,这指出了文明人与野蛮人间的一个重要区别;且无疑,他们为我们之福祉而设计,使文明人的生活成为一种制度,个人的生命在很大程度上被吸收其中,以便保存并完善种族之生命。但我想揭示,目前获得此种好处是以何等牺牲为代价,并建议我们或许可以这般生活,以确保所有好处而不遭受任何坏处。“你们中间常有穷人”,或“父亲吃了酸葡萄,孩子的牙酸倒了”,此言何意?

🔊
superfluous /suːˈpɜːrfluəs/
adj. 多余的;过剩的;不必要的
🔊
defraying /dɪˈfreɪɪŋ/
v. 支付;付给(defray的现在分词)
🔊
funeral /ˈfjuːnərəl/
n. 葬礼;丧礼
🔊
distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃn/
n. 区别;差别;卓越
🔊
institution /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃn/
n. 机构;制度;建立
🔊
sacrifice /ˈsækrɪfaɪs/
n. 牺牲;祭品;奉献

“主耶和华说:‘我指着我的永生起誓,你们在以色列中必不再有用这俗语的因由。’”

🔊
saith /seɪθ/
v. 说(古语,say的第三人称单数现在时)
🔊
proverb /ˈprɒvɜːrb/
n. 谚语;格言

“看哪,世人都是属我的;为父的怎样属我,为子的也照样属我;犯罪的,他必死亡。”

🔊
sinneth /ˈsɪnəθ/
v. 犯罪;犯错(古语,sin的第三人称单数现在时)
🔊 When I consider my neighbors, the farmers of Concord, who are at least as well off as the other classes, I find that for the most part they have been toiling twenty, thirty, or forty years, that they may become the real owners of their farms, which commonly they have inherited with encumbrances, or else bought with hired money - and we may regard one third of that toil as the cost of their houses - but commonly they have not paid for them yet. It is true, the encumbrances sometimes outweigh the value of the farm, so that the farm itself becomes one great encumbrance, and still a man is found to inherit it, being well acquainted with it, as he says. On applying to the assessors, I am surprised to learn that they cannot at once name a dozen in the town who own their farms free and clear. If you would know the history of these homesteads, inquire at the bank where they are mortgaged. The man who has actually paid for his farm with labor on it is so rare that every neighbor can point to him. I doubt if there are three such men in Concord. What has been said of the merchants, that a very large majority, even ninety-seven in a hundred, are sure to fail, is equally true of the farmers. With regard to the merchants, however, one of them says pertinently that a great part of their failures are not genuine pecuniary failures, but merely failures to fulfil their engagements, because it is inconvenient; that is, it is the moral character that breaks down. But this puts an infinitely worse face on the matter, and suggests, beside, that probably not even the other three succeed in saving their souls, but are perchance bankrupt in a worse sense than they who fail honestly. Bankruptcy and repudiation are the springboards from which much of our civilization vaults and turns its somersets, but the savage stands on the unelastic plank of famine. Yet the Middlesex Cattle Show goes off here with eclat annually, as if all the joints of the agricultural machine were suent.

当我思量我的邻居,康科德的农夫们,他们至少与其他阶层一般富裕,我发现他们中的大多数已辛勤劳作二十年、三十年或四十年,以便成为其田庄的真正主人,这些田庄通常是他们带着抵押负担继承的,或以借贷之资购得--我们或可视其三分之一的辛劳为其房屋的成本--但通常他们尚未付清房款。确实,抵押负担有时超过了田庄的价值,以致田庄本身成了一大累赘,然总有人继承它,正如他所言,他对它极为熟悉。向评估员咨询时,我讶异地得知他们无法立刻说出镇上十来个拥有完全产权、无债务负担的田庄主名姓。若你想知晓这些宅地的历史,去它们被抵押的银行打听吧。真正通过劳作付清其田庄款项的人如此罕见,每个邻居皆能指出他来。我怀疑在康科德是否有三位这样的人。关于商人,据说其绝大多数,乃至百分之九十七,注定失败,此言于农夫同样适用。然则,关于商人,其中一人中肯地言道,他们的大部分失败并非真正的财务失败,而仅是未能履行承诺,因有所不便;也就是说,是道德品质垮掉了。但这使事情变得无限糟糕,且暗示,可能另外那三位亦未能拯救其灵魂,甚或在比那些诚实失败者更糟的意义上破产了。破产与拒付债务,乃是我们文明赖以腾跃、翻筋斗的跳板,而野蛮人则立于无弹性的饥荒木板之上。然则,米德尔塞克斯牲畜展每年皆于此地隆重举行,仿佛农业机器的所有关节皆运转顺畅。

🔊
toiling /ˈtɔɪlɪŋ/
v. 辛苦工作;劳作(toil的现在分词)
🔊
inherited /ɪnˈherɪtɪd/
v. 继承;遗传(inherit的过去式)
🔊
assessors /əˈsesərz/
n. 评估员;估税员;评审员
🔊
homesteads /ˈhoʊmstedz/
n. 家园;宅地;农庄
🔊
mortgaged /ˈmɔːrɡɪdʒd/
v. 抵押(mortgage的过去式)
🔊
pertinently /ˈpɜːrtɪnəntli/
adv. 贴切地;相关地;中肯地
🔊
engagements /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənts/
n. 约定; engagement;婚约
🔊
bankrupt /ˈbæŋkrʌpt/
adj. 破产的;倒闭的;彻底缺乏的
🔊
repudiation /rɪˌpjuːdiˈeɪʃn/
n. 拒绝;否认; repudiation
🔊
springboards /ˈsprɪŋbɔːrdz/
n. 跳板;出发点; springboard
🔊
vaults /vɔːlts/
v. 跳跃;撑杆跳; vault(第三人称单数)
🔊
somersets /ˈsʌmərsets/
n. 翻筋斗; somersault
🔊
unelastic /ʌnɪˈlæstɪk/
adj. 无弹性的;不灵活的
🔊
famine /ˈfæmɪn/
n. 饥荒;饥饿;严重缺乏
🔊
eclat /eɪˈklɑː/
n. 辉煌;喝彩;大成功
🔊
suent /ˈsuːənt/
adj. 平滑的;顺畅的(古语或方言)

农夫正试图以一个比问题本身更复杂的公式,来解决生计问题。为得其鞋带,他竟投机牛群。他以高超的技巧,设下带发条的陷阱来捕捉舒适与独立,随后,转身之际,竟将自己的腿伸了进去。此即他贫穷之因;出于类似缘由,尽管我们被奢侈品包围,却在千百种野蛮人的舒适方面皆显贫乏。正如查普曼所吟唱:

🔊
endeavoring /ɪnˈdevərɪŋ/
v. 努力;尽力(endeavor的现在分词)
🔊
livelihood /ˈlaɪvlihʊd/
n. 生计;生活;谋生手段
🔊
formula /ˈfɔːrmjələ/
n. 公式;配方;方案
🔊
shoestrings /ˈʃuːstrɪŋz/
n. 鞋带;小额资金
🔊
speculates /ˈspekjuleɪts/
v. 推测;投机;思索(第三人称单数)
🔊
consummate /kənˈsʌmət/
adj. 完美的;圆满的;技艺高超的

“人间虚伪的社交--

🔊 - for earthly greatness

--为着尘世的伟业

🔊
earthly /ˈɜːrθli/
adj. 尘世的;世俗的;地球的
🔊 All heavenly comforts rarefies to air."

将一切天国的慰藉稀薄成空气。”

🔊
rarefies /ˈreərɪfaɪz/
v. 使稀薄;使纯化;使精炼(第三人称单数)

当农夫得到了他的房屋,他未必因此更富,反倒可能更贫,是房屋得到了他。据我理解,此即摩摩斯反对密涅瓦所造房屋的有力理由,说她“未将其造成可移动的,以便避开坏邻居”;此理由如今或仍适用,因我们的房屋是如此笨重的财产,我们常是被囚禁其中而非居住其中;而要避开的坏邻居,正是我们自己卑劣的本身。我至少知此镇上一两个家庭,近一代人之久,一直欲售出其郊区的房屋搬进村里,却始终未能如愿,唯死亡方能令其自由。

🔊
valid /ˈvælɪd/
adj. 有根据的,有效的
🔊
objection /əbˈdʒekʃn/
n. 反对,异议
🔊
neighborhood /ˈneɪbərhʊd/
n. 邻近地区,街坊
🔊
scurvy /ˈskɜːrvi/
adj. 卑鄙的,下贱的
🔊
accomplish /əˈkʌmplɪʃ/
v. 完成,实现

姑且承认大多数人最终能拥有或租用现代化的、配备各种改良设施的房屋。当文明改良了我们的房屋,它并未同等地改良那些将居住其中的人。它创造了宫殿,但要创造贵族与国王却不那么容易。若文明人的追求并不比野蛮人的更高尚,若他一生大部分时间仅用于获取粗陋的必需品与舒适品,那么他为何要有比前者更好的住所?

🔊
civilization /ˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃn/
n. 文明,开化
🔊
improvements /ɪmˈpruːvmənts/
n. 改进,改善(复数)
🔊
pursuits /pərˈsuːts/
n. 追求,事业(复数)
🔊 But how do the poor minority fare? Perhaps it will be found that just in proportion as some have been placed in outward circumstances above the savage, others have been degraded below him. The luxury of one class is counterbalanced by the indigence of another. On the one side is the palace, on the other are the almshouse and "silent poor." The myriads who built the pyramids to be the tombs of the Pharaohs were fed on garlic, and it may be were not decently buried themselves. The mason who finishes the cornice of the palace returns at night perchance to a hut not so good as a wigwam. It is a mistake to suppose that, in a country where the usual evidences of civilization exist, the condition of a very large body of the inhabitants may not be as degraded as that of savages. I refer to the degraded poor, not now to the degraded rich. To know this I should not need to look farther than to the shanties which everywhere border our railroads, that last improvement in civilization; where I see in my daily walks human beings living in sties, and all winter with an open door, for the sake of light, without any visible, often imaginable, wood-pile, and the forms of both old and young are permanently contracted by the long habit of shrinking from cold and misery, and the development of all their limbs and faculties is checked. It certainly is fair to look at that class by whose labor the works which distinguish this generation are accomplished. Such too, to a greater or less extent, is the condition of the operatives of every denomination in England, which is the great workhouse of the world. Or I could refer you to Ireland, which is marked as one of the white or enlightened spots on the map. Contrast the physical condition of the Irish with that of the North American Indian, or the South Sea Islander, or any other savage race before it was degraded by contact with the civilized man. Yet I have no doubt that that people's rulers are as wise as the average of civilized rulers. Their condition only proves what squalidness may consist with civilization. I hardly need refer now to the laborers in our Southern States who produce the staple exports of this country, and are themselves a staple production of the South. But to confine myself to those who are said to be in moderate circumstances.

然则,贫穷的少数人境况如何?或许会发现,恰恰是在某些人被置于外在环境高于野蛮人的同时,另一些人则被贬低到了野蛮人之下。一个阶级的奢侈,被另一个阶级的贫困所抵消。一边是宫殿,另一边是救济院与“沉默的穷人”。那万千建造金字塔以为法老陵墓的民众,以大蒜为食,他们自己死后或未得体面安葬。完成宫殿檐口装饰的石匠,夜晚返回的或是一间尚不如棚屋的小屋。若以为在一个存在着通常文明迹象的国度,其绝大多数居民的境况不可能像野蛮人一样堕落,那便错了。我指的是堕落的穷人,现下非指堕落的富人。要了解此点,我无需看得比我们铁路沿线随处可见的棚屋更远,那是文明的最新成果;在我每日散步中,我看见人们生活在猪圈般的环境里,整个冬日为求光亮而敞门,没有任何可见、甚至难以想象的柴堆,老少的身形皆因长期习惯于畏缩于寒冷与苦难而永久蜷曲,他们四肢与才能的发展皆受阻碍。看一看那个以其劳动完成了本时代杰出工程的阶级,这当然是公平的。在英格兰这个世界的大济贫院里,各行各业的操作工人,其状况或多或少亦复如是。或我可向你提及爱尔兰,在地图上被标记为白色或开明的地区之一。对比一下爱尔兰人的身体状况,与北美印第安人、南太平洋岛民或任何其他在与文明人接触而堕落之前的野蛮种族的状况。然则我毫不怀疑该民族之统治者与文明统治者的平均水平一般英明。他们的状况仅证明了与文明相伴的可能有多么肮脏。我现下几乎无需提及我们南方各州生产本国主要出口商品的劳工,他们自身便是南方的主要产物。但仅限于那些据说处于中等境况者。

🔊
minority /maɪˈnɔːrəti/
n. 少数,少数民族
🔊
counterbalanced /ˈkaʊntərˌbælənst/
v. 抗衡,抵消(过去分词)
🔊
indigence /ˈɪndɪdʒəns/
n. 贫困,贫穷
🔊
myriads /ˈmɪriədz/
n. 无数,极大数量(复数)
🔊
pyramids /ˈpɪrəmɪdz/
n. 金字塔(复数)
🔊
Pharaohs /ˈfeəroʊz/
n. 法老(古埃及君主,复数)
🔊
mason /ˈmeɪsn/
n. 石匠,泥瓦匠
🔊
cornice /ˈkɔːrnɪs/
n. 檐口,飞檐
🔊
degraded /dɪˈɡreɪdɪd/
adj. 堕落的,退化的
🔊
shanties /ˈʃæntiz/
n. 简陋的小屋,棚户区(复数)
🔊
sties /staɪz/
n. 猪圈;肮脏的住所(复数)
🔊
contracted /kənˈtræktɪd/
v. 收缩,使缩短(过去分词)
🔊
shrinking /ˈʃrɪŋkɪŋ/
v. 退缩,收缩(现在分词)
🔊
denomination /dɪˌnɑːmɪˈneɪʃn/
n. 宗派,面额,种类
🔊
enlightened /ɪnˈlaɪtnd/
adj. 开明的,文明的
🔊
squalidness /ˈskwɑːlɪdnəs/
n. 肮脏,污秽
🔊
staple /ˈsteɪpl/
adj. 主要的,基本的
🔊 Most men appear never to have considered what a house is, and are actually though needlessly poor all their lives because they think that they must have such a one as their neighbors have. As if one were to wear any sort of coat which the tailor might cut out for him, or, gradually leaving off palm-leaf hat or cap of woodchuck skin, complain of hard times because he could not afford to buy him a crown! It is possible to invent a house still more convenient and luxurious than we have, which yet all would admit that man could not afford to pay for. Shall we always study to obtain more of these things, and not sometimes to be content with less? Shall the respectable citizen thus gravely teach, by precept and example, the necessity of the young man's providing a certain number of superfluous glow-shoes, and umbrellas, and empty guest chambers for empty guests, before he dies? Why should not our furniture be as simple as the Arab's or the Indian's? When I think of the benefactors of the race, whom we have apotheosized as messengers from heaven, bearers of divine gifts to man, I do not see in my mind any retinue at their heels, any carload of fashionable furniture. Or what if I were to allow - would it not be a singular allowance? - that our furniture should be more complex than the Arab's, in proportion as we are morally and intellectually his superiors! At present our houses are cluttered and defiled with it, and a good housewife would sweep out the greater part into the dust hole, and not leave her morning's work undone. Morning work! By the blushes of Aurora and the music of Memnon, what should be man's morning work in this world? I had three pieces of limestone on my desk, but I was terrified to find that they required to be dusted daily, when the furniture of my mind was all undusted still, and threw them out the window in disgust. How, then, could I have a furnished house? I would rather sit in the open air, for no dust gathers on the grass, unless where man has broken ground.

大多数人似乎从未思量房屋为何物,实际上他们终生过着不必要的贫困生活,只因他们认为必须拥有与邻居一般的房屋。这就好比一个人该穿裁缝可能为他裁剪的任何外套,或渐渐舍弃了棕榈叶帽或土拨鼠皮帽,却抱怨时运艰难,只因他买不起一顶王冠!发明一栋比我们现有的更方便、更豪华的房屋是可能的,然众人皆会承认,人类负担不起。我们是否应总是研究如何获得更多这些东西,而非有时满足于更少?受人尊敬的公民便该如此严肃地,通过言传身教,令年轻人相信,他必须在死前预备一定数量多余的雨鞋、雨伞,以及为虚位宾客预备的闲置客房?为何我们的家具不能像阿拉伯人的或印第安人的那般简单?当我思及我们奉若神明的种族恩人,那些自天而降的信使、带来神赐礼物予人类者,我脑海里看不到他们身后有任何扈从,任何满载时髦家具的车队。或者,若我承认--这难道不是一个奇特的让步吗?--既然我们在道德与智力上是阿拉伯人的优者,我们的家具便该比他们的更复杂!目前我们的房屋被家具弄得凌乱不堪、污秽不堪,一个好主妇会将大部分家具扫入垃圾坑,不令晨间工作半途而废。晨间工作!凭奥罗拉的红晕与门农的音乐,人在此世清晨的工作当为何事?我桌上有三块石灰石,但我惊恐地发现它们需每日除尘,而我心灵的家具却满是尘埃,于是厌恶地将它们抛出窗外。那么,我怎能拥有一所配备了家具的房屋?我宁愿坐在露天里,因草地上不会积尘,除非是被人开垦过的地方。

🔊
apotheosized /əˈpɒθiəsaɪzd/
v. 神化,奉为神明(过去分词)
🔊
retinue /ˈretənuː/
n. 随行人员,扈从
🔊
carload /ˈkɑːrloʊd/
n. 一车之量,车载量
🔊
singular /ˈsɪŋɡjələr/
adj. 非凡的,奇特的
🔊
cluttered /ˈklʌtərd/
adj. 凌乱的,杂乱的
🔊
defiled /dɪˈfaɪld/
adj. 被玷污的,被弄脏的

正是那些奢侈而放荡的人设定了时尚,大众则如此勤勉地追随。在所谓顶级旅馆下榻的旅客,很快便会发现此点,因旅馆老板们推定他是萨达纳帕卢斯,倘若他听任他们温柔的慈悲摆布,很快便会彻底丧失男子气概。我以为在铁路车厢里,我们倾向于在奢侈上花费比在安全与便利上更多的钱,且它威胁着要在达不到这些目标的情况下,变得不比一间现代客厅更佳,内设长沙发、土耳其式软凳、遮阳伞,以及其他上百种东方式物件,这些我们正携之西行,本是为后宫的妃嫔与天朝柔弱的土著所发明,乔纳森真该为知晓其名而羞愧。我宁愿独坐于一个南瓜上,也不愿挤在天鹅绒坐垫上。我宁愿在地上乘牛车,空气自由流通,也不愿乘坐游览花哨车厢去往天堂,一路呼吸着瘴气。

🔊
dissipated /ˈdɪsɪpeɪtɪd/
adj. 放荡的,浪费的
🔊
herd /hɜːrd/
n. 人群,畜群
🔊
publicans /ˈpʌblɪkənz/
n. (古罗马)收税员;旅店老板(复数)
🔊
Sardanapalus /ˌsɑːrdəˈnæpələs/
n. 萨达纳帕洛斯(传说中的亚述国王,以奢侈享乐闻名)
🔊
emasculated /ɪˈmæskjuleɪtɪd/
adj. 被阉割的;被削弱的,失去男子气概的
🔊
divans /dɪˈvænz/
n. 长沙发,无靠背长椅(复数)
🔊
ottomans /ˈɒtəmənz/
n. 奥斯曼帝国人;垫脚凳(复数)
🔊
harem /ˈherəm/
n. 闺房,后宫
🔊
effeminate /ɪˈfemɪnət/
adj. 女人气的,柔弱的
🔊
malaria /məˈleriə/
n. 疟疾;瘴气(旧义)
🔊 The very simplicity and nakedness of man's life in the primitive ages imply this advantage, at least, that they left him still but a sojourner in nature. When he was refreshed with food and sleep, he contemplated his journey again. He dwelt, as it were, in a tent in this world, and was either threading the valleys, or crossing the plains, or climbing the mountain-tops. But lo! men have become the tools of their tools. The man who independently plucked the fruits when he was hungry is become a farmer; and he who stood under a tree for shelter, a housekeeper. We now no longer camp as for a night, but have settled down on earth and forgotten heaven. We have adopted Christianity merely as an improved method of agri-culture. We have built for this world a family mansion, and for the next a family tomb. The best works of art are the expression of man's struggle to free himself from this condition, but the effect of our art is merely to make this low state comfortable and that higher state to be forgotten. There is actually no place in this village for a work of fine art, if any had come down to us, to stand, for our lives, our houses and streets, furnish no proper pedestal for it. There is not a nail to hang a picture on, nor a shelf to receive the bust of a hero or a saint. When I consider how our houses are built and paid for, or not paid for, and their internal economy managed and sustained, I wonder that the floor does not give way under the visitor while he is admiring the gewgaws upon the mantelpiece, and let him through into the cellar, to some solid and honest though earthy foundation. I cannot but perceive that this so-called rich and refined life is a thing jumped at, and I do not get on in the enjoyment of the fine arts which adorn it, my attention being wholly occupied with the jump; for I remember that the greatest genuine leap, due to human muscles alone, on record, is that of certain wandering Arabs, who are said to have cleared twenty-five feet on level ground. Without factitious support, man is sure to come to earth again beyond that distance. The first question which I am tempted to put to the proprietor of such great impropriety is, Who bolsters you? Are you one of the ninety-seven who fail, or the three who succeed? Answer me these questions, and then perhaps I may look at your bawbles and find them ornamental. The cart before the horse is neither beautiful nor useful. Before we can adorn our houses with beautiful objects the walls must be stripped, and our lives must be stripped, and beautiful housekeeping and beautiful living be laid for a foundation: now, a taste for the beautiful is most cultivated out of doors, where there is no house and no housekeeper.

原始时代人类生活的极度简朴与赤裸,至少暗示了这样一个好处:它们仍只是让他在自然中做个过客。当他饱食安眠、恢复精神后,他便再度思量他的旅程。可以说,他住在此世的帐篷里,时而穿行山谷,时而跨越平原,时而攀登山巅。但是看啊!人们已成了他们工具的工具。那个饥饿时独立采摘果实的人,变成了农夫;而那个立于树下寻求遮蔽的人,成了管家。我们如今不再如只宿一夜般露营,而是定居于地上,忘却了天堂。我们仅将基督教当作改良农艺的方法来接受。我们为此生建造了家族宅邸,为来世建造了家族坟墓。最杰出的艺术作品,表达了人类努力挣脱此种状态的挣扎,然我们艺术的效果,仅是使此种低下状态变得舒适,而使那更高状态被遗忘。实际上,此村中并无任何位置可容一件精美的艺术品(纵有流传给我们的作品),因我们的生活、我们的房屋与街道,未为它提供合宜的基座。无一钉可挂一幅画,无一架可承一尊英雄或圣徒的半身像。当我思量我们的房屋是如何建造与付款(或未付款)的,以及其内部经济是如何管理与维持的,我不禁诧异,为何访客在欣赏壁炉架上的小摆设时,地板未曾塌陷,令他坠入地窖,坠到某个坚实而诚实的、尽管是泥土的地基上。我不能不察觉,此种所谓的富裕精致生活,乃是人们趋之若鹜之物,而我无法享受装饰它的艺术之美,我的注意力全然被那跳跃所占据;因我记得,有记录以来单凭人体肌肉实现的最远跳跃,是某些流浪的阿拉伯人完成的,据说他们在平地上跃过了二十五英尺。若无人为支撑,超过此距,人必会再次落地。对于此种极不得体之行为的拥有者,我忍不住要问的第一个问题是:谁在支撑你?你是那九十七个失败者之一,还是那三个成功者?答我此问,然后或许我方能看看你的小玩意儿,发现其有装饰性。本末倒置既不美亦无用。在我们能用美丽的物品装饰我们的房屋之前,墙壁必须被剥去,我们的生活亦必须被剥去,必须奠基于美丽持家与美丽生活;如今,对美的品味大多是在户外培养的,那里没有房屋,亦无管家。

🔊
contemplated /ˈkɒntəmpleɪtɪd/
v. 深思,考虑(过去式)
🔊
threading /ˈθredɪŋ/
v. 穿过,穿行于(现在分词)
🔊
gewgaws /ˈɡjuːɡɔːz/
n. 华而不实的小玩意,花哨的装饰品(复数)
🔊
mantelpiece /ˈmæntlpiːs/
n. 壁炉架,壁炉台
🔊
bolsters /ˈboʊlstərz/
v. 支撑,加强(第三人称单数)
🔊
bawbles /ˈbɔːblz/
n. 廉价的小饰物,华而不实的东西(复数,同baubles)
🔊 Old Johnson, in his "Wonder-Working Providence," speaking of the first settlers of this town, with whom he was contemporary, tells us that "they burrow themselves in the earth for their first shelter under some hillside, and, casting the soil aloft upon timber, they make a smoky fire against the earth, at the highest side." They did not "provide them houses," says he, "till the earth, by the Lord's blessing, brought forth bread to feed them," and the first year's crop was so light that "they were forced to cut their bread very thin for a long season." The secretary of the Province of New Netherland, writing in Dutch, in 1650, for the information of those who wished to take up land there, states more particularly that "those in New Netherland, and especially in New England, who have no means to build farmhouses at first according to their wishes, dig a square pit in the ground, cellar fashion, six or seven feet deep, as long and as broad as they think proper, case the earth inside with wood all round the wall, and line the wood with the bark of trees or something else to prevent the caving in of the earth; floor this cellar with plank, and wainscot it overhead for a ceiling, raise a roof of spars clear up, and cover the spars with bark or green sods, so that they can live dry and warm in these houses with their entire families for two, three, and four years, it being understood that partitions are run through those cellars which are adapted to the size of the family. The wealthy and principal men in New England, in the beginning of the colonies, commenced their first dwelling-houses in this fashion for two reasons: firstly, in order not to waste time in building, and not to want food the next season; secondly, in order not to discourage poor laboring people whom they brought over in numbers from Fatherland. In the course of three or four years, when the country became adapted to agriculture, they built themselves handsome houses, spending on them several thousands."

老约翰逊在其《奇妙的上帝旨意》中,言及此镇的第一批定居者(他们是他的同时代人)时告诉我们:“他们最初在山坡下掘地穴为栖身之所,将土抛于木料之上,在高的一侧生起冒烟的火对着泥土取暖。”他说,他们“未为自己造屋,直至主赐福大地,为他们出产了粮食充饥”,而第一年的收成如此微薄,“以至于他们很长一段时间被迫将面包切得极薄。”新尼德兰省秘书于1650年以荷兰文写给那些希望在该地获取土地者的信息中,更具体地说明:“新尼德兰,特别是新英格兰的人,起初无资金按己愿建造农舍,便在地上掘一方坑,如地窖般,六、七英尺深,长宽随其意,坑内四周以木料撑住泥土,木料内衬以树皮或他物以防泥土塌陷;以木板铺地窖地面,顶上钉护墙板作天花板,以木料搭起屋顶,木料上覆以树皮或绿草皮,如此他们便能与全家人在这些房屋中干燥温暖地住上两、三、四年;须知,这些地窖中会根据家庭大小隔开房间。新英格兰的富人与头面人物,在殖民初期,以此方式开始建造其第一所住宅,原因有二:其一,为不浪费建造时间,免下一季缺粮;其二,为不令他们自祖国大批带来的贫苦劳工灰心。过了三四年,当国家适应了农业,他们方为自己建造漂亮的房屋,花费数千元。”

🔊
casting /ˈkæstɪŋ/
v. 投掷,抛洒(现在分词)
🔊
aloft /əˈlɒft/
adv. 在高处,在空中
🔊
spars /spɑːrz/
n. 圆材(如桅杆),梁(复数)
🔊
sods /sɒdz/
n. 草皮,草泥块(复数)
🔊
partitions /pɑːrˈtɪʃnz/
n. 隔墙,分隔(复数)

我们的祖先所采取的此种做法,至少显示出一种审慎,仿佛他们的原则是先满足更迫切的需求。然则,现在更迫切的需求得到满足了吗?当我思及为自己购置一所我们那些奢侈的住宅时,我却步了,因为,可以说,这个国家尚未适应人类文化的需求,我们仍被迫将我们的精神食粮切得比我们祖先的小麦面包薄得多。这并非说即使在最原始的时代,所有的建筑装饰皆应被忽视;而是让我们的房屋首先从与我们生活接触的地方开始,以美来装饰,有如贝类的居所那般,而非将美覆盖在外。但是,唉!我曾进过一两所这样的房屋,知晓其内里装饰着何物。

🔊
prudence /ˈpruːdns/
n. 谨慎,节俭
🔊
deterred /dɪˈtɜːrd/
v. 阻止,威慑(过去分词)
🔊
tenement /ˈtenəmənt/
n. 经济公寓,租屋

尽管我们尚未退化到今日可能住洞穴或棚屋或穿兽皮的地步,但接受人类发明与勤劳所提供的这些好处,尽管代价高昂,当然更好。在像此处的社区,木板与木瓦、石灰与砖块,比合宜的洞穴、整根的原木、足够的树皮,甚或是调和得当的黏土或平坦的石板更便宜、更易得。我对此主题的发言是经过深思的,因我已从理论与实践两方面熟稔之。再多一点智慧,我们便能利用这些材料,变得比现在最富有者更为富裕,并使我们的文明成为一种福祉。文明人是一个更有经验、更智慧的野蛮人。但我得赶紧说说我自己的实验。

🔊
tempered /ˈtempərd/
adj. 回火的;调和了的
🔊 Near the end of March, 1845, I borrowed an axe and went down to the woods by Walden Pond, nearest to where I intended to build my house, and began to cut down some tall, arrowy white pines, still in their youth, for timber. It is difficult to begin without borrowing, but perhaps it is the most generous course thus to permit your fellow-men to have an interest in your enterprise. The owner of the axe, as he released his hold on it, said that it was the apple of his eye; but I returned it sharper than I received it. It was a pleasant hillside where I worked, covered with pine woods, through which I looked out on the pond, and a small open field in the woods where pines and hickories were springing up. The ice in the pond was not yet dissolved, though there were some open spaces, and it was all dark-colored and saturated with water. There were some slight flurries of snow during the days that I worked there; but for the most part when I came out on to the railroad, on my way home, its yellow sand heap stretched away gleaming in the hazy atmosphere, and the rails shone in the spring sun, and I heard the lark and pewee and other birds already come to commence another year with us. They were pleasant spring days, in which the winter of man's discontent was thawing as well as the earth, and the life that had lain torpid began to stretch itself. One day, when my axe had come off and I had cut a green hickory for a wedge, driving it with a stone, and had placed the whole to soak in a pond-hole in order to swell the wood, I saw a striped snake run into the water, and he lay on the bottom, apparently without inconvenience, as long as I stayed there, or more than a quarter of an hour; perhaps because he had not yet fairly come out of the torpid state. It appeared to me that for a like reason men remain in their present low and primitive condition; but if they should feel the influence of the spring of springs arousing them, they would of necessity rise to a higher and more ethereal life. I had previously seen the snakes in frosty mornings in my path with portions of their bodies still numb and inflexible, waiting for the sun to thaw them. On the 1st of April it rained and melted the ice, and in the early part of the day, which was very foggy, I heard a stray goose groping about over the pond and cackling as if lost, or like the spirit of the fog.

1845年3月底,我借了一把斧头,来到瓦尔登湖畔的林子里,离我打算建房处最近,开始砍伐一些高大笔直、尚在幼龄的白松作木料。万事开头难,免不了要借物,但或许这样让你的同胞对你的企业感兴趣,是最慷慨的做法了。斧头的主人松手时,说那是他的眼珠子;但我归还时,比借来时更锋利了。我干活处是一处令人愉快的山坡,覆满松林,透过松林我能望见池塘,还有林中一小片开阔地,那里松树与山胡桃树正在抽芽。池塘里的冰尚未完全融化,尽管有些地方已解冻,水色深暗,饱含水分。我在那里工作的那些天,偶有轻微的风雪;但多半时候,当我走上铁路回家时,黄色的沙堆在朦胧的大气中延伸、闪烁,铁轨在春日阳光下闪亮,我听到云雀、美洲雀及其他鸟儿已经归来,与我们一同开始新的一年。那是宜人的春日,人间不满的严冬与大地一同解冻,蛰伏的生命开始舒展身躯。一日,我的斧柄脱落了,我砍了一根青绿的山胡桃木作楔子,以石敲入,然后将整把斧头浸入池塘的一个水坑,好让木头泡涨,这时我看见一条有条纹的蛇窜入水中,它躺在水底,显然并无不适,我在那儿待了多久,它便待了多久,超过一刻钟;或许是因为它尚未完全从蛰伏状态中苏醒。在我看来,人类停留在目前这种低级原始的状态,亦是出于类似缘由;但倘若他们感受到春天般的复苏力量的感召,他们必然会上升到一种更高、更空灵的生活。以前我亦曾在霜晨看见路上的蛇,身体的部分仍麻木僵硬,等待着太阳来融化它们。四月一日下了雨,融化了冰,那天早晨大雾弥漫,我听到一只离群的鹅在池塘上摸索,嘎嘎叫着,仿佛迷了路,又像是雾的精灵。

🔊
arrowy /ˈærəʊi/
adj. 箭似的,笔直的
🔊
saturated /ˈsætʃəreɪtɪd/
adj. 浸透的,饱和的
🔊
flurries /ˈflɜːriz/
n. 阵风,小雪(复数)
🔊
hazy /ˈheɪzi/
adj. 朦胧的,有薄雾的
🔊
pewee /ˈpiːwiː/
n. 京燕(一种北美小鸟)
🔊
torpid /ˈtɔːrpɪd/
adj. 迟钝的,不活跃的
🔊
ethereal /iˈθɪriəl/
adj. 缥缈的,超凡的
🔊 So I went on for some days cutting and hewing timber, and also studs and rafters, all with my narrow axe, not having many communicable or scholar-like thoughts, singing to myself, -

于是我就这样干了好些天,砍伐并削制木料,还有墙筋与椽子,全用我那窄窄的斧头,脑子里没有太多可交流或学者般的想法,只是对自己唱着:-

🔊
hewing /ˈhjuːɪŋ/
v. 砍,劈(木材或石头)
🔊
timber /ˈtɪmbər/
n. 木材,木料
🔊
studs /stʌdz/
n. 壁骨,立柱(建筑中构成墙框架的垂直木料)
🔊
rafters /ˈræftərz/
n. 椽子(支撑屋顶的斜梁)
🔊
communicable /kəˈmjuːnɪkəbl/
adj. 可传达的,可交流的
🔊
scholar-like /ˈskɑːlərˌlaɪk/
adj. 学者似的,有学者风度的

人们说他们知晓许多事;

但看哪!它们已展翅飞去--

艺术与科学,

还有上千种器具;

风儿吹拂

才是任何人所知的一切。

我将主梁削成六英寸见方,大部分墙筋只削两面,椽子与地板梁只削一面,其余部分保留树皮,如此它们与锯出的木头一般直,且结实得多。每根木料皆以其树桩仔细凿了榫眼或榫头,因这时我已借了其他工具。我在林中的日子并不很长;但我通常带着面包与黄油的午餐,中午坐在我砍下的青松枝中间,阅读包裹午餐的报纸,我的面包因此沾染了松枝的清香,因我的手上覆着一层厚厚的松脂。完工之前,我已更多地成了松树的朋友而非敌人,尽管我砍倒了一些,因我对它更了解了。有时,林中漫步者被我的斧声吸引,我们便愉快地在我劈出的木屑上闲聊。

🔊
hewed /hjuːd/
v. 砍伐,劈开
🔊
timbers /ˈtɪmbərz/
n. 木材,木料
🔊
mortised /ˈmɔːrtɪst/
v. 开榫眼
🔊
tenoned /ˈtɛnənd/
v. 开榫头
🔊
stump /stʌmp/
n. 树桩
🔊
fragrance /ˈfreɪɡrəns/
n. 香味,芳香
🔊
pitch /pɪtʃ/
n. 树脂,沥青
🔊
rambler /ˈræmblər/
n. 漫步者,漫谈者
🔊
chatted /ˈtʃætɪd/
v. 聊天,闲谈
🔊
imparted /ɪmˈpɑːrtɪd/
v. 赋予,传授
🔊 By the middle of April, for I made no haste in my work, but rather made the most of it, my house was framed and ready for the raising. I had already bought the shanty of James Collins, an Irishman who worked on the Fitchburg Railroad, for boards. James Collins' shanty was considered an uncommonly fine one. When I called to see it he was not at home. I walked about the outside, at first unobserved from within, the window was so deep and high. It was of small dimensions, with a peaked cottage roof, and not much else to be seen, the dirt being raised five feet all around as if it were a compost heap. The roof was the soundest part, though a good deal warped and made brittle by the sun. Doorsill there was none, but a perennial passage for the hens under the door board. Mrs. C. came to the door and asked me to view it from the inside. The hens were driven in by my approach. It was dark, and had a dirt floor for the most part, dank, clammy, and aguish, only here a board and there a board which would not bear removal. She lighted a lamp to show me the inside of the roof and the walls, and also that the board floor extended under the bed, warning me not to step into the cellar, a sort of dust hole two feet deep. In her own words, they were "good boards overhead, good boards all around, and a good window" - of two whole squares originally, only the cat had passed out that way lately. There was a stove, a bed, and a place to sit, an infant in the house where it was born, a silk parasol, gilt-framed looking-glass, and a patent new coffee-mill nailed to an oak sapling, all told. The bargain was soon concluded, for James had in the meanwhile returned. I to pay four dollars and twenty-five cents tonight, he to vacate at five tomorrow morning, selling to nobody else meanwhile: I to take possession at six. It were well, he said, to be there early, and anticipate certain indistinct but wholly unjust claims on the score of ground rent and fuel. This he assured me was the only encumbrance. At six I passed him and his family on the road. One large bundle held their all - bed, coffee-mill, looking-glass, hens - all but the cat; she took to the woods and became a wild cat, and, as I learned afterward, trod in a trap set for woodchucks, and so became a dead cat at last.

到了四月中旬,因我干活不赶时间,反而尽量利用时间,我的房子已经架好,准备立起了。我已买下了詹姆斯·柯林斯的棚屋,他是个在菲奇堡铁路工作的爱尔兰人,为的是木板。詹姆斯·柯林斯的棚屋被认为是非同一般的好。我去看房子时他不在家。我在外面走动,起初里面未注意到我,因窗户又深又高。它面积不大,有个尖顶的村舍式屋顶,此外没什么可看的,四周的泥土堆高了五英尺,像是个粪堆。屋顶是最完好的部分,尽管有点翘曲,被太阳晒得发脆。没有门槛,但门下有一道永久的通道供鸡出入。柯林斯太太来到门口,请我从里面看看。我的靠近把鸡赶了进去。里面很暗,大部分是泥地,阴冷、潮湿、令人发寒,只有这里那里铺着木板,经不起搬动。她点了一盏灯给我看屋顶里面和墙壁,以及床下也铺着地板,提醒我不要踩进地窖,那是个两英尺深的灰尘洞。用她自己的话说,那是“头顶有好板子,周围有好板子,还有个好窗户”--原本是两个完整的方格玻璃,只是最近猫从那里出去了。屋里有一个炉子、一张床、一个坐的地方、一个在屋里出生的婴儿、一把丝绸阳伞、一面镀金框的镜子,还有一个钉在一棵小橡树上的专利新咖啡磨,就这些了。交易很快就达成了,因詹姆斯这时回来了。我今晚付四美元二十五美分,他明早五点搬走,期间不卖予他人:我六点接收。他说,最好早点到,免得碰到某些关于地租与燃料的、模糊不清但完全不公正的索求。他向我保证这是唯一的负担。六点钟,我在路上遇到他和他一家。一个大包裹装着他们所有的家当--床、咖啡磨、镜子、母鸡--除了那只猫;它逃进树林成了一只野猫,后来我听说,它踩进了捕土拨鼠的陷阱,最终成了一只死猫。

🔊
shanty /ˈʃænti/
n. 简陋小屋,棚屋
🔊
uncommonly /ʌnˈkɒmənli/
adv. 不寻常地,罕见地
🔊
dimensions /daɪˈmɛnʃənz/
n. 尺寸,维度
🔊
peaked /piːkt/
adj. 尖顶的,有峰的
🔊
warped /wɔːrpt/
adj. 弯曲的,扭曲的
🔊
brittle /ˈbrɪtl/
adj. 脆的,易碎的
🔊
perennial /pəˈreniəl/
adj. 永久的,多年生的
🔊
dank /dæŋk/
adj. 阴湿的,潮湿的
🔊
clammy /ˈklæmi/
adj. 湿冷的,黏糊糊的
🔊
aguish /ˈeɪɡwɪʃ/
adj. 易患疟疾的,发冷的
🔊
vacate /veɪˈkeɪt/
v. 腾空,搬出
🔊
encumbrance /ɪnˈkʌmbrəns/
n. 负担,阻碍

我当天上午就拆掉了这个住所,拔出钉子,用小推车分次运到湖边,把木板摊在草地上,让它们在阳光下漂白并恢复原状。当我沿着林间小路推车时,一只早起的鸫鸟给了我几声鸣啭。一个名叫帕特里克的年轻人背信地告诉我,邻居西利,一个爱尔兰人,在运货的间隙,把那些尚堪用、笔直、可敲的钉子、U形钉与大钉都装进了自己的口袋,然后等我回来时,站在那里打招呼,新鲜地、若无其事地、带着春天的思绪,看着这片狼藉;他说是因为活计少。他在那儿代表着旁观者,帮着把这看似微不足道的事件,弄得像搬走特洛伊众神一样隆重。

🔊
thrush /θrʌʃ/
n. 画眉鸟
🔊
treacherously /ˈtretʃərəsli/
adv. 背叛地,奸诈地
🔊
staples /ˈsteɪplz/
n. U形钉,订书钉
🔊
spikes /spaɪks/
n. 长钉,尖刺
🔊
unconcerned /ˌʌnkənˈsɜːrnd/
adj. 不关心的,无忧虑的
🔊
devastation /ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn/
n. 破坏,毁灭
🔊
dearth /dɜːrθ/
n. 缺乏,稀少
🔊
spectatordom /spekˈteɪtərdəm/
n. 旁观者群体

我在一个向南倾斜的山坡上掘了我的地窖,那里从前有只土拨鼠掘过洞,穿过漆树与黑莓根,以及最表层的植被,掘了一个六英尺见方、七英尺深的坑,一直掘到细沙层,那里的土豆任何冬天都不会冻坏。坑壁是倾斜的,没有砌石头;但太阳从未照到过它们,沙子仍保持着原状。这不过是两小时的活儿。我特别享受这破土动工的过程,因在几乎所有纬度,人们皆掘入地下以寻求恒温。在城市最华丽的房屋之下,仍能找到他们如古时一般储存根茎的地窖,即使上层建筑早已消失,后人犹能注意到地上留下的凹痕。房屋终究只是洞穴入口处的一种门廊。

🔊
cellar /ˈselər/
n. 地窖,地下室
🔊
sloping /ˈsloʊpɪŋ/
adj. 倾斜的
🔊
sumach /ˈsuːmæk/
n. 漆树
🔊
blackberry /ˈblækberi/
n. 黑莓
🔊
vegetation /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/
n. 植被,植物
🔊
stoned /stoʊnd/
adj. 用石头砌的
🔊
equable /ˈekwəbl/
adj. 稳定的,温和的
🔊
superstructure /ˈsuːpərstrʌktʃər/
n. 上部结构,上层建筑
🔊
posterity /pɒˈsterəti/
n. 后代,子孙
🔊
dent /dent/
n. 凹痕,凹陷

最后,在五月初,在一些熟人的帮助下,与其说是出于必要,不如说是为了利用这个好机会增进邻里情谊,我立起了房子的框架。在帮我立房子的众人中,无人比我更受尊敬了。我相信,他们注定有一天会协助竖起更高尚的结构。我在七月四日开始入住我的房子,那时房子刚铺好木板、盖好屋顶,因木板仔细地削了边、互相搭接,完全防雨,但在铺板之前,我先在一端为烟囱打了地基,用双臂从湖边搬了两车石头上山。我在秋天锄完地后砌了烟囱,那时还不需要生火取暖,这期间我一直在户外地上做早饭:我以为这种方式在某些方面比通常的方式更方便、更令人愉快。当我的面包还没烤好就遇到暴风雨时,我在火上搭几块板子,坐在下面照看我的面团,就这样愉快地度过几个时辰。那些日子,我的手很忙,读得很少,但地上、我的布垫或桌布上最小的纸片,都给了我同样多的消遣,事实上起到了和伊利亚特一样的作用。

🔊
neighborliness /ˈneɪbərlinəs/
n. 友善,邻里之情
🔊
destined /ˈdestɪnd/
adj. 注定的,命定的
🔊
loftier /ˈlɔːftiər/
adj. 更高的,崇高的
🔊
feather-edged /ˈfeðər ˌedʒd/
adj. 羽状边的
🔊
lapped /læpt/
v. 重叠,包裹
🔊
impervious /ɪmˈpɜːrviəs/
adj. 不透水的,不受影响的
🔊
chimney /ˈtʃɪmni/
n. 烟囱
🔊
hoeing /ˈhoʊɪŋ/
v. 锄地
🔊
Iliad /ˈɪliəd/
n. 《伊利亚特》(古希腊史诗)

比我所做的更加深思熟虑地建房是值得的,例如,思量一扇门、一扇窗、一个地窖、一间阁楼,在人的天性中有着怎样的根基,或许在我们找到比我们暂时的需求更好的理由之前,永远不要搭建上层建筑。一个人建造自己的房屋,与一只鸟建造自己的巢,有着某种同样的适宜性。谁知道呢,倘若人们亲手建造自己的居所,并足够简单诚实地为自己和家人提供食物,诗歌才能会不会普遍发展,就像鸟儿普遍会在忙于筑巢时歌唱一样?但是唉!我们却像牛鹂与杜鹃,把蛋下在其他鸟筑的巢里,叽叽喳喳、不成曲调的叫声无法让任何旅人感到欢欣。难道我们要永远将建造的乐趣让给木匠?在大多数人的经验中,建筑又算得了什么?在我所有的散步中,从未遇到过一个人从事像建造自己房子这样简单自然的工作。我们属于社群。不止是裁缝,还有牧师、商人、农夫,都只是一个人的九分之一。这种分工到何处为止?最终又服务于什么目的?毫无疑问,别人也可以为我思考;但这并不意味着让他替我思考到排除我自己思考的地步,是可取的。

🔊
garret /ˈɡærət/
n. 阁楼
🔊
temporal /ˈtempərəl/
adj. 暂时的,时间的
🔊
faculty /ˈfæklti/
n. 能力,院系
🔊
cowbirds /ˈkaʊbɜːrdz/
n. 牛鹂
🔊
cuckoos /ˈkʊkuːz/
n. 杜鹃
🔊
resign /rɪˈzaɪn/
v. 放弃,辞职
🔊
carpenter /ˈkɑːrpəntər/
n. 木匠
🔊
architecture /ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər/
n. 建筑学,建筑风格
🔊
preacher /ˈpriːtʃər/
n. 传教士,牧师
🔊
merchant /ˈmɜːrtʃənt/
n. 商人
🔊
division /dɪˈvɪʒn/
n. 分工,划分
🔊 True, there are architects so called in this country, and I have heard of one at least possessed with the idea of making architectural ornaments have a core of truth, a necessity, and hence a beauty, as if it were a revelation to him. All very well perhaps from his point of view, but only a little better than the common dilettantism. A sentimental reformer in architecture, he began at the cornice, not at the foundation. It was only how to put a core of truth within the ornaments, that every sugarplum, in fact, might have an almond or caraway seed in it - though I hold that almonds are most wholesome without the sugar - and not how the inhabitant, the indweller, might build truly within and without, and let the ornaments take care of themselves. What reasonable man ever supposed that ornaments were something outward and in the skin merely - that the tortoise got his spotted shell, or the shell-fish its mother-o'-pearl tints, by such a contract as the inhabitants of Broadway their Trinity Church? But a man has no more to do with the style of architecture of his house than a tortoise with that of its shell: nor need the soldier be so idle as to try to paint the precise color of his virtue on his standard. The enemy will find it out. He may turn pale when the trial comes. This man seemed to me to lean over the cornice, and timidly whisper his half truth to the rude occupants who really knew it better than he. What of architectural beauty I now see, I know has gradually grown from within outward, out of the necessities and character of the indweller, who is the only builder - out of some unconscious truthfulness, and nobleness, without ever a thought for the appearance and whatever additional beauty of this kind is destined to be produced will be preceded by a like unconscious beauty of life. The most interesting dwellings in this country, as the painter knows, are the most unpretending, humble log huts and cottages of the poor commonly; it is the life of the inhabitants whose shells they are, and not any peculiarity in their surfaces merely, which makes them picturesque; and equally interesting will be the citizen's suburban box, when his life shall be as simple and as agreeable to the imagination, and there is as little straining after effect in the style of his dwelling. A great proportion of architectural ornaments are literally hollow, and a September gale would strip them off, like borrowed plumes, without injury to the substantials. They can do without architecture who have no olives nor wines in the cellar. What if an equal ado were made about the ornaments of style in literature, and the architects of our bibles spent as much time about their cornices as the architects of our churches do? So are made the belles-lettres and the beaux-arts and their professors. Much it concerns a man, forsooth, how a few sticks are slanted over him or under him, and what colors are daubed upon his box. It would signify somewhat, if, in any earnest sense, he slanted them and daubed it; but the spirit having departed out of the tenant, it is of a piece with constructing his own coffin - the architecture of the grave - and "carpenter" is but another name for "coffin-maker." One man says, in his despair or indifference to life, take up a handful of the earth at your feet, and paint your house that color. Is he thinking of his last and narrow house? Toss up a copper for it as well. What an abundance of leisure be must have! Why do you take up a handful of dirt? Better paint your house your own complexion; let it turn pale or blush for you. An enterprise to improve the style of cottage architecture! When you have got my ornaments ready, I will wear them.

诚然,这个国家有所谓的建筑师,我至少听说过一位,他怀有这样的理念:要让建筑装饰具有真实的核心理念、必要性,从而具有美感,仿佛对他而言这是一种启示。从他的观点看,或许一切都很好,但只是比普通的业余爱好略好一点。作为一个多愁善感的建筑改革者,他从檐口开始,而非从地基开始。这仅仅是如何在装饰中注入真实的核心理念,以至于每一颗糖衣果仁里,事实上都可能有一颗杏仁或葛缕子籽--尽管我以为不加糖的杏仁最有益健康--而非居住者、入住者如何从内到外真实地建造,让装饰自己照顾自己。哪个理智的人曾以为装饰仅仅是外在的、皮肤上的东西--以为乌龟得到它斑点的壳,贝壳得到它的珍珠光泽,是像百老汇的居民得到他们的三一教堂那样的契约?但一个人对他房屋的建筑风格,并不比乌龟对其壳的风格有更多的作为;士兵也不必如此无聊,试图将他美德的确切颜色画在他的军旗上。敌人会发现的。考验来临时,他或许会脸色发白。在我看来,这个人似乎靠在檐口上,胆怯地向那些其实比他知道得更清楚的粗鲁住户,低声诉说着他那半真半假的道理。我现在所见的建筑之美,我知道是从内向外逐渐生长出来的,源于居住者的需求与性格,他才是唯一的建造者--源于某种无意识的真实与崇高,从未考虑过外观;而注定要产生的任何此类附加之美,都将以同样无意识的生命之美为先导。画家知道,这个国家最有趣的住宅,通常是穷人不加粉饰的简陋木屋与村舍;正是居住者作为其外壳的生活,而不仅仅是其表面的任何独特性,使它们如画般美丽;同样有趣的将是市民在郊区的盒子房,只要他的生活同样简单、同样契合想象,并且在他的住宅风格上同样没有刻意追求效果。很大比例的建筑装饰实际上是空洞的,一阵九月的狂风就能把它们像借来的羽毛一样吹掉,而对主体结构毫无损伤。地窖里没有橄榄也没有酒的人,没有建筑装饰也能过。如果在文学风格的装饰上也同样大费周章,如果我们圣经的建筑师也像我们教堂的建筑师花那么多时间在他们的檐口上,那会怎样呢?这样就产生了纯文学与美术以及它们的教授们。一个人,确实,很关心几根木棍在他头上或脚下是如何倾斜的,以及他的盒子上涂了什么颜色。倘若他是认真地倾斜木棍、涂抹颜色,那倒还有点意义;但既然居住者的精神已经离去,这就和建造他自己的棺材--坟墓的建筑--一样了,而“木匠”不过是“棺材匠”的另一个名字。一个人在绝望或对生活漠不关心时说,从你脚下的泥土里抓一把,就用那个颜色漆你的房子吧。他是在想他最后那个狭窄的房子吗?那也扔个铜板来决定好了。他该有多么充裕的闲暇啊!你为什么要抓一把泥土?不如把你的房子漆成你自己的肤色;让它为你变得苍白或脸红。一项改良村舍建筑风格的事业!等你把我的装饰准备好了,我会穿戴的。

🔊
architects /ˈɑːrkɪtekts/
n. 建筑师
🔊
ornaments /ˈɔːrnəmənts/
n. 装饰,装饰品
🔊
revelation /ˌrevəˈleɪʃn/
n. 启示,揭露
🔊
dilettantism /ˈdɪlɪtæntɪzəm/
n. 业余爱好,浅尝辄止
🔊
sentimental /ˌsentɪˈmentl/
adj. 感伤的,多愁善感的
🔊
reformer /rɪˈfɔːrmər/
n. 改革者
🔊
sugarplum /ˈʃʊɡərplʌm/
n. 糖李,糖果
🔊
almond /ˈɑːmənd/
n. 杏仁
🔊
caraway /ˈkærəweɪ/
n. 葛缕子
🔊
inhabitant /ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/
n. 居民
🔊
indweller /ɪnˈdwɛlər/
n. 居住者,内在者
🔊
tortoise /ˈtɔːrtəs/
n. 乌龟
🔊
mother-o'-pearl /ˌmʌðər əˈpɜːrl/
n. 珍珠母
🔊
timidly /ˈtɪmɪdli/
adv. 胆怯地,羞怯地
🔊
unpretending /ˌʌnprɪˈtendɪŋ/
adj. 谦逊的,不炫耀的
🔊
humble /ˈhʌmbl/
adj. 卑微的,谦逊的
🔊
picturesque /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/
adj. 如画的,美丽的
🔊
suburban /səˈbɜːrbən/
adj. 郊区的
🔊
strip /strɪp/
v. 剥去,剥夺
🔊
plumes /pluːmz/
n. 羽毛,羽饰
🔊
substantials /səbˈstænʃlz/
n. 实质部分,重要内容
🔊
belles-lettres /ˌbel ˈletrə/
n. 纯文学
🔊
beaux-arts /ˌboʊ ˈzɑːr/
n. 美术
🔊
forsooth /fəˈsuːθ/
adv. 确实,真的(古语或讽刺)
🔊
daubed /dɔːbd/
v. 涂抹,乱画
🔊
tenant /ˈtenənt/
n. 租户,房客
🔊
coffin-maker /ˈkɒfɪn ˌmeɪkər/
n. 棺材匠
🔊
indifference /ɪnˈdɪfrəns/
n. 冷漠,不关心
🔊
complexion /kəmˈplekʃn/
n. 肤色,面色

入冬前,我砌了烟囱,并用从原木第一层切下的、不完美且多汁的木瓦,覆盖了房子两侧,那些地方本来已经防雨了,只是木瓦的边缘我得用刨子刨直。

🔊
shingled /ˈʃɪŋɡld/
v. 用木瓦覆盖
🔊
sappy /ˈsæpi/
adj. 多汁的,幼稚的

就这样,我有了一所严实实、抹了灰泥的房子,十英尺宽,十五英尺长,柱子八英尺高,带一间阁楼和一间储藏室,每边各有一扇大窗,两个活板门,一端有一扇门,对面是一个砖砌的壁炉。我的房子的确切成本,按我所用材料的通常价格计算,但不计人工,全部由我自己完成,如下所示;我列出细节,是因为很少有人能确切说出他们的房子花了多少钱,而能说出构成房子的各种材料各自成本的人,就更少了:-

🔊
tight /taɪt/
adj. 紧密的,密封的
🔊
plastered /ˈplæstərd/
adj. 抹灰的,涂灰泥的
🔊
closet /ˈklɒzɪt/
n. 壁橱,储藏室
🔊
trap doors /træp dɔːrz/
n. 活板门
🔊
fireplace /ˈfaɪərpleɪs/
n. 壁炉
🔊 Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 8.03+, mostly shanty boards.

木板 …………………………………… 八美元零三美分半,大多是棚屋木板。

屋顶和墙壁用的废旧木瓦 …… 四美元

🔊 Laths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.25

板条 ………………………………………… 一美元二十五美分

🔊
Laths /læθs/
n. 板条(细长的木条或金属条,用于支撑灰泥、瓦片等)
🔊 Two second-hand windows with glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.43

两扇二手窗户带玻璃 ………… 两美元四十三美分

🔊
second-hand /ˌsekənd ˈhænd/
adj. 二手的,用过的
🔊 One thousand old brick . . . . . . . . .. . . 4.00

一千块旧砖 …………………………… 四美元

🔊 Two casks of lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.40 That was high.

两桶石灰 ………………………………… 两美元四十美分 这价高了。

🔊
casks /kæsks/
n. 木桶
🔊
lime /laɪm/
n. 石灰(用于建筑或农业的白色物质)
🔊 Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.31 More than I needed.

毛发 …………………………………………… 三十一美分 比我需要的多。

🔊 Mantle-tree iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.15

壁炉架铁件 …………………………… 十五美分

🔊 Nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.90

钉子 ………………………………………… 三美元九十美分

🔊 Hinges and screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14

铰链和螺丝 ……………………………… 十四美分

🔊 Latch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10

门闩 …………………………………………… 十美分

🔊 Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01

粉笔 …………………………………………… 一美分

🔊 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1.40 I carried a good part on my back.

运输费 ……………………………………… 一美元四十美分 我背了不少。

🔊
Transportation /ˌtrænspɔːrˈteɪʃən/
n. 运输,交通工具
🔊 In all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $28.12+

总计 ……………………………………… 二十八美元十二美分半

以上是除木材、石头和沙子之外的所有材料,这些我凭擅自占地者的权利占有了。我还有一间毗连的小柴棚,主要是用建房剩下的材料搭的。

🔊
excepting /ɪkˈsɛptɪŋ/
prep. 除…之外
🔊
squatter's right /ˈskwɒtəz raɪt/
n. phrase. (非法)占地者的权利;先占权

我打算建造一栋房子,只要它让我同样满意,并且花费不比我现在这栋多,它将在宏伟和豪华程度上超越康科德主街上的任何一栋。

🔊
grandeur /ˈɡrændʒə(r)/
n. 宏伟,壮丽;高贵
🔊
luxury /ˈlʌkʃəri/
n. 奢侈;奢侈品;奢华
🔊 I thus found that the student who wishes for a shelter can obtain one for a lifetime at an expense not greater than the rent which he now pays annually. If I seem to boast more than is becoming, my excuse is that I brag for humanity rather than for myself; and my shortcomings and inconsistencies do not affect the truth of my statement. Notwithstanding much cant and hypocrisy - chaff which I find it difficult to separate from my wheat, but for which I am as sorry as any man - I will breathe freely and stretch myself in this respect, it is such a relief to both the moral and physical system; and I am resolved that I will not through humility become the devil's attorney. I will endeavor to speak a good word for the truth. At Cambridge College the mere rent of a student's room, which is only a little larger than my own, is thirty dollars each year, though the corporation had the advantage of building thirty-two side by side and under one roof, and the occupant suffers the inconvenience of many and noisy neighbors, and perhaps a residence in the fourth story. I cannot but think that if we had more true wisdom in these respects, not only less education would be needed, because, forsooth, more would already have been acquired, but the pecuniary expense of getting an education would in a great measure vanish. Those conveniences which the student requires at Cambridge or elsewhere cost him or somebody else ten times as great a sacrifice of life as they would with proper management on both sides. Those things for which the most money is demanded are never the things which the student most wants. Tuition, for instance, is an important item in the term bill, while for the far more valuable education which he gets by associating with the most cultivated of his contemporaries no charge is made. The mode of founding a college is, commonly, to get up a subscription of dollars and cents, and then, following blindly the principles of a division of labor to its extreme - a principle which should never be followed but with circumspection - to call in a contractor who makes this a subject of speculation, and he employs Irishmen or other operatives actually to lay the foundations, while the students that are to be are said to be fitting themselves for it; and for these oversights successive generations have to pay. I think that it would be better than this, for the students, or those who desire to be benefited by it, even to lay the foundation themselves. The student who secures his coveted leisure and retirement by systematically shirking any labor necessary to man obtains but an ignoble and unprofitable leisure, defrauding himself of the experience which alone can make leisure fruitful. "But," says one, "you do not mean that the students should go to work with their hands instead of their heads?" I do not mean that exactly, but I mean something which he might think a good deal like that; I mean that they should not play life, or study it merely, while the community supports them at this expensive game, but earnestly live it from beginning to end. How could youths better learn to live than by at once trying the experiment of living? Methinks this would exercise their minds as much as mathematics. If I wished a boy to know something about the arts and sciences, for instance, I would not pursue the common course, which is merely to send him into the neighborhood of some professor, where anything is professed and practised but the art of life; - to survey the world through a telescope or a microscope, and never with his natural eye; to study chemistry, and not learn how his bread is made, or mechanics, and not learn how it is earned; to discover new satellites to Neptune, and not detect the motes in his eyes, or to what vagabond he is a satellite himself; or to be devoured by the monsters that swarm all around him, while contemplating the monsters in a drop of vinegar. Which would have advanced the most at the end of a month - the boy who had made his own jackknife from the ore which he had dug and smelted, reading as much as would be necessary for this - or the boy who had attended the lectures on metallurgy at the Institute in the meanwhile, and had received a Rodgers' penknife from his father? Which would be most likely to cut his fingers? . . . To my astonishment I was informed on leaving college that I had studied navigation! - why, if I had taken one turn down the harbor I should have known more about it. Even the poor student studies and is taught only political economy, while that economy of living which is synonymous with philosophy is not even sincerely professed in our colleges. The consequence is, that while he is reading Adam Smith, Ricardo, and Say, he runs his father in debt irretrievably.

我由此发现,一个想要住所的学生,可以用不超过他现在每年支付的租金,获得一个终身的住所。如果我显得过于自夸,我的辩解是,我是为人类而非为我自己吹嘘;而且我的缺点和前后矛盾,并不影响我陈述的真实性。尽管有许多伪善和虚饰--我发现难以将其与我的小麦分开的糠秕,但我为此感到遗憾,和任何人一样--在这一点上,我要自由呼吸、舒展筋骨,这对道德和身体系统都是一种解脱;我决心不因谦卑而成为魔鬼的辩护律师。我要努力为真理说句好话。在剑桥学院,一个学生的房间租金每年是三十美元,那房间只比我的略大一点,尽管学院方面有将三十二间房并排建在一个屋顶下的优势,而居住者却要忍受许多吵闹邻居的不便,或许还住在四楼。我不禁想到,如果我们在这些方面有更多的真知灼见,那么不仅所需的教育会减少,因为,诚然,更多的知识本已获得,而且获取教育的金钱花费在很大程度上也会消失。学生在剑桥或其他地方所需要的便利,无论对他自己还是对别人,所付出的生命代价,都是双方妥善管理情况下的十倍。那些最需要花钱的东西,从来不是学生最想要的。例如,学费是学期账单中的重要一项,而他通过与同时代最有教养的人交往所获得的、远比这更有价值的教育,却不收费。创办一所学院的通常模式,是筹集一笔美元和美分的捐款,然后盲目地遵循劳动分工的极端原则--一个除非谨慎否则绝不应遵循的原则--请来一个承包商,他把这当作投机生意,他雇佣爱尔兰人或其他工人来实际打地基,而那些即将成为学生的人据说正在为此做准备;而为了这些疏忽,后代人不得不付出代价。我认为,对学生,或那些希望从中受益的人来说,甚至亲自去打地基,也比这样要好。学生通过系统地逃避人类必需的劳动而获得他渴望的闲暇和退隐,得到的只是一种卑贱而无益的闲暇,剥夺了那唯一能使闲暇结出丰硕果实的经验。“但是,”有人说,“你的意思不是让学生用手而不是用头去工作吧?”我的意思不完全是这样,但我指的是一种他可能认为与此非常相似的东西;我的意思是,他们不应该只是玩生活,或仅仅研究生活,而社会却以这种昂贵的游戏供养他们,他们应该从头到尾认真地生活。年轻人不立即尝试生活的实验,又怎能更好地学会生活呢?我想这会对他们的头脑产生像数学一样多的锻炼。如果我希望一个男孩对艺术和科学有所了解,例如,我不会走通常的路,那仅仅是把他送到某个教授附近,那里除了生活的艺术,什么都教、什么都练;--用望远镜或显微镜观察世界,而从来不用他天然的眼睛;研究化学,却不学他的面包是怎么做的;学机械学,却不学它是怎么挣来的;去发现海王星的新卫星,却察觉不到自己眼中的微尘,或者他自己是哪颗流浪星的卫星;或者当他凝视一滴醋里的怪物时,却被周围蜂拥的怪物吞噬。一个月下来,哪个进步更大--是那个用自己挖掘并冶炼的矿石制作了自己的折刀,并为此读了必要的书的男孩,还是那个在学院里听冶金学讲座,同时从他父亲那里得到一把罗杰斯牌铅笔刀的男孩?哪个更可能割破自己的手指?……离开学院时,我惊讶地得知我学过航海!--哎呀,我要是到港口转一圈,就能知道更多关于航海的事。甚至连穷学生也只学习和被教授政治经济学,而那与哲学同义的生活经济学,在我们的学院里甚至没有被真诚地教授过。结果是,当他在读亚当·斯密、李嘉图和萨伊时,却让他父亲背上无法偿还的债务。

🔊
becoming /bɪˈkʌmɪŋ/
adj. 合适的,得体的,相称的
🔊
cant /kænt/
n. 伪善之言;行业黑话
🔊
hypocrisy /hɪˈpɒkrəsi/
n. 虚伪,伪善
🔊
chaff /tʃɑːf/
n. 谷壳;无价值的东西;玩笑
🔊
contemporaries /kənˈtemprəriz/
n. 同代人;同龄人
🔊
subscription /səbˈskrɪpʃn/
n. 订阅;捐款;认购
🔊
circumspection /ˌsɜːkəmˈspekʃn/
n. 谨慎,慎重
🔊
coveted /ˈkʌvɪtɪd/
adj. 令人垂涎的;梦寐以求的
🔊
ignoble /ɪɡˈnəʊbl/
adj. 不光彩的,卑鄙的;出身低微的
🔊
unprofitable /ʌnˈprɒfɪtəbl/
adj. 无利可图的;无益的
🔊
defrauding /dɪˈfrɔːdɪŋ/
v. 诈骗,欺骗(defraud的现在分词)
🔊
vagabond /ˈvæɡəbɒnd/
n. 流浪者,漂泊者;游手好闲的人
🔊
metallurgy /məˈtælədʒi/
n. 冶金学
🔊
irretrievably /ˌɪrɪˈtriːvəbli/
adv. 不能挽回地,不可补救地

我们的学院如此,一百项“现代改良”也是如此;关于它们有一种幻觉;并不总是积极的进步。魔鬼为他在其中的早期股份和随后的大量投资,一直索取复利到最后。我们的发明往往是漂亮的玩具,分散我们对严肃事物的注意力。它们只是达到未改良目的之改良手段,而这个目的本来就已经太容易达到了;就像铁路通往波士顿或纽约一样。我们急于建造一条从缅因州到得克萨斯州的磁力电报;但缅因州和得克萨斯州或许并没有什么重要的事需要沟通。这就像那个人,急切地想被引见给一位著名的聋女人,但当被引见,她的耳喇叭一端被塞到他手里时,他却无话可说。仿佛主要目的是说得快,而不是说得有理。我们急于在大西洋下开凿隧道,让旧世界更近几周到达新世界;但或许最先泄露到那扇宽阔、扇动的美国耳朵里的新闻,会是阿德莱德公主得了百日咳。说到底,一分钟跑一英里的马,并没有带来最重要的信息;他不是福音传道者,也不是靠吃蝗虫野蜜过活的人。我怀疑飞驰的奇尔德斯是否曾驮过一配克玉米去磨坊。

🔊
compound interest /ˌkɒmpaʊnd ˈɪntrəst/
n. phrase. 复利
🔊
predicament /prɪˈdɪkəmənt/
n. 困境,窘境
🔊
evangelist /ɪˈvændʒəlɪst/
n. 福音传道者;某种主张的狂热鼓吹者

有人对我说:“我奇怪你为什么不存钱;你喜欢旅行;你今天可以坐车去菲奇堡看看乡野。”但我比那明智。我已经明白,最快的旅行者是步行的人。我对我的朋友说,假设我们试试谁先到那里。距离是三十英里;车费九十美分。这几乎是一天的工资。我记得这条路上的工人工资曾经是每天六十美分。好吧,我现在步行出发,天黑前就能到;我以那个速度旅行过,持续了一星期。而你在这段时间里挣够了车费,明天某个时候才能到那里,或者如果运气好及时找到工作,可能今晚到。你没有去菲奇堡,反而在这里工作了大半天。所以,如果铁路环绕世界,我想我会一直走在你前面;至于看乡野和获得那种经验,我不得不与你绝交了。

🔊
afoot /əˈfʊt/
adv. 步行地;在进行中
🔊 Such is the universal law, which no man can ever outwit, and with regard to the railroad even we may say it is as broad as it is long. To make a railroad round the world available to all mankind is equivalent to grading the whole surface of the planet. Men have an indistinct notion that if they keep up this activity of joint stocks and spades long enough all will at length ride somewhere, in next to no time, and for nothing; but though a crowd rushes to the depot, and the conductor shouts "All aboard!" when the smoke is blown away and the vapor condensed, it will be perceived that a few are riding, but the rest are run over - and it will be called, and will be, "A melancholy accident." No doubt they can ride at last who shall have earned their fare, that is, if they survive so long, but they will probably have lost their elasticity and desire to travel by that time. This spending of the best part of one's life earning money in order to enjoy a questionable liberty during the least valuable part of it reminds me of the Englishman who went to India to make a fortune first, in order that he might return to England and live the life of a poet. He should have gone up garret at once. "What!" exclaim a million Irishmen starting up from all the shanties in the land, "is not this railroad which we have built a good thing?" Yes, I answer, comparatively good, that is, you might have done worse; but I wish, as you are brothers of mine, that you could have spent your time better than digging in this dirt.

这就是普遍法则,没有人能智胜它,关于铁路我们甚至可以说,它的宽和长是一样的。使环绕世界的铁路为全人类所用,相当于平整了整个地球表面。人们模糊地以为,如果他们保持这种股份和铁锹的活动足够久,最终所有人都会在几乎不花时间、不花钱的情况下乘车去某个地方;但尽管人群冲向车站,售票员喊着“所有人上车!”,当烟雾散去、蒸汽凝结,就会看到只有少数人在乘车,其余的人被轧过--这会被称作,而且确实是,“一场悲惨的事故”。无疑,最终能挣到车费的人可以乘车,也就是说,如果他们能活那么久的话,但到那时他们可能已经失去了弹性和旅行的欲望。把一生最好的部分用来挣钱,以便在人生最没有价值的部分享受一种可疑的自由,这让我想起那个英国人,他先去印度发财,以便回到英国后能过诗人的日子。他应该直接上阁楼去。“什么!”全国棚屋里的一百万爱尔兰人跳起来叫道,“我们建造的这条铁路难道不是好东西吗?”是的,我回答,相对来说是好的,也就是说,你们可能做得更糟;但作为我的兄弟,我希望你们能把时间花得比挖这些泥土更好。

🔊
outwit /ˌaʊtˈwɪt/
v. 智胜,以机智胜过
🔊
conductor /kənˈdʌktər/
n. (公共汽车等的)售票员;(火车)列车员
🔊
depot /ˈdiːpoʊ/
n. 车站;仓库
🔊
melancholy /ˈmelənkəli/
adj. 忧郁的,悲伤的
🔊
elasticity /ɪˌlæˈstɪsɪti/
n. 弹性;灵活性
🔊
questionable /ˈkwɛstʃənəbəl/
adj. 可疑的;有问题的
🔊 Before I finished my house, wishing to earn ten or twelve dollars by some honest and agreeable method, in order to meet my unusual expenses, I planted about two acres and a half of light and sandy soil near it chiefly with beans, but also a small part with potatoes, corn, peas, and turnips. The whole lot contains eleven acres, mostly growing up to pines and hickories, and was sold the preceding season for eight dollars and eight cents an acre. One farmer said that it was "good for nothing but to raise cheeping squirrels on." I put no manure whatever on this land, not being the owner, but merely a squatter, and not expecting to cultivate so much again, and I did not quite hoe it all once. I got out several cords of stumps in plowing, which supplied me with fuel for a long time, and left small circles of virgin mould, easily distinguishable through the summer by the greater luxuriance of the beans there. The dead and for the most part unmerchantable wood behind my house, and the driftwood from the pond, have supplied the remainder of my fuel. I was obliged to hire a team and a man for the plowing, though I held the plow myself. My farm outgoes for the first season were, for implements, seed, work, etc., $14.72+. The seed corn was given me. This never costs anything to speak of, unless you plant more than enough. I got twelve bushels of beans, and eighteen bushels of potatoes, beside some peas and sweet corn. The yellow corn and turnips were too late to come to anything. My whole income from the farm was

在我房子完工之前,我想通过某种诚实而愉快的方法挣十或十二美元,以应付我的额外开销,我在附近种了大约两英亩半的轻沙质土壤,主要是豆子,也有一小部分种了土豆、玉米、豌豆和萝卜。整块地有十一英亩,大部分长满了松树和山胡桃树,上个季节以每英亩八美元八美分的价格售出。一个农夫说它“除了养吱吱叫的松鼠外,没什么用处。”我在这块地上没施任何肥料,因为我不是地主,只是个擅自占地者,并不指望再种这么多,而且我也没完全锄一遍。犁地时我挖出了好几考得的树桩,供我燃料用了很长时间,留下的小圈处女地,夏天时很容易通过那里更茂盛的豆子辨认出来。我房子后面那些枯死的、大部分卖不出去的木头,以及湖里漂来的木头,补充了我其余的燃料。我不得不雇了一组牲口和一个帮手来犁地,虽然我自己扶犁。我第一个季节的农场支出,包括工具、种子、工钱等,是十四美元七十二美分半。玉米种子是别人给我的。这根本不值一提,除非你种得过多。我收了十二蒲式耳豆子,十八蒲式耳土豆,还有一些豌豆和甜玉米。黄玉米和萝卜种得太晚,没什么收成。我农场的总收入是

🔊
squatter /ˈskwɑːtər/
n. 擅自占地者
🔊
luxuriance /lʌɡˈʒʊriəns/
n. 茂盛,繁茂
🔊
unmerchantable /ʌnˈmɜːrtʃəntəbəl/
adj. 不适于销售的;卖不掉的
🔊 $ 23.44

二十三美元四十四美分

🔊 Deducting the outgoes . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.72+

减去支出 ……………… 十四美元七十二美分半

🔊
Deducting /dɪˈdʌktɪŋ/
v. (present participle). 扣除,减去
🔊 -------

-------

🔊 There are left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $8.71+

剩下 ……………………… 八美元七十一美分半

此外还有当时已消费和手头的产品价值四美元五十美分--手头的产品价值大大超过了我没种的一点草的代价。通盘考虑,也就是说,考虑到一个人灵魂的重要性以及今天的重要性,尽管我的实验历时短暂,不,部分甚至正因为其短暂性,我相信那一年我比康科德任何农夫都干得好。

🔊
transient /ˈtrænziənt/
adj. 短暂的,转瞬即逝的

第二年我干得更好,因为我用铁锹翻了我所需的全部土地,大约三分之一英亩,我从这两年的经验中学到,并未被许多著名的农学著作(包括阿瑟·扬的著作)吓住,那就是,如果一个人愿意生活简朴,只吃他自己种的作物,并且种的不超过他吃的,不用它去交换不足以换取更奢侈昂贵物品的数量,那么他只需要耕种几平方杆的地,而且用铁锹翻地比用牛犁更便宜,不时选择一块新地比给旧地施肥更便宜,他可以在夏天零散的时间里用左手干完所有必要的农活;这样他就不会被牛、马、牛或猪拴住,像现在这样。我想就这一点公正地谈谈,作为一个对当前经济和社会安排的成功或失败不感兴趣的人。我比康科德任何农夫都更独立,因为我没有被拴在房子或农场上,而是可以随时追随我的天才倾向,那是一种非常曲折的倾向。而且我已经比他们过得好了,如果我的房子烧了或庄稼歉收,我也会和以前差不多一样好过。

🔊
impartially /ɪmˈpɑːrʃəli/
adv. 公正地,不偏不倚地
🔊
crooked /ˈkrʊkɪd/
adj. 弯曲的;不诚实的
🔊 I am wont to think that men are not so much the keepers of herds as herds are the keepers of men, the former are so much the freer. Men and oxen exchange work; but if we consider necessary work only, the oxen will be seen to have greatly the advantage, their farm is so much the larger. Man does some of his part of the exchange work in his six weeks of haying, and it is no boy's play. Certainly no nation that lived simply in all respects, that is, no nation of philosophers, would commit so great a blunder as to use the labor of animals. True, there never was and is not likely soon to be a nation of philosophers, nor am I certain it is desirable that there should be. However, I should never have broken a horse or bull and taken him to board for any work he might do for me, for fear I should become a horseman or a herdsman merely; and if society seems to be the gainer by so doing, are we certain that what is one man's gain is not another's loss, and that the stable-boy has equal cause with his master to be satisfied? Granted that some public works would not have been constructed without this aid, and let man share the glory of such with the ox and horse; does it follow that he could not have accomplished works yet more worthy of himself in that case? When men begin to do, not merely unnecessary or artistic, but luxurious and idle work, with their assistance, it is inevitable that a few do all the exchange work with the oxen, or, in other words, become the slaves of the strongest. Man thus not only works for the animal within him, but, for a symbol of this, he works for the animal without him. Though we have many substantial houses of brick or stone, the prosperity of the farmer is still measured by the degree to which the barn overshadows the house. This town is said to have the largest houses for oxen, cows, and horses hereabouts, and it is not behindhand in its public buildings; but there are very few halls for free worship or free speech in this county. It should not be by their architecture, but why not even by their power of abstract thought, that nations should seek to commemorate themselves? How much more admirable the Bhagvat-Geeta than all the ruins of the East! Towers and temples are the luxury of princes. A simple and independent mind does not toil at the bidding of any prince. Genius is not a retainer to any emperor, nor is its material silver, or gold, or marble, except to a trifling extent. To what end, pray, is so much stone hammered? In Arcadia, when I was there, I did not see any hammering stone. Nations are possessed with an insane ambition to perpetuate the memory of themselves by the amount of hammered stone they leave. What if equal pains were taken to smooth and polish their manners? One piece of good sense would be more memorable than a monument as high as the moon. I love better to see stones in place. The grandeur of Thebes was a vulgar grandeur. More sensible is a rod of stone wall that bounds an honest man's field than a hundred-gated Thebes that has wandered farther from the true end of life. The religion and civilization which are barbaric and heathenish build splendid temples; but what you might call Christianity does not. Most of the stone a nation hammers goes toward its tomb only. It buries itself alive. As for the Pyramids, there is nothing to wonder at in them so much as the fact that so many men could be found degraded enough to spend their lives constructing a tomb for some ambitious booby, whom it would have been wiser and manlier to have drowned in the Nile, and then given his body to the dogs. I might possibly invent some excuse for them and him, but I have no time for it. As for the religion and love of art of the builders, it is much the same all the world over, whether the building be an Egyptian temple or the United States Bank. It costs more than it comes to. The mainspring is vanity, assisted by the love of garlic and bread and butter. Mr. Balcom, a promising young architect, designs it on the back of his Vitruvius, with hard pencil and ruler, and the job is let out to Dobson & Sons, stonecutters. When the thirty centuries begin to look down on it, mankind begin to look up at it. As for your high towers and monuments, there was a crazy fellow once in this town who undertook to dig through to China, and he got so far that, as he said, he heard the Chinese pots and kettles rattle; but I think that I shall not go out of my way to admire the hole which he made. Many are concerned about the monuments of the West and the East - to know who built them. For my part, I should like to know who in those days did not build them - who were above such trifling. But to proceed with my statistics.

我常想,与其说人类是畜群的看管者,不如说畜群是人类的看管者,前者自由得多。人和牛交换劳动;但如果只考虑必要的工作,就会发现牛具有巨大的优势,它们的农场大得多。人在割草的六个星期里干了他那部分交换工作,这可不是儿戏。当然,没有哪个在各方面都生活简朴的民族,也就是说,没有哪个哲学家的民族,会犯使用动物劳动这样的大错。确实,从来不曾有过,也不大可能很快就有这样一个哲学家的民族,而且我也不确定这样一个民族是否可取。然而,我绝不会为了牛可能为我做的任何工作而去驯服一匹马或一头牛并供养它,唯恐我仅仅成为一个马夫或牧人;如果社会这样做似乎有所得,我们能确定一个人的所得不是另一个人的所失吗?马童有和他的主人同样满足的理由吗?就算没有这种帮助,某些公共工程就无法建成,让人与牛马共享这种工程的荣耀吧;难道由此就能说,在那种情况下,他不能完成更配得上他自己的工程吗?当人们开始用牛马的帮助,不仅做不必要的或有艺术性的工作,而且做奢侈和闲散的工作时,就不可避免地会有少数人做所有与牛马的交换工作,换句话说,成为最强者的奴隶。人就这样不仅为他内在的动物性工作,而且,作为其象征,他也为外在的动物工作。尽管我们有许多砖石结构的坚固房子,农夫的富裕程度仍然取决于他的谷仓在多大程度上遮蔽了他的房子。据说这个镇拥有附近最大的牛棚、马厩和羊圈,而且它的公共建筑也不落后;但这个县里供自由礼拜或自由言论的礼堂却很少。民族寻求纪念自己,不应该通过它们的建筑,但为什么甚至不能通过它们抽象思维的力量呢?薄伽梵歌比东方所有的废墟都更令人钦佩!高塔和寺庙是王公的奢侈品。一个简单而独立的头脑不会在任何王公的号令下苦干。天才不是任何皇帝的侍从,它的材料也不是白银、黄金或大理石,除了在微不足道的程度上。请问,为什么要敲打这么多石头呢?我在阿卡狄亚时,没看见有人敲打石头。各民族都怀有一种疯狂的野心,想通过他们留下的敲打过的石头的数量,使自己永垂不朽。如果花同样的力气去打磨和润饰他们的举止,会怎样呢?一条明智的见解会比一座高如月亮的纪念碑更值得纪念。我更爱看石头各得其所。底比斯的宏伟是一种庸俗的宏伟。诚实人的田地周围的一杆石墙,比一座百门底比斯更合理,后者离生活的真正目的更远。野蛮而异教的宗教和文明建造了辉煌的庙宇;但你或许可以称之为基督教的东西却不这样。一个民族敲打的大部分石头只是走向了它的坟墓。它把自己活埋了。至于金字塔,最令人惊奇的莫过于竟能找到那么多人,堕落到花费一生为一个野心勃勃的蠢货建造坟墓,把他淹死在尼罗河里,然后把他的尸体喂狗,本来是更明智、更有男子气概的做法。我或许能为他们和他编造些借口,但我没时间。至于建造者的宗教和艺术爱好,全世界都差不多,无论建筑是埃及神庙还是合众国银行。它得不偿失。主要动力是虚荣心,辅以对大蒜、面包和黄油的爱好。巴尔科姆先生,一位有前途的年轻建筑师,用硬铅笔和直尺在维特鲁威的背面设计了它,然后工程被包给了多布森父子公司,石匠。当三十个世纪开始俯视它时,人类开始仰视它。至于你们的高塔和纪念碑,这个镇上曾经有个疯子,要挖一条通往中国的隧道,他挖了那么深,据他说,他听到了中国的锅碗瓢盆叮当响;但我想我不会特意去赞赏他挖的那个洞。许多人关心西方和东方的纪念碑--想知道是谁建造了它们。至于我,我倒想知道那个时候谁没有建造它们--谁不屑于这种琐事。不过,还是继续我的统计吧。

🔊
blunder /ˈblʌndər/
n. 愚蠢的错误;大错
🔊
retainer /rɪˈteɪnər/
n. (为预留服务而支付的)订金;侍从
🔊
barbaric /bɑːrˈbærɪk/
adj. 野蛮的,未开化的
🔊
heathenish /ˈhiːðənɪʃ/
adj. 异教的;不信教的
🔊
booby /ˈbuːbi/
n. 笨蛋,蠢人
🔊
manlier /ˈmænliər/
adj. (comparative). 更富有男子气概的(manly的比较级)
🔊
mainspring /ˈmeɪnsprɪŋ/
n. (钟表的)主发条;主要原因,主要动力
🔊
vanity /ˈvænɪti/
n. 虚荣;自负
🔊
stonecutters /ˈstoʊnˌkʌtərz/
n. (pl.). 石匠,切石工
🔊
kettles /ˈketəlz/
n. (pl.). 水壶,烧水壶

同时,通过在村里做测量、木工和各种其他日工--因为我的手艺和我的手指一样多--我挣了十三美元三十四美分。八个月的食物开销,即从七月四日到三月一日,这些估算就是那个时候做的,尽管我在那里住了两年多--不包括我自己种的土豆、一点嫩玉米和一些豌豆,也不考虑最后一次盘点时手头存货的价值--如下:

🔊
carpentry /ˈkɑːrpəntri/
n. 木工手艺,木工业
🔊 Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 1.73 1/2

大米 …………………………………… 一美元七十三美分半

🔊 Molasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.73 Cheapest form of the saccharine.

糖蜜 …………………………………… 一美元七十三美分 最廉价的糖类形式。

🔊
saccharine /ˈsækəriːn/
n. 糖精;含糖物
🔊 Rye meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.04 3/4

黑麦粉 ………………………………… 一美元四美分又四分之三

🔊 Indian meal . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0.99 3/4 Cheaper than rye.

印第安人玉米粉 …………………… 九十九美分又四分之三 比黑麦便宜。

🔊 Pork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.22

猪肉 …………………………………… 二十二美分

🔊 All experiments which failed:

所有失败的实验:

🔊
experiments /ɪkˈsperɪmənts/
n. 实验(复数)
🔊 Flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.88 Costs more than Indian meal, both money and trouble.

面粉 …………………………………… 八十八美分 比印第安人玉米粉更费钱也更麻烦。

🔊
Indian meal /ˈɪndiən miːl/
n. 印第安餐;印第安谷物粉(一种用玉米等磨成的粗粉)
🔊 Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.80

糖 ……………………………………… 八十美分

🔊 Lard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.65

猪油 …………………………………… 六十五美分

🔊 Apples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 0.25

苹果 …………………………………… 二十五美分

🔊 Dried apple . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0.22

苹果干 ………………………………… 二十二美分

🔊 Sweet potatoes . . . . . . . .. . . 0.10

红薯 …………………………………… 十美分

🔊 One pumpkin . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0.06

一个南瓜 ……………………………… 六美分

🔊 One watermelon . . . . . . . .. . . 0.02

一个西瓜 ……………………………… 两美分

🔊 Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03

盐 ……………………………………… 三美分

是的,我确实总共吃了八美元七十四美分;但如果我不知道我的大多数读者和我一样有罪,而且他们的行为印出来也不会更好看,我是不会如此不知羞耻地公布我的罪过的。第二年我有时抓几条鱼当晚餐,有一次我甚至走那么远去宰杀一只蹂躏我豆田的土拨鼠--用鞑靼人的话说,是让它转世--并吃了它,部分是为了实验;尽管它带给我片刻的享受,尽管有点麝香味,但我明白,即使有村里屠夫给你把土拨鼠收拾好,长期食用也不会是好习惯。

🔊
unblushingly /ʌnˈblʌʃɪŋli/
adv. 不知羞耻地;厚颜无耻地
🔊
slaughter /ˈslɔːtər/
v. 屠杀,宰杀
🔊
ravaged /ˈrævɪdʒd/
v. 蹂躏,毁坏(过去式)
🔊
transmigration /ˌtrænzmaɪˈɡreɪʃn/
n. 转世;轮回
🔊
devour /dɪˈvaʊər/
v. 狼吞虎咽地吃;吞没
🔊
momentary /ˈməʊməntri/
adj. 短暂的,瞬间的
🔊
musky /ˈmʌski/
adj. 有麝香味的

同期内的衣物和一些杂项开支,虽然从这一项推断不出什么,总计

🔊
incidental /ˌɪnsɪˈdentl/
adj. 附带的;偶然发生的;非主要的
🔊 $ 8.40-3/4

八美元四十又四分之三美分

🔊 Oil and some household utensils . . . . . . . . 2.00

油和一些家用器皿 ……………… 二美元

因此,除了洗衣和缝补(这些大部分是在外面做的,账单还没收到)之外,所有金钱支出--这些就是,而且不止是这些,在这个世界上金钱必然的流出方式--是

🔊
outgoes /ˈaʊtɡəʊz/
n. 支出,开销(复数)
🔊 House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 28.12+

房屋 …………………………………… 二十八美元十二美分半

🔊 Farm one year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .14.72+

农场一年 ……………………………… 十四美元七十二美分半

🔊 Food eight months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 8.74

食物八个月 …………………………… 八美元七十四美分

🔊 Clothing, etc., eight months . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.40-3/4

衣物等八个月 ………………………… 八美元四十又四分之三美分

🔊 Oil, etc., eight months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.00

油等八个月 …………………………… 二美元

-----------

🔊 In all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 61.99-3/4

总计 …………………………………… 六十一美元九十九美分又四分之一

我现在要对那些需要谋生的读者说话。为了应付开销,我靠卖农产品得到

🔊
address /əˈdres/
v. 向…讲话或写信
🔊 $ 23.44

二十三美元四十四美分

🔊 Earned by day-labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.34

靠日工挣得 …………………………… 十三美元三十四美分

🔊
day-labor /ˈdeɪ ˌleɪbər/
n. 日工,按日计酬的工作
🔊 -------

-------

🔊 In all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 36.78,

总计 …………………………………… 三十六美元七十八美分

从总支出中减去这个数目,一边剩下二十五美元二十一美分又四分之三的差额--这几乎就是我起步时的资金,以及预计要发生的费用--而另一边,除了由此获得的闲暇、独立和健康之外,还有一栋舒适的房屋,只要我愿意住多久就住多久。

🔊
leisure /ˈleʒər/
n. 闲暇时间
🔊
independence /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/
n. 独立

这些统计数字,尽管看似偶然,因此可能缺乏启发性,但由于它们具有某种完整性,也有一定的价值。我所有的东西都不是别人白给的,我都作了交代。从上面的估算可以看出,单是食物一项,每周花掉我大约二十七美分。此后将近两年,我的食物是未经发酵的黑麦粉和印第安人玉米粉、土豆、大米、很少的咸猪肉、糖蜜和盐;饮料是水。对于一个如此热爱印度哲学的人,主要靠大米为生是合适的。为了应对某些顽固吹毛求疵者的反对,我不妨说明,如果我偶尔在外用餐,正如我一直以来那样做的,而且我相信以后还有机会那样做,那常常有损于我的家庭安排。但正如我所说,在外用餐是一个经常性因素,丝毫不会影响这样的比较性陈述。

🔊
statistics /stəˈtɪstɪks/
n. 统计数据
🔊
accidental /ˌæksɪˈdentl/
adj. 偶然的
🔊
uninstructive /ˌʌnɪnˈstrʌktɪv/
adj. 无教育意义的
🔊
completeness /kəmˈpliːtnəs/
n. 完整性
🔊
estimate /ˈestɪmət/
n. 估计
🔊
philosophy /fɪˈlɒsəfi/
n. 哲学
🔊
objections /əbˈdʒekʃənz/
n. 反对意见
🔊
inveterate /ɪnˈvetərət/
adj. 积习难改的
🔊
cavillers /ˈkævɪlərz/
n. 吹毛求疵的人
🔊
detriment /ˈdetrɪmənt/
n. 损害
🔊
domestic /dəˈmestɪk/
adj. 家庭的;国内的
🔊
arrangements /əˈreɪndʒmənts/
n. 安排
🔊
constant /ˈkɒnstənt/
adj. 持续的
🔊
element /ˈelɪmənt/
n. 元素;要素
🔊
comparative /kəmˈpærətɪv/
adj. 比较的

我从两年的经验中得知,即使在这个纬度,获取一个人必需的食物,只需付出难以置信的少量辛劳;一个人可以像动物一样吃简单的饮食,却保持健康和体力。我曾吃过一顿令我满意的晚餐,从好几个方面都满意,仅仅是一盘马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea),是我从玉米地里采来,煮熟加盐的。我给出拉丁名是因为它俗名可口。请问,一个理智的人,在和平年代,在普通的正午,除了足够多的青甜玉米穗煮熟加盐之外,还能渴望什么呢?就连我所吃的那一点点花样,也是为了迎合食欲,而不是健康的需要。然而人们已经到了这种地步,他们常常挨饿,不是因为缺乏必需品,而是因为缺乏奢侈品;我认识一个好女人,她认为她儿子丢了性命,是因为他只喝白水。

🔊
incredibly /ɪnˈkredəbli/
adv. 难以置信地
🔊
latitude /ˈlætɪtjuːd/
n. 纬度;自由度
🔊
diet /ˈdaɪət/
n. 饮食
🔊
retain /rɪˈteɪn/
v. 保留
🔊
satisfactory /ˌsætɪsˈfæktəri/
adj. 令人满意的
🔊
savoriness /ˈseɪvərinəs/
n. 美味
🔊
trivial /ˈtrɪviəl/
adj. 琐碎的
🔊
reasonable /ˈriːznəbl/
adj. 合理的
🔊
desire /dɪˈzaɪər/
v. 渴望
🔊
peaceful /ˈpiːsfl/
adj. 和平的
🔊
ordinary /ˈɔːdnri/
adj. 普通的
🔊
sufficient /səˈfɪʃnt/
adj. 足够的
🔊
addition /əˈdɪʃn/
n. 增加
🔊
variety /vəˈraɪəti/
n. 多样性
🔊
yielding /ˈjiːldɪŋ/
n. 屈服
🔊
appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/
n. 食欲
🔊
starve /stɑːv/
v. 挨饿
🔊 The reader will perceive that I am treating the subject rather from an economic than a dietetic point of view, and he will not venture to put my abstemiousness to the test unless he has a well-stocked larder.

读者会察觉,我是从一个经济的而非饮食的角度来处理这个主题的,除非他有一个储备充足的食品柜,否则他不会贸然用我的节食来考验自己。

🔊
perceive /pərˈsiːv/
v. 察觉,理解
🔊
economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/
adj. 经济的
🔊
dietetic /ˌdaɪəˈtetɪk/
adj. 饮食的
🔊
venture /ˈventʃər/
v. 冒险
🔊
abstemiousness /əbˈstiːmiəsnəs/
n. 节制
🔊
well-stocked /ˌwel ˈstɒkt/
adj. 储备充足的
🔊
larder /ˈlɑːrdər/
n. 食品储藏室
🔊 Bread I at first made of pure Indian meal and salt, genuine hoe-cakes, which I baked before my fire out of doors on a shingle or the end of a stick of timber sawed off in building my house; but it was wont to get smoked and to have a piny flavor, I tried flour also; but have at last found a mixture of rye and Indian meal most convenient and agreeable. In cold weather it was no little amusement to bake several small loaves of this in succession, tending and turning them as carefully as an Egyptian his hatching eggs. They were a real cereal fruit which I ripened, and they had to my senses a fragrance like that of other noble fruits, which I kept in as long as possible by wrapping them in cloths. I made a study of the ancient and indispensable art of bread-making, consulting such authorities as offered, going back to the primitive days and first invention of the unleavened kind, when from the wildness of nuts and meats men first reached the mildness and refinement of this diet, and travelling gradually down in my studies through that accidental souring of the dough which, it is supposed, taught the leavening process, and through the various fermentations thereafter, till I came to "good, sweet, wholesome bread," the staff of life. Leaven, which some deem the soul of bread, the spiritus which fills its cellular tissue, which is religiously preserved like the vestal fire - some precious bottleful, I suppose, first brought over in the Mayflower, did the business for America, and its influence is still rising, swelling, spreading, in cerealian billows over the land - this seed I regularly and faithfully procured from the village, till at length one morning I forgot the rules, and scalded my yeast; by which accident I discovered that even this was not indispensable - for my discoveries were not by the synthetic but analytic process - and I have gladly omitted it since, though most housewives earnestly assured me that safe and wholesome bread without yeast might not be, and elderly people prophesied a speedy decay of the vital forces. Yet I find it not to be an essential ingredient, and after going without it for a year am still in the land of the living; and I am glad to escape the trivialness of carrying a bottleful in my pocket, which would sometimes pop and discharge its contents to my discomfiture. It is simpler and more respectable to omit it. Man is an animal who more than any other can adapt himself to all climates and circumstances. Neither did I put any sal-soda, or other acid or alkali, into my bread. It would seem that I made it according to the recipe which Marcus Porcius Cato gave about two centuries before Christ. "Panem depsticium sic facito. Manus mortariumque bene lavato. Farinam in mortarium indito, aquae paulatim addito, subigitoque pulchre. Ubi bene subegeris, defingito, coquitoque sub testu." Which I take to mean, - "Make kneaded bread thus. Wash your hands and trough well. Put the meal into the trough, add water gradually, and knead it thoroughly. When you have kneaded it well, mould it, and bake it under a cover," that is, in a baking kettle. Not a word about leaven. But I did not always use this staff of life. At one time, owing to the emptiness of my purse, I saw none of it for more than a month.

起初我用纯印第安人玉米粉和盐做面包,真正的锄头饼,我在户外火边用一块木瓦或建房时锯下的一截木棍烤;但它容易熏黑,而且有松木味。我也试过面粉;但最后发现黑麦粉和印第安人玉米粉混合最方便、最可口。在寒冷天气里,连续烤几个这样的小面包是件不小的乐事,小心地照看和翻转它们,就像埃及人照看他的孵化蛋一样。它们是我催熟的真正谷物果实,我感觉它们有一种像其他高贵果实一样的芳香,我用布包着尽量长久地保存这种香气。我研究了古代不可或缺的面包制作艺术,请教了能找到的权威,追溯到原始时代和未发酵面包的最初发明,那时人类从坚果和肉类的原始状态,首次达到这种饮食的温和与精致,然后在我的研究中逐渐下溯,穿过面团偶然变酸(据信这启发了发酵过程),以及此后的各种发酵过程,直到我找到“好的、甜的、有益健康的面包”,生命的支柱。酵母,有些人认为是面包的灵魂,是填充其细胞组织的元气,像维斯塔圣火一样被虔诚地保存--我想是一些宝贵的瓶装物,最初由“五月花”号带来,为美洲效力,其影响仍在上升、膨胀、扩散,像谷物的波浪一样遍布大地--这种酵母我定期虔诚地从村里弄来,直到一天早上我忘了规矩,烫坏了我的酵母;由于这次事故,我发现连这个也不是不可或缺的--因为我的发现不是通过合成而是分析过程--从那以后我很高兴地省去了它,尽管大多数家庭主妇热切地向我保证,没有酵母不可能做出安全健康的面包,而老年人则预言生命力会迅速衰退。然而我发现它不是必需的成分,而且不用它一年后,我仍然活得好好的;我很高兴逃脱了口袋里揣着一小瓶酵母的琐碎,它有时会“砰”的一声爆开,把里面的东西洒出来,让我狼狈不堪。不用它更简单、更体面。人是比其他任何动物更能适应各种气候和环境的动物。我也没有往面包里放苏打或别的酸或碱。我似乎是按照大约基督诞生前两个世纪的马库斯·波尔基乌斯·加图给的配方做的。“Panem depsticium sic facito. Manus mortariumque bene lavato. Farinam in mortarium indito, aquae paulatim addito, subigitoque pulchre. Ubi bene subegeris, defingito, coquitoque sub testu。” 我理解它的意思是:“制作揉面面包如下。洗净你的手和揉面槽。把面粉放入槽中,逐渐加水,彻底揉搓。揉好后,塑形,在有盖的容器下烘烤,”也就是说,在烘烤锅里。关于酵母只字未提。但我并非总是吃这种生命支柱。有一段时间,由于囊中羞涩,我有一个多月没见到面包。

🔊
wholesome /ˈhəʊlsəm/
adj. 有益健康的
🔊
synthetic /sɪnˈθetɪk/
adj. 合成的
🔊
analytic /ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/
adj. 分析的
🔊
adapt /əˈdæpt/
v. 适应
🔊
recipe /ˈresəpi/
n. 食谱
🔊
decay /dɪˈkeɪ/
n. 腐烂
🔊
ingredient /ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/
n. 成分

每个新英格兰人都可以很容易地在这个盛产黑麦和印第安人玉米的土地上,种出他自己所有的面包原料,而不必依赖遥远且波动的市场。然而我们离简朴和独立如此遥远,以至于在康科德,新鲜香甜的玉米粉在商店里很少出售,而更粗糙的玉米片几乎没人用。农夫大多把他自己产的谷物喂了牛和猪,却花更多的钱到商店买面粉,而那面粉至少不比玉米粉更有益健康。我看到我可以很容易地种出一两蒲式耳的黑麦和印第安人玉米,因为前者能在最贫瘠的土地上生长,后者也不要求最好的土地,用手磨磨碎,这样就不用吃大米和猪肉了;如果我必须有点浓缩的甜味,我通过实验发现,我能用南瓜或甜菜做出很好的糖蜜,而且我知道我只需种几棵枫树就能更容易地得到它,在枫树长成期间,我可以用我提到过的那些东西之外的各种替代品。“因为,”正如先祖所唱--

🔊
fluctuating /ˈflʌktʃueɪtɪŋ/
adj. 波动的
🔊
simplicity /sɪmˈplɪsəti/
n. 简单
🔊
concentrated /ˈkɒnsntreɪtɪd/
adj. 浓缩的
🔊
substitutes /ˈsʌbstɪtjuːts/
n. 替代品
🔊 "we can make liquor to sweeten our lips

“我们可以用南瓜、欧洲防风草和胡桃木片

🔊
sweeten /ˈswiːtn/
v. 使变甜

酿出甜润我们嘴唇的玉液琼浆。”

🔊
parsnips /ˈpɑːsnɪps/
n. 欧洲防风草

最后,至于盐,那种最粗糙的杂货,获取它或许是去海边一游的好机会,或者,如果我完全不用盐,我大概会少喝点水。我没听说印第安人曾费心去寻找过盐。

🔊
seashore /ˈsiːʃɔːr/
n. 海岸

这样,就我的食物而言,我可以避免所有的交易和物物交换;而且既然已经有了住所,剩下的就只是获取衣物和燃料了。我现在穿的裤子是在一个农夫家里织的--感谢上帝,人身上还有这么多美德;因为我认为从人到农夫是伟大的、值得纪念的一步,而从农夫到操作工人也同样伟大而值得纪念;--而在一个新国家,燃料是一种累赘。至于栖身之地,如果不允许我继续擅自占地,我或许可以按我耕种的土地的售价--即每英亩八美元八美分--买下一英亩。但事实上,我认为我通过擅自占居提高了那块土地的价值。

🔊
barter /ˈbɑːtər/
v. 以物易物
🔊
fuel /ˈfjuːəl/
n. 燃料
🔊
virtue /ˈvɜːtʃuː/
n. 美德
🔊
operative /ˈɒpərətɪv/
n. 操作工
🔊
habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/
n. 栖息地
🔊
squat /skwɒt/
v. 蹲踞
🔊
purchase /ˈpɜːtʃəs/
v. 购买
🔊
cultivated /ˈkʌltɪveɪtɪd/
adj. 耕种的
🔊
enhanced /ɪnˈhɑːnst/
adj. 增强的

有那么一类不信者,有时问我这样的问题,比如我是否认为可以只靠素食为生;为了直击问题的根本--因为根本在于信念--我习惯这样回答他们:我可以靠板钉为生。如果他们不能理解这一点,他们也就不能理解我不得不说的许多话了。就我而言,我很高兴听说有人尝试这类实验;比如一个年轻人试了两个星期,只靠生吃硬玉米穗生活,用他的牙齿当研钵。松鼠家族试过同样的方法,而且成功了。人类对这些实验感兴趣,尽管少数无法胜任这类实验的老妇人,或者在磨坊里有股份的老妇人,可能会感到恐慌。

🔊
unbelievers /ˌʌnbɪˈliːvərz/
n. 不信者
🔊
faith /feɪθ/
n. 信仰
🔊
accustomed /əˈkʌstəmd/
adj. 习惯的
🔊
fortnight /ˈfɔːtnaɪt/
n. 两星期
🔊
raw /rɔː/
adj. 生的
🔊
squirrel /ˈskwɪrəl/
n. 松鼠
🔊
tribe /traɪb/
n. 部落
🔊
incapacitated /ˌɪnkəˈpæsɪteɪtɪd/
adj. 丧失能力的
🔊
alarmed /əˈlɑːmd/
adj. 惊恐的
🔊 My furniture, part of which I made myself - and the rest cost me nothing of which I have not rendered an account - consisted of a bed, a table, a desk, three chairs, a looking-glass three inches in diameter, a pair of tongs and andirons, a kettle, a skillet, and a frying-pan, a dipper, a wash-bowl, two knives and forks, three plates, one cup, one spoon, a jug for oil, a jug for molasses, and a japanned lamp. None is so poor that he need sit on a pumpkin. That is shiftlessness. There is a plenty of such chairs as I like best in the village garrets to be had for taking them away. Furniture! Thank God, I can sit and I can stand without the aid of a furniture warehouse. What man but a philosopher would not be ashamed to see his furniture packed in a cart and going up country exposed to the light of heaven and the eyes of men, a beggarly account of empty boxes? That is Spaulding's furniture. I could never tell from inspecting such a load whether it belonged to a so-called rich man or a poor one; the owner always seemed poverty-stricken. Indeed, the more you have of such things the poorer you are. Each load looks as if it contained the contents of a dozen shanties; and if one shanty is poor, this is a dozen times as poor. Pray, for what do we move ever but to get rid of our furniture, our exuvioe: at last to go from this world to another newly furnished, and leave this to be burned? It is the same as if all these traps were buckled to a man's belt, and he could not move over the rough country where our lines are cast without dragging them - dragging his trap. He was a lucky fox that left his tail in the trap. The muskrat will gnaw his third leg off to be free. No wonder man has lost his elasticity. How often he is at a dead set! "Sir, if I may be so bold, what do you mean by a dead set?" If you are a seer, whenever you meet a man you will see all that he owns, ay, and much that he pretends to disown, behind him, even to his kitchen furniture and all the trumpery which he saves and will not burn, and he will appear to be harnessed to it and making what headway he can. I think that the man is at a dead set who has got through a knot-hole or gateway where his sledge load of furniture cannot follow him. I cannot but feel compassion when I hear some trig, compact-looking man, seemingly free, all girded and ready, speak of his "furniture," as whether it is insured or not. "But what shall I do with my furniture?" - My gay butterfly is entangled in a spider's web then. Even those who seem for a long while not to have any, if you inquire more narrowly you will find have some stored in somebody's barn. I look upon England today as an old gentleman who is travelling with a great deal of baggage, trumpery which has accumulated from long housekeeping, which he has not the courage to burn; great trunk, little trunk, bandbox, and bundle. Throw away the first three at least. It would surpass the powers of a well man nowadays to take up his bed and walk, and I should certainly advise a sick one to lay down his bed and run. When I have met an immigrant tottering under a bundle which contained his all - looking like an enormous wen which had grown out of the nape of his neck - I have pitied him, not because that was his all, but because he had all that to carry. If I have got to drag my trap, I will take care that it be a light one and do not nip me in a vital part. But perchance it would be wisest never to put one's paw into it.

我的家具,一部分是我自己做的--其余部分没花我什么钱,我也都记了账--包括一张床、一张桌子、一张写字台、三把椅子、一面直径三英寸的镜子、一把火钳和一对柴架、一口壶、一只长柄锅、一个煎锅、一把勺子、一个洗脸盆、两副刀叉、三个盘子、一个杯子、一把调羹、一个油罐、一个糖蜜罐,还有一盏日本漆灯。没有人穷到需要坐在南瓜上。那是无能。村里阁楼上有许多我喜欢的椅子,只要拿走就行。家具!感谢上帝,没有家具仓库的帮助,我也能坐能站。除了哲学家,谁看到自己的家具被打包装车,暴露在天光和人眼前运往乡下,一堆空盒子的寒酸账目,会不感到羞愧?那是斯波尔丁的家具。我从检查这样一车家具,永远无法判断它属于所谓的富人还是穷人;主人看起来总是穷困潦倒。确实,你拥有的这类东西越多,你就越穷。每一车看起来都像装了十二个棚屋的东西;而如果一个棚屋是穷的,这车东西就穷十二倍。请问,我们搬家不就是为了摆脱我们的家具,我们的蜕皮吗?最后离开这个世界,到另一个新家具齐全的世界去,而把这个留给火去烧?这就像所有这些陷阱都扣在一个人的腰带上,他在我们命运所投的崎岖乡野行走时,不得不拖着它们--拖着他的陷阱。留下尾巴在陷阱里的狐狸是幸运的。麝鼠会咬断自己的第三条腿以求自由。难怪人类失去了弹性。他常常陷入僵局!“先生,恕我冒昧,你所说的僵局是什么意思?”如果你有眼力,无论何时遇到一个人,你都会看到他拥有的一切,是的,还有他假装不拥有的许多东西,都在他身后,甚至包括他的厨房家具和他保存而不愿烧掉的所有小玩意儿,而他看起来像是被这些东西套住了,只能尽力前行。我认为,一个人穿过了他的雪橇家具无法跟随的节孔或门洞,那就是陷入了僵局。当我听到某个衣着整洁、看似自由、全副武装、准备就绪的人,谈起他的“家具”,问是否上了保险时,我不能不感到同情。“可我的家具怎么办呢?”--我那快乐的蝴蝶,那时就陷入了蛛网。即使是那些似乎很久都没有任何家具的人,如果你更仔细地打听,会发现他们有些家具存放在某人的谷仓里。我看今天的英格兰就像一位老先生,带着一大堆行李旅行,那是长期持家积累起来的无用小玩意儿,他没有勇气烧掉;大箱子、小箱子、帽盒和包裹。至少扔掉前三个吧。如今,一个健康的人要拿起他的床走路都力不从心,我肯定会劝一个病人放下他的床逃跑。当我遇到一个移民,扛着一个包含他全部家当的包裹蹒跚而行--看起来像从他颈背长出的巨大粉瘤--我怜悯他,不是因为那是他的全部,而是因为他要扛着全部那些东西。如果我必须拖着我的陷阱,我会小心让它很轻,不会夹住我的要害部位。但也许最聪明的做法是永远不要把爪子伸进去。

🔊
furniture /ˈfɜːnɪtʃər/
n. 家具
🔊
philosopher /fɪˈlɒsəfər/
n. 哲学家
🔊
ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/
adj. 羞愧的
🔊
poverty-stricken /ˈpɒvəti strɪkən/
adj. 贫困的
🔊
compassion /kəmˈpæʃn/
n. 同情
🔊
immigrant /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/
n. 移民
🔊
surpass /səˈpɑːs/
v. 超越

顺便说一下,我不用花钱买窗帘,因为没有需要遮挡的窥视者,只有太阳和月亮,而我很愿意让它们看进来。月亮不会让我的牛奶变酸,也不会让我的肉变味,太阳也不会损坏我的家具或让我的地毯褪色;如果他有时是个太热情的朋友,我发现退到自然提供的某种帷幕后面,仍然是比较经济的做法,比在家务细节上增添一项开支要好。一位女士曾要送我一块垫子,但我屋里没有地方放它,屋里屋外也没有时间抖它,所以我谢绝了,宁愿在门前的草地上蹭干净脚。最好避免罪恶的开端。

🔊
taint /teɪnt/
v. 污染
🔊
fade /feɪd/
v. 褪色
🔊
retreat /rɪˈtriːt/
v. 撤退
🔊 Not long since I was present at the auction of a deacon's effects, for his life had not been ineffectual:-

不久前,我参加了一位执事的财产拍卖,因为他的一生并非虚度:-

🔊
auction /ˈɔːkʃn/
n. 拍卖
🔊
effects /ɪˈfekts/
n. 财产
🔊
ineffectual /ˌɪnɪˈfektʃuəl/
adj. 无效的

“人们所做的恶,在他们死后仍存留。”

像往常一样,很大一部分是些小玩意儿,是从他父亲时代就开始积攒的。其中有一条干瘪的绦虫。而现在,在阁楼和其他灰尘洞里躺了半个世纪之后,这些东西没有被烧掉;不但没有举行篝火,或对其进行净化销毁,反而举行了一场拍卖,或者说是在增加它们。邻居们急切地聚拢来观看,把它们全买下,然后小心翼翼地运回他们的阁楼和灰尘洞,让它们躺在那里,直到他们的产业被清理,那时它们又会重新开始。一个人死了,就踢起了灰尘。

🔊
proportion /prəˈpɔːʃn/
n. 比例
🔊
accumulate /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/
v. 积累
🔊
tapeworm /ˈteɪpwɜːm/
n. 绦虫
🔊
purifying /ˈpjʊərɪfaɪɪŋ/
adj. 净化的
🔊
destruction /dɪˈstrʌkʃn/
n. 破坏
🔊
transported /trænˈspɔːtɪd/
adj. 被运输的
🔊
estates /ɪˈsteɪts/
n. 地产

也许有些野蛮民族的习俗值得我们效仿,他们至少每年都进行一场蜕皮的仪式;他们有这样的观念,无论他们是否有其实际。如果我们庆祝这样一个“布斯科节”,或者“初果节”,像巴特拉姆所描述的穆克拉塞印第安人的习俗那样,不是很好吗?“当一个城镇庆祝布斯科节时,”他说,“他们事先准备好新衣服、新锅、新盘和其他家用器皿及家具,收集所有穿破的衣服和其他可鄙的东西,打扫清洁他们的房屋、广场和整个城镇的污秽,将这些东西与所有剩余的谷物和其他旧粮食一起,扔进一个公共堆里,用火烧掉。在服药并斋戒三天后,镇里所有的火都熄灭。在斋戒期间,他们戒绝任何欲望和激情的满足。颁布大赦;所有罪犯都可以返回他们的城镇。”

🔊
profitably /ˈprɒfɪtəbli/
adv. 有利可图地
🔊
imitated /ˈɪmɪteɪtɪd/
adj. 被模仿的
🔊
semblance /ˈsembləns/
n. 外表
🔊
annually /ˈænjuəli/
adv. 每年
🔊
celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/
v. 庆祝
🔊
feast /fiːst/
n. 盛宴
🔊
cleanse /klenz/
v. 清洁
🔊
filth /fɪlθ/
n. 污秽
🔊
provisions /prəˈvɪʒnz/
n. 供应品
🔊
consume /kənˈsjuːm/
v. 消耗
🔊
fasted /ˈfɑːstɪd/
v. 禁食
🔊
extinguished /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/
adj. 熄灭的
🔊
gratification /ˌɡrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
n. 满足
🔊
passion /ˈpæʃn/
n. 激情
🔊
amnesty /ˈæmnəsti/
n. 大赦
🔊
malefactors /ˈmælɪfæktərz/
n. 作恶者

“第四天早晨,大祭司通过摩擦干木,在公共广场上生出新火,城镇里每一处住所都从那里得到新的、纯洁的火焰。”

🔊
habitation /ˌhæbɪˈteɪʃn/
n. 居住
🔊
supplied /səˈplaɪd/
adj. 供应的
🔊
flame /fleɪm/
n. 火焰

然后他们享用新玉米和水果,跳舞唱歌三天,“接下来的四天,他们接待来自邻近城镇的朋友们的来访,那些朋友也以同样的方式净化并准备好了自己,他们一同欢庆。”

🔊
rejoice /rɪˈdʒɔɪs/
v. 高兴,欣喜
🔊
neighboring /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/
adj. 邻近的,附近的
🔊
purified /ˈpjʊərɪfaɪd/
v. 净化的,纯洁的(过去分词)

墨西哥人也每五十二年结束时进行一次类似的净化,相信那是世界末日来临之时。

🔊
purification /ˌpjʊərɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
n. 净化,纯洁化
🔊
belief /bɪˈliːf/
n. 信念,信仰

我几乎没听说过比这更真实的圣礼了,也就是说,正如字典所定义的,“内在精神恩典的外在可见标志”,我毫不怀疑他们最初是直接受天堂启示才这样做的,尽管他们没有圣经的启示记录。

🔊
sacrament /ˈsækrəmənt/
n. 圣礼,圣事;神圣的事物
🔊 For more than five years I maintained myself thus solely by the labor of my hands, and I found that, by working about six weeks in a year, I could meet all the expenses of living. The whole of my winters, as well as most of my summers, I had free and clear for study. I have thoroughly tried school-keeping, and found that my expenses were in proportion, or rather out of proportion, to my income, for I was obliged to dress and train, not to say think and believe, accordingly, and I lost my time into the bargain. As I did not teach for the good of my fellow-men, but simply for a livelihood, this was a failure. I have tried trade but I found that it would take ten years to get under way in that, and that then I should probably be on my way to the devil. I was actually afraid that I might by that time be doing what is called a good business. When formerly I was looking about to see what I could do for a living, some sad experience in conforming to the wishes of friends being fresh in my mind to tax my ingenuity, I thought often and seriously of picking huckleberries; that surely I could do, and its small profits might suffice - for my greatest skill has been to want but little - so little capital it required, so little distraction from my wonted moods, I foolishly thought. While my acquaintances went unhesitatingly into trade or the professions, I contemplated this occupation as most like theirs; ranging the hills all summer to pick the berries which came in my way, and thereafter carelessly dispose of them; so, to keep the flocks of Admetus. I also dreamed that I might gather the wild herbs, or carry evergreens to such villagers as loved to be reminded of the woods, even to the city, by hay-cart loads. But I have since learned that trade curses everything it handles; and though you trade in messages from heaven, the whole curse of trade attaches to the business.

我这样单靠双手劳动维持了五年多的生活,我发现,通过一年工作大约六个星期,我就能应付所有的生活开销。整个冬天以及夏天的大部分时间,我都有空闲用来学习。我曾彻底尝试过教书,发现我的开销与收入成比例,或者说不成比例,因为我必须相应地穿衣、训练,更不用说思考和信仰了,而且还赔上了时间。既然我教书不是为了同胞的福祉,而只是为了谋生,这就是一种失败。我尝试过经商,但我发现要上手得花十年时间,到那时我大概已经在去见魔鬼的路上了。我实际上害怕到那时我可能在做所谓的“好生意”。从前,当我四处寻找我能做什么来谋生时,一些为满足朋友愿望而带来的惨痛经历还记忆犹新,使我绞尽脑汁,我曾常常认真地想到去采越橘;那肯定是我能做的,而且它微薄的利润或许就够用了--因为我最大的本事就是需求很少--它需要的资本那么少,对我惯常的心绪干扰那么小,我愚蠢地想。当我的熟人们毫不犹豫地去经商或从事专业工作时,我思忖着这个职业最像他们的;整个夏天在山间游荡,采摘路边的浆果,然后随意处理掉;这样,就像为阿德墨托斯看管羊群一样。我也梦想过我可以采集草药,或者将常青植物运给那些喜欢被提醒想起森林的村民,甚至用干草车运到城里去。但我后来明白,贸易诅咒它所经手的一切;即使你经营的是来自天堂的信息,整个贸易的诅咒也会附着在这生意上。

🔊
ingenuity /ˌɪndʒəˈnjuːəti/
n. 心灵手巧,独创性;精巧的设计
🔊
huckleberries /ˈhʌk(ə)lˌberiz/
n. 越橘类植物(尤指美洲越橘或其果实)
🔊
suffice /səˈfaɪs/
v. 足够,满足需要
🔊
distraction /dɪˈstrækʃn/
n. 使人分心的事;娱乐,消遣
🔊
wonted /ˈwəʊntɪd/
adj. 习惯的,惯常的
🔊
evergreens /ˈevəɡriːnz/
n. 常绿树,常绿植物
🔊
curses /ˈkɜːsɪz/
v. 诅咒;使遭受苦难

由于我偏爱一些东西胜过另一些东西,尤其珍视我的自由,又因为我能在艰苦条件下过得很好并取得成功,我不愿把我的时间花费在赚取豪华地毯或其他精美家具、精致烹调,或一栋希腊式的或哥特式的风格的房子上。如果有人获取这些东西不费事,而且知道获取后如何使用,我将追求让给他们。有些人“勤劳”,似乎热爱劳动本身,或许是因为劳动使他们免于更坏的恶作剧;对这些人我目前无话可说。对于那些不知道如何利用比现在更多的闲暇的人,我可能会建议他们加倍努力工作--工作到他们付清债务,拿到自由证书。至于我自己,我发现日工的职业是最独立的,特别是因为它一年只需干三十或四十天就能养活一个人。劳动者的日子随着太阳落山而结束,然后他可以自由地投身于自己选择的追求,独立于他的劳动;而他的雇主,月复一月地投机,从年初到年末都没有喘息之机。

🔊
day-laborer /ˈdeɪ ˌleɪbərə(r)/
n. 做散工的人,日工
🔊
respite /ˈrespaɪt/
n. 暂息,喘息(时间);暂时的缓解

总之,我通过信念和经验都确信,在这个世界上维持自己并非苦差,而是一种消遣,只要我们生活得简单而明智;正如原始民族的追求仍然是更人工化民族的娱乐。一个人不必通过额头上的汗水来谋生,除非他出汗比我容易。我认识的一个年轻人,继承了几英亩地,告诉我他想像我那样生活,如果他有条件的话。无论如何,我都不希望任何人采纳我的生活方式;因为,在他还没完全学会之前,我可能已经为自己找到了另一种方式,而且我希望世界上有尽可能多不同的人;但我希望每个人都能非常小心地找到并追求他自己的道路,而不是他父亲的、他母亲的或他邻居的。年轻人可以去建造、种植或航海,只要不妨碍他做他告诉我他喜欢做的事。我们只是在数学的一点上是明智的,就像水手或逃亡奴隶眼睛盯着北极星那样;但这足以指引我们一生。我们可能无法在可计算的期限内到达我们的港口,但我们会保持正确的航向。

🔊
pastime /ˈpɑːstaɪm/
n. 消遣,娱乐
🔊
mathematical /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkl/
adj. 数学的;精确的
🔊
polestar /ˈpəʊl stɑː(r)/
n. 北极星;指导原则,目标
🔊
calculable /ˈkælkjələbl/
adj. 可计算的;可预测的
🔊 Undoubtedly, in this case, what is true for one is truer still for a thousand, as a large house is not proportionally more expensive than a small one, since one roof may cover, one cellar underlie, and one wall separate several apartments. But for my part, I preferred the solitary dwelling. Moreover, it will commonly be cheaper to build the whole yourself than to convince another of the advantage of the common wall; and when you have done this, the common partition, to be much cheaper, must be a thin one, and that other may prove a bad neighbor, and also not keep his side in repair. The only co-operation which is commonly possible is exceedingly partial and superficial; and what little true co-operation there is, is as if it were not, being a harmony inaudible to men. If a man has faith, he will co-operate with equal faith everywhere; if he has not faith, he will continue to live like the rest of the world, whatever company he is joined to. To co-operate in the highest as well as the lowest sense, means to get our living together. I heard it proposed lately that two young men should travel together over the world, the one without money, earning his means as he went, before the mast and behind the plow, the other carrying a bill of exchange in his pocket. It was easy to see that they could not long be companions or co-operate, since one would not operate at all. They would part at the first interesting crisis in their adventures. Above all, as I have implied, the man who goes alone can start today; but he who travels with another must wait till that other is ready, and it may be a long time before they get off.

无疑,在这种情况下,对一个人是真的,对一千个人就更是真的,因为一栋大房子并不比一栋小房子成比例地更贵,既然一个屋顶可以覆盖,一个地窖可以支撑,一堵墙可以分隔几个房间。但对我来说,我更喜欢独居。此外,通常自己建造整栋房子,比说服别人共用一堵墙的好处要便宜;而当你这样做了,共用隔墙要便宜得多,就必须是薄墙,而隔壁可能是个坏邻居,而且也不维护他那一边。通常唯一可能的合作是极其片面和肤浅的;而仅有的一点真正合作,仿佛不存在一样,是一种人类听不见的和谐。如果一个人有信念,他无论在哪里都会与同样信念的人合作;如果他没有信念,他就会继续像世上其他人一样生活,无论他与谁为伍。在最高和最底层的意义上合作,意味着一起谋生。我最近听到一个提议,两个年轻人应该一起环游世界,一个没有钱,沿途挣钱,在桅杆前或在犁后,另一个口袋里揣着汇票。很容易看出他们不可能长久做伴或合作,因为其中一个根本不会操作。他们会在冒险中第一个有趣的危机时分道扬镳。首先,正如我所暗示的,单独旅行的人今天就可以出发;而与另一个人同行的人必须等到那个人准备好,可能要等很久他们才能动身。

🔊
proportionally /prəˈpɔːʃənəli/
adv. 按比例地;相应地
🔊
underlie /ˌʌndəˈlaɪ/
v. 位于…之下;构成…的基础
🔊
partition /pɑːˈtɪʃn/
n. 隔断,隔墙;分割
🔊
co-operation /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
n. 合作,协作
🔊
inaudible /ɪnˈɔːdəbl/
adj. 听不见的
🔊
bill of exchange /ˌbɪl əv ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
n. 汇票(一种金融票据)
🔊 But all this is very selfish, I have heard some of my townsmen say. I confess that I have hitherto indulged very little in philanthropic enterprises. I have made some sacrifices to a sense of duty, and among others have sacrificed this pleasure also. There are those who have used all their arts to persuade me to undertake the support of some poor family in the town; and if I had nothing to do - for the devil finds employment for the idle - I might try my hand at some such pastime as that. However, when I have thought to indulge myself in this respect, and lay their Heaven under an obligation by maintaining certain poor persons in all respects as comfortably as I maintain myself, and have even ventured so far as to make them the offer, they have one and all unhesitatingly preferred to remain poor. While my townsmen and women are devoted in so many ways to the good of their fellows, I trust that one at least may be spared to other and less humane pursuits. You must have a genius for charity as well as for anything else. As for Doing-good, that is one of the professions which are full. Moreover, I have tried it fairly, and, strange as it may seem, am satisfied that it does not agree with my constitution. Probably I should not consciously and deliberately forsake my particular calling to do the good which society demands of me, to save the universe from annihilation; and I believe that a like but infinitely greater steadfastness elsewhere is all that now preserves it. But I would not stand between any man and his genius; and to him who does this work, which I decline, with his whole heart and soul and life, I would say, Persevere, even if the world call it doing evil, as it is most likely they will.

但我听到我的一些同乡说,这一切都非常自私。我承认我迄今为止很少从事慈善事业。我曾为责任感作出一些牺牲,其中也包括牺牲了这种快乐。有些人用尽各种技巧说服我承担镇上某个穷人家的供养;如果我没有别的事可做--因为魔鬼会给闲人找事做--我或许会尝试一下这种消遣。然而,当我想在这方面放纵自己,通过维持某些穷人过上和我一样舒适的生活,从而让他们的天堂对我有所亏欠,甚至冒险向他们提出这个提议时,他们全都毫不犹豫地选择继续贫穷。当我的男女同乡们以多种方式致力于同胞的福祉时,我相信至少有一个人可以被豁免,去从事其他不那么人道的追求。你必须具备慈善的天赋,就像具备做任何其他事情的天赋一样。至于“行善”,那是已经人满为患的职业之一。而且,我公平地尝试过,说来奇怪,我很满意它不适合我的体质。我大概不会有意地、故意地放弃我的特定天职,去做社会要求我做的好事,去拯救宇宙免于毁灭;而且我相信,在别处一种类似但无限坚定的信念,才是现在保存宇宙的一切。但我不会站在任何人和他的天赋之间;对于那个全心全意、用整个生命去做这件我拒绝做的工作的人,我要说,坚持下去,即使世界说那是作恶,而他们很可能会这样说。

🔊
hitherto /ˌhɪðəˈtuː/
adv. 迄今,到目前为止
🔊
indulged /ɪnˈdʌldʒd/
v. 沉溺于,纵容;使自己尽情享受
🔊
philanthropic /ˌfɪlənˈθrɒpɪk/
adj. 慈善的,乐善好施的
🔊
unhesitatingly /ʌnˈhezɪteɪtɪŋli/
adv. 毫不犹豫地,果断地
🔊
genius /ˈdʒiːniəs/
n. 天赋,天才;特质,精神
🔊
forsake /fəˈseɪk/
v. 抛弃,遗弃;离开
🔊
steadfastness /ˈstedfɑːstnəs/
n. 坚定, steadfastness
🔊 I am far from supposing that my case is a peculiar one; no doubt many of my readers would make a similar defence. At doing something - I will not engage that my neighbors shall pronounce it good - I do not hesitate to say that I should be a capital fellow to hire; but what that is, it is for my employer to find out. What good I do, in the common sense of that word, must be aside from my main path, and for the most part wholly unintended. Men say, practically, Begin where you are and such as you are, without aiming mainly to become of more worth, and with kindness aforethought go about doing good. If I were to preach at all in this strain, I should say rather, Set about being good. As if the sun should stop when he had kindled his fires up to the splendor of a moon or a star of the sixth magnitude, and go about like a Robin Goodfellow, peeping in at every cottage window, inspiring lunatics, and tainting meats, and making darkness visible, instead of steadily increasing his genial heat and beneficence till he is of such brightness that no mortal can look him in the face, and then, and in the meanwhile too, going about the world in his own orbit, doing it good, or rather, as a truer philosophy has discovered, the world going about him getting good. When Phaeton, wishing to prove his heavenly birth by his beneficence, had the sun's chariot but one day, and drove out of the beaten track, he burned several blocks of houses in the lower streets of heaven, and scorched the surface of the earth, and dried up every spring, and made the great desert of Sahara, till at length Jupiter hurled him headlong to the earth with a thunderbolt, and the sun, through grief at his death, did not shine for a year.

我绝不自以为我的情况是独特的;毫无疑问,我的许多读者会作类似的辩护。在做某件事--我不能保证我的邻居们会认为它是好事--方面,我毫不犹豫地说,我会是个一流的好雇工;但那是什么事,得由我的雇主去发现。我在通常意义上的“行善”,必定是在我的主要道路之外,而且大部分完全是无意的。人们实际上说,从你所在之处、以你现在的样子开始,不要主要致力于变得更有价值,而是预先怀着善意,去行善。如果我非要这样布道,我倒要说,去着手“存在善”。就好像太阳在点燃了它的火焰,达到月亮或一颗六等星的亮度后,就该停下来,像个罗宾好人儿一样,窥视每个村舍的窗户,让人发疯,让肉变味,让黑暗可见,而不是稳步增加它温和的热量和恩惠,直到它如此明亮,以至于凡人无法直视它的脸,然后,与此同时,也在自己的轨道上周游世界,对它行善,或者,更真实的哲学发现,是世界围绕着它得到善。当法厄同,想通过他的善行来证明他的神圣出身,只驾驶了太阳战车一天,并且驶离了常轨,他在天堂的下街烧毁了几排房屋,烧焦了地球表面,吸干了每个泉眼,制造了撒哈拉大沙漠,直到最后朱庇特用一个霹雳把他头朝下摔到地上,而太阳因为他的死悲伤得一年没有发光。

🔊
peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliə(r)/
adj. 奇怪的,不寻常的;特有的
🔊
defence /dɪˈfens/
n. 防御;辩护(英式拼法,同 defense)
🔊
splendor /ˈsplendə(r)/
n. 壮丽,辉煌;华丽(美式拼法,同 splendour)
🔊
magnitude /ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd/
n. 大小,量级;重要性
🔊
Robin Goodfellow /ˌrɒbɪn ˈɡʊdfeləʊ/
n. 罗宾好人儿(英国民间传说中的淘气精灵,即 Puck)
🔊
lunatics /ˈluːnətɪks/
n. 疯子,精神失常者;极端愚蠢的人
🔊
tainting /ˈteɪntɪŋ/
v. 玷污,污染;败坏
🔊
genial /ˈdʒiːniəl/
adj. 和蔼的,友好的;温和的(尤指气候)
🔊
beneficence /bəˈnefɪsns/
n. 善行,仁慈;捐赠
🔊
Phaeton /ˈfeɪət(ə)n/
n. 法厄同(希腊神话中太阳神赫利俄斯之子)
🔊
chariot /ˈtʃæriət/
n. (古代的双轮)战车;马车
🔊
scorched /skɔːtʃt/
v. 烧焦,烤焦
🔊
Sahara /səˈhɑːrə/
n. 撒哈拉沙漠
🔊
thunderbolt /ˈθʌndəbəʊlt/
n. 雷电,霹雳;突发且惊人的事件

没有比变质的美德散发出的气味更糟糕的了。那是人的,也是神的,是腐肉。如果我确切知道一个人正怀着明确的为我行善的打算来我家,我会逃命,就像躲避非洲沙漠那种被称为西蒙风的干燥灼热的风,它用沙土填满你的嘴巴、鼻子、耳朵和眼睛直到你窒息,因为我害怕他会对我行善--怕他的病毒混入我的血液。不--在这种情况下,我宁愿以自然的方式承受罪恶。一个人对我而言不是好人,只因为如果我快饿死了他会喂我,如果我快冻僵了他会温暖我,或者如果我掉进沟里他会拉我出来。我能给你找一只纽芬兰犬,它也能做这些。慈善在最广泛的意义上,并非是对同胞的爱。霍华德无疑以他的方式是个极其仁慈和可敬的人,也得到了他的报偿;但是,相对而言,如果他们的慈善在我们处于最佳状态、最值得帮助时,并不能帮助我们,那么一百个霍华德对我们又有什么意义?我从未听说过哪个慈善会议是真诚地提议要对我,或像我这样的人,行任何善的。

🔊
odor /ˈəʊdə(r)/
n. 气味(尤指难闻的气味)(美式拼法,同 odour)
🔊
tainted /ˈteɪntɪd/
adj. 受污染的,被玷污的
🔊
carrion /ˈkæriən/
n. 动物尸体的腐肉
🔊
parching /ˈpɑːtʃɪŋ/
adj. 使极渴的,使干枯的
🔊
simoom /sɪˈmuːm/
n. 西蒙风(非洲和阿拉伯沙漠地区的干热风)
🔊
suffocated /ˈsʌfəkeɪtɪd/
v. 使窒息,闷死;扼制
🔊
virus /ˈvaɪrəs/
n. 病毒;毒害
🔊
Newfoundland /ˈnjuːfəndlənd/
n. 纽芬兰犬(一种大型犬);纽芬兰岛
🔊
philanthropy /fɪˈlænθrəpi/
n. 慈善,博爱;慈善事业
🔊
Howard /ˈhaʊəd/
n. 霍华德(此处应指约翰·霍华德,英国慈善家,监狱改革者)

那些耶稣会士完全被那些印第安人挫败了,他们在火刑柱上被烧死时,却向折磨他们的人建议新的酷刑方式。由于超越了肉体的痛苦,有时他们碰巧也超越了传教士所能提供的任何安慰;而“己所欲,施于人”这条法则,在那些不在乎别人如何对待自己、以新的方式爱他们的敌人、几乎完全宽恕了他们所做的一切的人的耳朵里,说服力就小得多了。

🔊
Jesuits /ˈdʒezjʊɪts/
n. 耶稣会士(天主教修会成员)
🔊
balked /bɔːkt/
v. 阻止,妨碍;犹豫,不愿做
🔊
stake /steɪk/
n. 桩;火刑柱;赌注
🔊
tormentors /tɔːˈmentəz/
n. 折磨者,使人痛苦的人或物
🔊
superior /suːˈpɪəriə(r)/
adj. 更好的,更优秀的;有优越感的
🔊
consolation /ˌkɒnsəˈleɪʃn/
n. 安慰,慰藉
🔊
missionaries /ˈmɪʃənriz/
n. 传教士
🔊
persuasiveness /pəˈsweɪsɪvnəs/
n. 说服力,劝导性
🔊 Be sure that you give the poor the aid they most need, though it be your example which leaves them far behind. If you give money, spend yourself with it, and do not merely abandon it to them. We make curious mistakes sometimes. Often the poor man is not so cold and hungry as he is dirty and ragged and gross. It is partly his taste, and not merely his misfortune. If you give him money, he will perhaps buy more rags with it. I was wont to pity the clumsy Irish laborers who cut ice on the pond, in such mean and ragged clothes, while I shivered in my more tidy and somewhat more fashionable garments, till, one bitter cold day, one who had slipped into the water came to my house to warm him, and I saw him strip off three pairs of pants and two pairs of stockings ere he got down to the skin, though they were dirty and ragged enough, it is true, and that he could afford to refuse the extra garments which I offered him, he had so many intra ones. This ducking was the very thing he needed. Then I began to pity myself, and I saw that it would be a greater charity to bestow on me a flannel shirt than a whole slop-shop on him. There are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil to one who is striking at the root, and it may be that he who bestows the largest amount of time and money on the needy is doing the most by his mode of life to produce that misery which he strives in vain to relieve. It is the pious slave-breeder devoting the proceeds of every tenth slave to buy a Sunday's liberty for the rest. Some show their kindness to the poor by employing them in their kitchens. Would they not be kinder if they employed themselves there? You boast of spending a tenth part of your income in charity; maybe you should spend the nine tenths so, and done with it. Society recovers only a tenth part of the property then. Is this owing to the generosity of him in whose possession it is found, or to the remissness of the officers of justice?

务必给予穷人他们最需要的帮助,尽管这帮助可能是你的榜样,而这榜样把他们远远抛在后面。如果你给钱,把钱连同你自己一起花出去,不要仅仅把钱丢给他们。我们有时会犯奇怪的错误。穷人常常不是那么冷和饿,而是那么脏、那么衣衫褴褛、那么粗俗。这有部分是他们的品味,而不仅仅是他们的不幸。如果你给他钱,他或许会用它买更多的破衣服。我过去常常怜悯那些在池塘上采冰的笨拙爱尔兰人劳工,他们穿着如此寒酸破烂的衣服,而我穿着更整洁、更时髦些的衣服瑟瑟发抖,直到一个严寒的日子,一个滑进水里的人来我家取暖,我看见他脱了三层裤子和两双袜子才露出皮肤,尽管它们确实够脏够破,但他能拒绝我给他的额外衣服,因为他有那么多层衣服。这次落水正是他需要的。然后我开始怜悯自己,我明白送给我一件法兰绒衬衫,比送给他一整个成衣店,是更大的善举。砍伐罪恶枝条的人有成千上万,而斩断罪恶之根的人却寥寥无几,也许那个在穷人身上花费最多时间和金钱的人,正是通过他的生活方式,制造了他徒劳地试图缓解的那种悲惨。这就是那个虔诚的奴隶贩子,将每十个奴隶的收益拿出来,为其余的奴隶买星期日的自由。有些人通过在厨房里雇佣穷人,来显示他们对穷人的仁慈。如果他们在厨房里雇佣自己,岂不是更仁慈?你夸耀将收入的十分之一用于慈善;也许你应该将十分之九都这样用掉,然后收手。这样,社会只收回了十分之一的财产。这归功于拥有财产者的慷慨,还是司法官员的疏忽?

🔊
flannel /ˈflænl/
n. 法兰绒;法兰绒衣服(尤指内衣)
🔊
slop-shop /ˈslɒp ʃɒp/
n. 廉价成衣店,现成服装店
🔊
hacking /ˈhækɪŋ/
v. 砍,劈;对付,处理(引申为肤浅地处理)
🔊
pious /ˈpaɪəs/
adj. 虔诚的;伪善的
🔊
slave-breeder /ˈsleɪv ˌbriːdə(r)/
n. 奴隶繁殖者(蓄意让奴隶生育以增加奴隶数量的人)
🔊
proceeds /ˈprəʊsiːdz/
n. (某活动或销售的)收入,收益
🔊
remissness /rɪˈmɪsnəs/
n. 疏忽,玩忽职守

慈善几乎是唯一被人类充分认可的美德。不仅如此,它被大大高估了;而高估它的是我们的自私。一个强健的穷人,在一个阳光明媚的日子,在康科德这里,向我称赞一位同乡,因为,如他所说,他对穷人很好;意思是指对他自己好。这个种族慈祥的叔叔阿姨们,比它真正的精神父母更受尊敬。我曾听一位博学多识、受人尊敬的讲师谈论英格兰,在列举了它的科学、文学和政治方面的杰出人物莎士比亚、培根、克伦威尔、弥尔顿、牛顿等人之后,接下来谈到它的基督教英雄,仿佛他的职业要求他这样做,他把他们抬得远高于所有其他人,作为伟人中的最伟大者。他们是佩恩、霍华德和弗莱夫人。每个人都必定感到其中的虚假和伪善。最后这些并不是英格兰最好的男人和女人;也许只是它最好的慈善家。

🔊
reverend /ˈrevərənd/
adj. 应受尊敬的(对牧师的尊称,常大写)
🔊
enumerating /ɪˈnjuːməreɪtɪŋ/
v. 列举,枚举
🔊
worthies /ˈwɜːðiz/
n. 要人,名流(常含幽默或讽刺意味)
🔊
elevated /ˈelɪveɪtɪd/
v. 提升,提高;举起
🔊 I would not subtract anything from the praise that is due to philanthropy, but merely demand justice for all who by their lives and works are a blessing to mankind. I do not value chiefly a man's uprightness and benevolence, which are, as it were, his stem and leaves. Those plants of whose greenness withered we make herb tea for the sick serve but a humble use, and are most employed by quacks. I want the flower and fruit of a man; that some fragrance be wafted over from him to me, and some ripeness flavor our intercourse. His goodness must not be a partial and transitory act, but a constant superfluity, which costs him nothing and of which he is unconscious. This is a charity that hides a multitude of sins. The philanthropist too often surrounds mankind with the remembrance of his own castoff griefs as an atmosphere, and calls it sympathy. We should impart our courage, and not our despair, our health and ease, and not our disease, and take care that this does not spread by contagion. From what southern plains comes up the voice of wailing? Under what latitudes reside the heathen to whom we would send light? Who is that intemperate and brutal man whom we would redeem? If anything ail a man, so that he does not perform his functions, if he have a pain in his bowels even - for that is the seat of sympathy - he forthwith sets about reforming - the world. Being a microcosm himself, he discovers - and it is a true discovery, and he is the man to make it - that the world has been eating green apples; to his eyes, in fact, the globe itself is a great green apple, which there is danger awful to think of that the children of men will nibble before it is ripe; and straightway his drastic philanthropy seeks out the Esquimau and the Patagonian, and embraces the populous Indian and Chinese villages; and thus, by a few years of philanthropic activity, the powers in the meanwhile using him for their own ends, no doubt, he cures himself of his dyspepsia, the globe acquires a faint blush on one or both of its cheeks, as if it were beginning to be ripe, and life loses its crudity and is once more sweet and wholesome to live. I never dreamed of any enormity greater than I have committed. I never knew, and never shall know, a worse man than myself.

我并不想减损慈善应得的赞誉,我只是要求对所有通过生活和作品造福人类的人一视同仁。我并不主要看重一个人的正直和仁慈,那些可以说是他的茎和叶。那些我们将其枯萎的绿色制成药茶给病人喝的植物,只能派上卑微的用场,而且大多被江湖郎中利用。我要的是一个人的花和果实;让某种芳香从他那里飘向我,让某种成熟的滋味润泽我们的交往。他的善行不应该是片面的、短暂的行为,而应该是一种持续不断的、不费力的、无意识的充沛流露。这是一种能遮掩许多罪过的慈善。慈善家太常用他自己抛弃的悲伤记忆作为一种氛围来包围人类,并称之为同情。我们应该传递我们的勇气,而非我们的绝望,我们的健康和安逸,而非我们的疾病,并且小心不要让它传染开。从哪些南方的平原传来了哀号的声音?在哪些纬度居住着我们要送去光明的异教徒?我们要拯救的那个放纵而野蛮的人是谁?如果有什么事情让一个人难受,以致他不能履行职责,如果他有腹痛--因为那是同情的所在--他立刻就着手改革--世界。他自己是一个微观世界,他发现--而且这是一个真正的发现,他是发现它的人--这个世界一直在吃青苹果;在他看来,事实上,地球本身就是一个巨大的青苹果,想一想都可怕,人类的孩子们会在它成熟之前啃咬它;于是他那猛烈的慈善立刻去寻找爱斯基摩人和巴塔哥尼亚人,并拥抱人口稠密的印第安人和中国村庄;就这样,通过几年的慈善活动,毫无疑问,当权者在此期间利用他来达到自己的目的,他治好了自己的消化不良,地球的一边或两边脸颊上泛起了淡淡的红晕,仿佛它开始成熟了,而生活也失去了它的生涩,重新变得甜美健康。我从未梦见过比我犯下的更大的罪行。我从未认识,也永远不会认识,一个比我自己更坏的人。

🔊
subtract /səbˈtrækt/
v. 减,减去
🔊
uprightness /ˈʌpraɪtnəs/
n. 正直,诚实;垂直
🔊
benevolence /bəˈnevələns/
n. 仁慈,善行
🔊
herb tea /ˌhɜːb ˈtiː/
n. 花草茶,药草茶
🔊
quacks /kwæks/
n. 庸医,江湖郎中;冒充内行的人
🔊
wafted /ˈwɒftɪd/
v. 飘荡,飘送
🔊
ripeness /ˈraɪpnəs/
n. 成熟;老练
🔊
flavor /ˈfleɪvə(r)/
v. 给…调味;给…增添风趣(美式拼法,同 flavour)
🔊
superfluity /ˌsuːpəˈfluːəti/
n. 过剩,多余;多余物
🔊
multitude /ˈmʌltɪtjuːd/
n. 大量,许多;民众
🔊
castoff /ˈkɑːst ɒf/
n. 被丢弃的人或物(尤指旧衣物)
🔊
sympathy /ˈsɪmpəθi/
n. 同情;赞同,支持
🔊
contagion /kənˈteɪdʒən/
n. (疾病的)接触传染;蔓延,传播
🔊
wailing /ˈweɪlɪŋ/
n. 恸哭,嚎啕大哭
🔊
latitudes /ˈlætɪtjuːdz/
n. 纬度;地区(尤指根据纬度划分)
🔊
intemperate /ɪnˈtempərət/
adj. 放纵的,无节制的(尤指饮食);过度的
🔊
bowels /ˈbaʊəlz/
n. 肠;内部,深处
🔊
microcosm /ˈmaɪkrəʊkɒzəm/
n. 微观世界,缩影
🔊
drastic /ˈdræstɪk/
adj. 激烈的,猛烈的;严厉的
🔊
Esquimau /ˈeskɪməʊ/
n. 爱斯基摩人(旧称,现多称 Inuit)
🔊
Patagonian /ˌpætəˈɡəʊniən/
adj./n. 巴塔哥尼亚的(人)
🔊
populous /ˈpɒpjələs/
adj. 人口稠密的
🔊
dyspepsia /dɪsˈpepsiə/
n. 消化不良
🔊
crudity /ˈkruːdəti/
n. 粗糙,不成熟;粗鲁的言行
🔊
enormity /ɪˈnɔːməti/
n. 巨大;穷凶极恶

我相信使改革者悲伤的,不是他对困境中同胞的同情,而是,尽管他是上帝最圣洁的儿子,他自己的私人病痛。让这纠正过来,让春天来到他身边,让清晨在他的床上升起,他就会毫不道歉地离开他慷慨的同伴们。我不去演讲反对吸烟的借口是,我从不嚼烟草,那是改过自新的烟草咀嚼者必须付出的代价;尽管我嚼过足够多的东西,我本可以就此演讲。如果你不慎被诱入任何这类慈善事业,别让你的左手知道你的右手在做什么,因为这不值得知道。救起溺水者,系好你的鞋带。从容不迫,去做些自由的劳动。

🔊
righted /ˈraɪtɪd/
v. 纠正,改正;使恢复直立
🔊
couch /kaʊtʃ/
n. 长沙发;诊察台
🔊
betrayed /bɪˈtreɪd/
v. 背叛;泄露(秘密);辜负
🔊
philanthropies /fɪˈlænθrəpiz/
n. 慈善事业,慈善行为(复数)

我们的品行因与圣徒交往而败坏。我们的赞美诗集里回荡着对上帝悠扬的诅咒,并永远忍受着他。人们会说,甚至先知和救赎者也更愿意安慰人类的恐惧,而不是确认人类的希望。没有任何地方记录着对生命馈赠的简单而不可抑制的满足,任何对上帝值得纪念的赞美。所有的健康和成功都对我有益,无论它显得多么遥远和疏离;所有的疾病和失败都使我悲伤、对我有害,无论它对我或我对它有多少同情。那么,如果我们确实要通过真正印第安人式的、植物性的、磁力的或自然的方法来恢复人类,首先让我们自己像自然一样简单和健康,驱散笼罩在我们自己眉头的乌云,吸取一点生命进入我们的毛孔。别留下来当穷人的监督员,努力成为世界的贤者之一。

🔊
irrepressible /ˌɪrɪˈpresəbl/
adj. 抑制不住的,无法控制的
🔊
melodious /məˈloʊdiəs/
adj. 悦耳的,旋律优美的
🔊
dispel /dɪˈspel/
v. 驱散,消除
🔊
endeavor /ɪnˈdevər/
v. 努力,尽力

我在蔷薇园,或设拉子的萨迪长老的《花园》中读到:“他们问一个智者:‘至高无上的神创造了众多高大多荫的名树,他们却只称不结果的柏树为自由者,或自由的树,这其中有何奥秘?’他回答:‘每种树都有其适当的果实和指定的季节,在季节持续期间,它新鲜而繁茂,季节过后则干枯凋零;柏树则不受这两种状态的影响,它永远茂盛;这种本性属于阿扎德,即宗教独立者。莫将心寄托于转瞬即逝之物;因为哈里发的种族灭绝之后,底格里斯河仍将继续流经巴格达:如果你的手富足,就像椰枣树一样慷慨;但如果它无可给予,就做一个自由者,或自由的人,像柏树一样。’”

🔊
umbrageous /ʌmˈbreɪdʒəs/
adj. 阴凉的,成荫的
🔊
transitory /ˈtrænzɪtɔːri/
adj. 短暂的,瞬息的
🔊
extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
adj. 灭绝的,绝种的
🔊
flourishing /ˈflɜːrɪʃɪŋ/
adj. 繁荣的,茂盛的
🔊
celebrated /ˈselɪbreɪtɪd/
adj. 著名的,知名的
🔊
lofty /ˈlɔːfti/
adj. 高耸的,崇高的
🔊 COMPLEMENTAL VERSES

补遗诗篇

🔊
COMPLEMENTAL /ˌkɒmplɪˈmentl/
adj. 补充的,补足的
🔊 The Pretensions of Poverty

贫穷的妄自尊大

🔊
Pretensions /prɪˈtenʃənz/
n. 自命,主张,要求
🔊 Thou dost presume too much, poor needy wretch,

你僭越太过,贫苦的可怜虫,

🔊
presume /prɪˈzuːm/
v. 假定,擅自
🔊 To claim a station in the firmament

竟想在天穹占有一席之地,

🔊
firmament /ˈfɜːrməmənt/
n. 天空,苍穹

只因你那卑微的茅舍或木桶,

🔊 Nurses some lazy or pedantic virtue

滋养着某种懒惰或迂腐的美德,

🔊
pedantic /pɪˈdæntɪk/
adj. 迂腐的,学究式的

在廉价的阳光下或阴凉的泉边,

🔊 With roots and pot-herbs; where thy right hand,

以菜根为食;而你的右手,

🔊
pot-herbs /ˈpɒt hɜːrbz/
n. 盆栽草药,烹饪用香草

从心灵撕裂那些人道的情愫,

🔊
humane /hjuːˈmeɪn/
adj. 人道的,仁慈的

美丽绽放的美德本在那根基上滋长,

🔊 Degradeth nature, and benumbeth sense,

贬抑了天性,麻木了感官,

🔊
benumbeth /bɪˈnʌmθ/
v. 使麻木,使迟钝(古语形式)
🔊 And, Gorgon-like, turns active men to stone.

并如戈耳工般,将活跃的人化为顽石。

🔊
Gorgon-like /ˈɡɔːrɡən laɪk/
adj. 像戈耳工一样的,令人石化的(戈耳工是希腊神话中的怪物)

我们不需要你们那乏味的社会,

🔊 Of your necessitated temperance,

那种出于无奈而恪守的节制,

🔊
necessitated /nɪˈsesɪteɪtɪd/
adj. 必需的,必然的(尤指因环境所迫而变得必要的)
🔊
temperance /ˈtempərəns/
n. 节制,自制;戒酒
🔊 Or that unnatural stupidity

或那种违背自然的愚钝,

🔊
unnatural /ʌnˈnætʃrəl/
adj. 不自然的,反常的;违背人道的
🔊
stupidity /stjuːˈpɪdəti/
n. 愚蠢,愚笨;愚蠢的行为或话语

既不识欢乐也不辨悲愁;也不要你们那强装出的,

🔊
forc'd /fɔːrst/
adj. (旧体,即 forced). 被迫的,强制的
🔊 Falsely exalted passive fortitude

虚妄地拔高的、消极的坚忍,

🔊
exalted /ɪɡˈzɔːltɪd/
adj. 崇高的,高贵的;地位高的
🔊
fortitude /ˈfɔːtɪtjuːd/
n. 坚韧,刚毅,勇气(尤指面对困难时)
🔊 Above the active. This low abject brood,

置于积极之上。你们这卑贱的一群,

🔊
abject /ˈæbdʒekt/
adj. 凄惨的,绝望的;下贱的,卑劣的
🔊
brood /bruːd/
n. 一窝(雏鸟);(某人的)所有孩子;一类,一伙(常含贬义)
🔊 That fix their seats in mediocrity,

将席位固定在平庸之中,

🔊
mediocrity /ˌmiːdiˈɒkrəti/
n. 平庸,平凡;平庸的人或事物
🔊 Become your servile minds; but we advance

成了你们奴性的心智;而我们推崇的,

🔊
servile /ˈsɜːvaɪl/
adj. 奴性的,卑躬屈膝的;过分顺从的
🔊
advance /ədˈvɑːns/
v. 促进,推动(一个想法、事业等);前进,发展
🔊 Such virtues only as admit excess,

是那种允许过度的美德,

🔊
excess /ɪkˈses/
n. 过度,过量;无节制
🔊 Brave, bounteous acts, regal magnificence,

英勇慷慨之举,帝王的恢弘气度,

🔊
bounteous /ˈbaʊntiəs/
adj. 慷慨的,丰富的;丰裕的(文学性用语)
🔊
regal /ˈriːɡl/
adj. 帝王的,王室的;庄严的,豪华的
🔊
magnificence /mæɡˈnɪfɪsns/
n. 壮丽,宏伟;富丽堂皇

洞察一切的审慎,无边无际的宽宏,

🔊 That knows no bound, and that heroic virtue

以及那种古老的英雄美德,

🔊
bound /baʊnd/
n. 界限,限制;范围
🔊
heroic /həˈrəʊɪk/
adj. 英雄的,英勇的;极其巨大的
🔊 For which antiquity hath left no name,

古人未为之命名,

🔊
antiquity /ænˈtɪkwəti/
n. 古代(尤指中世纪以前);古迹,古物
🔊 But patterns only, such as Hercules,

只留下典范,如赫拉克勒斯,

🔊
patterns /ˈpætənz/
n. 典范,榜样;模式,图案
🔊 Achilles, Theseus. Back to thy loath'd cell;

阿喀琉斯,忒修斯。滚回你那令人作呕的斗室;

🔊
loath'd /ləʊðd/
adj. (古体,即 loathed). 令人憎恶的,讨厌的

待你见到那新被照亮的星体,

🔊
sphere /sfɪə(r)/
n. 球体;领域,范围

再研究去了解那些贤者究竟是何等人物。

🔊 T. CAREW

T·卡鲁

Wordbook
字体色:
背景色:
您的数据已保存在此浏览器中