Matsayin Koyon Nahawu da Koyarwa a cikin Koyon da Koyar da Harshe na Biyu

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan binciken iyakoki yana binciko muhimmiyar rawar da nahawu ke takawa a fagen samun harshe na biyu (KSHB) da koyarwa. Nahawu, wanda sau da yawa ake kwatanta shi da tsarin ƙa'idodin tsari na harshe, ya kasance wani abu mai rikitarwa amma na asali na ƙwarewar harshe. Takardar tana da nufin haɗa bayanan bincike na baya-bayan nan na zahiri da na ka'idoji don fayyace yadda ake samun nahawu a ƙarƙashin hankali da kuma yadda dabarun koyarwa za su iya cika gibin da ke tsakanin ilimin a fakaice da aikace-aikace na bayyane a cikin mahallin sadarwa.

2. Nazarin Adabi

2.1 Ma'anar Nahawu a cikin KSHB

An yi la'akari da nahawu a matsayin wani tsari mai rikitarwa na harshe, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙa'idodi da tsarin da ke tafiyar da ma'ana (Eunson, 2020). Muhawarar da ke ci gaba tsakanin tsarin nahawu na bayyani (yadda ake amfani da harshe) da na ƙa'ida (yadda ya kamata a yi amfani da harshe) ta yi tasiri kai tsaye ga hanyoyin koyarwa a cikin KSHB (Hinkel, 2018).

2.2 Samuwa da Koyo

An bambanta sosai tsakanin samuwa ta ƙarƙashin hankali da koyo na hankali (Krashen, 1982). Samun nahawu ya ƙunshi shigar da tsarin don amfani na gaggawa, yayin da koyo ya ƙunshi ilimin ƙa'idodi na bayyane. Haɗin kai tsakanin hanyoyin biyu yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka cikakkiyar ƙwarewar harshe (Zaščerinska, 2010).

2.3 Gurbin Bincike a Nazarin Nahawu

Duk da cibiyar nahawu, binciken zahiri da ke mai da hankali musamman kan samunsa an yi watsi da shi idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙwarewar harshe kamar ƙamus ko lafazi (Anderson, 2005; Pawlak, 2009). Bincike kan dabarun ɗalibai don nahawu ya fi ƙaranci (Park & Lee, 2007), wanda ya haifar da babban gibi a cikin adabi.

3. Hanyoyin Bincike

3.1 Tsarin Binciken Iyakoki

Wannan binciken yana amfani da hanyar binciken iyakoki (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005) don tsara adabin da ke akwai, gano mahimman ra'ayoyi, da kuma fayyace gibin bincike. Tsarin yana ba da damar haɗa ƙirar bincike daban-daban (na inganci da na ƙididdiga) don samar da cikakken bayani.

3.2 Tattara Bayanai & Bincike

An tattara takardun da suka dace bisa tsari daga ma'ajin bayanan ilimi (misali, ERIC, Scopus). Binciken ya ƙunshi haɗakar jigogi don gano jigogin da ke maimaitawa game da rawar koyarwa, ilimin a fakaice/na bayyane, da ingantattun dabarun koyarwa na nahawu.

4. Muhimman Binciken

4.1 Muhimmancin Nahawun Koyarwa

Yarjejeniya tsakanin malaman harshe da masu bincike ita ce nahawun koyarwa—nahawu da aka keɓance don koyarwa—yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauƙaƙe KSHB. Yana aiki a matsayin gada tsakanin ƙa'idodin da ba a taɓa gani ba da sadarwa mai amfani.

4.2 Ilimi na A Fakaice da Na Bayyane

Samun nahawu yana da halayensa na a fakaice; ɗalibai suna ɗaukar tsarin a ƙarƙashin hankali. Duk da haka, koyarwa ta bayyane na iya "lura," wanda zai iya hanzarta tsarin samun (Schmidt, 1990). Ana iya ƙirƙira dangantakar a matsayin madauki na amsa: $I_{t+1} = I_t + \alpha(E_t \cdot N_t)$, inda $I$ shine ilimin a fakaice, $E$ shine ilimin na bayyane, $N$ shine lura, kuma $\alpha$ shine ma'aunin ƙimar koyo.

4.3 Hanyoyin Dabarun

Binciken ya gano buƙatar dabarun da suka wuce haddace kawai. Ingantattun hanyoyin sun haɗa nahawu a cikin ayyuka masu ma'ana, na sadarwa (Koyar da Harshe bisa Aiki) kuma suna amfani da amsa mai gyara wanda ke haifar da shiga cikin fahimi.

5. Tattaunawa & Bincike

5.1 Cikakken Fahimta

Babban hujjar takardar ita ce madaidaiciya kuma daidai: fagen KSHB ya yi watsi da nahawu. Yayin da muke bin ƙwarewar sadarwa da hanyoyin nutsewa, mun ƙyale samun nahawu—ƙwarin gwiwar harshe—ya zama ɗan tsakiyar da aka yi watsi da shi. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa yanayinsa na a fakaice, na ƙarƙashin hankali ya sa ya zama mai rikitarwa a bincika ta hanyar bincike, amma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yake buƙatar ƙarin bincike mai zurfi, ba ƙasa ba.

5.2 Tsarin Ma'ana

Ma'ana tana da inganci amma ta al'ada: ayyana matsalar (nahawu yana da rikitarwa kuma ba a bincika shi sosai ba), bincika yanayin (samuwa da koyo, gibin bincike), gabatar da binciken (malamai suna daraja nahawun koyarwa), da kuma ƙarewa da kira ga makamai. Labari ne na al'adar ilimi. Duk da haka, yana amfani da hanyar binciken iyakoki ba kawai don taƙaitawa ba, amma don haskaka takamaiman rashi a cikin adabi, yana ba da kira don ƙarin bincike tushe mai ƙarfi.

5.3 Karfi da Rauni

Ƙarfi: Babban ƙarfin takardar shine mai da hankalinta. Ta hanyar taƙaitawa kan samun nahawu (ba koyarwa kawai ba), tana magance tambaya mai zurfi, ta ilimin hankali. Amfani da binciken iyakoki ya dace da tsara fage mai rarrabuwa. Magana game da muhawara tsakanin nahawun bayyani da na ƙa'ida yana da mahimmanci don siffanta rikice-rikicen koyarwa.

Rauni: Babban aibin yana cikin hanyar: binciken iyakoki yana bayyana, baya ba da umarni. Takardar ta yi hujja cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike amma ta ba da ƴan hasashe na zahiri game da abin da wannan binciken zai yi kama da shi. Ina ƙirar da za a iya gwadawa? Tattaunawar "dabarun" ta kasance a sarari. Bugu da ƙari, ta dogara sosai kan yarjejeniya ("malamai da yawa sun yarda") maimakon zurfafa cikin shaidar sabani ko muhawara a cikin KSHB, kamar tattaunawar tsananin game da Ka'idar Samun Ƙwarewa da Emergentism.

5.4 Abubuwan Da Za'a Iya Aiwatarwa

Ga masu bincike: Ku daina ɗaukar nahawu a matsayin ma'auni guda ɗaya. Binciken gaba dole ne ya rarraba shi—morphosyntax da syntax, koyo bisa ƙa'ida da na abu. Yi amfani da hoton jijiyoyi (fMRI, EEG) da bin ido don bincika tsarin samun a fakaice kai tsaye, wucewa bayan bayanan rahoton kai. Ga malamai da masu tsara manhaja: Abin da za a ɗauka ba shine komawa ga atisayen fassarar nahawu ba. Yana da tsara hanyoyin shiga tsakani waɗanda ke haifar da "lura" da siffofin nahawu a cikin ayyuka masu ban sha'awa, na sadarwa. Ku saka hannun jari a cikin ci gaban ƙwararru wanda ke motsa malamai bayan rarrabuwar ƙa'ida/bayyani zuwa ƙirar nahawu a matsayin albarkatun yin ma'ana mai ƙarfi.

6. Tsarin Fasaha & Alkiblar Gaba

6.1 Misalin Tsarin Bincike

Harka: Nazarin Tasirin Nau'ikan Amsa Mai Gyara. Don matsawa daga kiran da ba a bayyana ba na "dabarun da suka fi dacewa," masu bincike za su iya ɗaukar tsarin bincike na micro-genetic. Maimakon gwaje-gwaje kafin da bayan kawai, wannan ya ƙunshi yawan samfurori, maimaitawa na aikin ɗalibi akan tsarin nahawu da aka yi niyya (misali, -ed na lokacin da ya wuce na Turanci) yayin hulɗa.

Hanyar Aiki:

1. Tushe: Yi rikodin amfani da tsarin da aka yi niyya na ɗalibi na gaggawa.
2. Zagayowar Shiga Tsakani: Yayin aikin da aka mai da hankali, ba da ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan amsa guda uku a kan kuskure:
   • Maimaitawa: Gyara kuskuren a fakaice ("Ya tafi jiya?" -> "E, ya tafi jiya.").
   • Tunatarwa: Tura ɗalibin ya gyara kansa ("Ya tafi jiya?" -> "Za ka iya sake faɗin hakan? Yi tunani game da lokacin da ya wuce.").
   • Bayani na Metalinguistic: Bayanin ƙa'ida na bayyane ("Ka tuna, don lokacin da ya wuce na yau da kullun, ƙara -ed.").
3. Matsalolin Bayanai: Bayan kowane lamari na amsa, bi (a) ɗauka/gyara nan take, (b) riƙewa a cikin juzu'i na gaba, da (c) aikin gwaji na jinkiri.

Wannan tsarin yana haifar da bayanai masu yawa game da tsarin samun, yana bayyane wane nau'in amsa ya fi tasiri wajen haifar da kwatancin fahimi da haɗin kai ga takamaiman bayanin martabar ɗalibi.

6.2 Aikace-aikace & Binciken Gaba

Gaba yana cikin samun nahawu na keɓance, wanda aka haɓaka ta fasaha. Dandamali na koyo masu daidaitawa (kamar Duolingo amma tare da ƙarin tushe na ka'idoji) na iya amfani da algorithms don gano tsarin nahawun harshe na tsakanin ɗalibi da kuma isar da keɓaɓɓen aiki, ambaliyar shigarwa ko aiki mai mai da hankali. Bincike ya kamata ya bincika haɗakar wakilan tattaunawa da ke tafiyar da AI waɗanda ke ba da amsa mai gyara mai da hankali ga yanayi, a fakaice. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar nazarin tsakanin harsuna don tantance ko jerin samun takamaiman siffofi na nahawu na duniya ne ko na musamman ga harshe, yana ba da sanarwar kayan koyarwa masu zurfi. Manufa ta ƙarshe ita ce ƙira inda koyarwar nahawu ba ta zama keɓaɓɓen tsari ba amma tsarin tallafi na bayanai da aka haɗa, wanda ba a iya raba shi, don haɓakar harshe na sadarwa.

7. Nassoshi

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