Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
- 2. Mahallin Bincike & Hanyoyin Bincike
- 3. Tsarin Ka'idar & Muhimman Ra'ayoyi
- 4. Nazarin Maganganun Dalibai & Binciken
- 5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Samfuran Ra'ayi
- 6. Sakamako & Abubuwan Da Ake Nufi
- 7. Tsarin Nazari & Misalin Lamari
- 8. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Jagororin Bincike
- 9. Nassoshi
- 10. Nazarin Kwararru & Zargi
1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
Wannan binciken ya binciki maganganun daliban aji uku masu koyon Turanci (ELLs) yayin da suke binciken kimiyyar lissafi na sauti, musamman yadda tsayin igiya da tsananin ta ke shafar sautin da take fitarwa. Duk da sanannen mahimmancin binciken kimiyyi da muhawara a ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, waɗannan ayyukan galibi ba sa samuwa a cikin azuzuwan da ke hidimar ELLs. Binciken ya magance wani gibi mai mahimmanci ta hanyar nazarin yadda ELLs ke amfani da harshen yau da kullum don fahimtar ra'ayoyin kimiyya na ilimi da kuma yadda wannan tsarin ke tallafawa fahimtar ra'ayi da ci gaban harshen Turanci.
Babban tambayoyin binciken sune: (i) Ta yaya ELLs ke amfani da harshen yau da kullum don fahimtar kimiyyar lissafi? (ii) Ta yaya harshen yau da kullum da na ilimi ke mu'amala yayin tsarin fahimtar ma'ana?
2. Mahallin Bincike & Hanyoyin Bincike
An gudanar da binciken a wata babbar makarantar gwamnati ta K-8 a cikin birni mai yawan ELLs.
2.1. Bayanan Mahalarta
Dalibai goma sha uku na aji uku sun shiga. An yi musu rajista a cikin Shirin Nitsar Turanci Mai Kariya (Sheltered English Immersion Program - SEIP). Ajin yana da bambancin harshe, tare da wakiltar harsuna daban-daban tara na farko a tsakanin dalibai daga ƙasashe tara. Tsawon zama a Amurka ya bambanta daga haihuwa a Amurka zuwa isowa watanni uku kacal kafin binciken.
Hoton Alkaluman Makaranta
- Daliban ESL: 66%
- Abincin Kyauta & Rage: 76%
- Hispanic: 45%
- Fari: 31%
- Asiya: 13%
- Ba'amurke Baƙar fata: 9%
2.2. Yanayin Ajin & Tattara Bayanai
An tattara bayanai yayin sashin kimiyya na Sauti. Zama na baya sun gabatar da muhimman ra'ayoyi kamar girgiza (vibrations) da halayensu (ƙara, sautin murya, gudun, girma). Lamarin da aka yi nazari ya ƙunshi dalibai suna tattauna abubuwan lura daga gwaji inda suka buga mai mulki (ruler) don binciko samar da sauti.
3. Tsarin Ka'idar & Muhimman Ra'ayoyi
3.1. Sarari Na Uku a cikin Koyo
Binciken ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin "Sarari Na Uku"—wata magana gauraye da ke fitowa lokacin da harshen yau da kullum na ɗalibai, gogewa da kuma abubuwan da suka saba suka haɗu da harshe na ilimi da ra'ayoyi na yau da kullum. Wannan sarari yana da amfani ga koyo saboda yana ba da damar yin shawarwari kan ma'ana.
3.2. Dabarun Tunani a Kimiyya
Nazarin ya mayar da hankali kan dabarun tunani guda uku da ɗalibai suka yi amfani da su:
- Tunani na Gwaninta (Experiential): Zana gogewa ta sirri, rayuwa (misali, "Yana sauti kamar guitar dina").
- Tunani na Hasashe (Imaginative): Yin amfani da kwatance, misali, ko labari don bayyana al'amura.
- Tunani na Tsari (Mechanistic): Ƙoƙarin bayyana sarkar dalili ko tsarin da ke bayanin abin da aka lura (misali, haɗa igiya mai tsanani da saurin girgiza zuwa sautin murya mai girma).
4. Nazarin Maganganun Dalibai & Binciken
4.1. Amfani da Harshen Yau da Kullum
Da farko ɗalibai sun yi amfani da harshe mai wadata, mai siffantawa daga gogewar gida da wasa don bayyana sauti (misali, "kamar ƙarar beran," "boing"). Wannan ƙamus na yau da kullum ya zama gada zuwa ƙarin ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa kamar sautin murya da mitar (frequency).
4.2. Mu'amalar Tsarin Harshe
Maganganun sun nuna mu'amala mai ƙarfi. Dalibi zai iya farawa da kalmar yau da kullum ("tight" - mai tsanani), malami zai iya gabatar da ma'ana ɗaya na ilimi ("high tension" - tsananin tashin hankali), kuma dalibi daga baya zai yi amfani da duka biyun, yana nuna haɗakar ra'ayi.
4.3. Matakan Tunani Na Tsari (Mechanistic)
Dalibai sun nuna matakan tunani na tsari daban-daban. Wasu sun yi sauƙaƙan alaƙa ("mai mulki mai tsayi, sauti ƙasa"). Wasu kuma sun fara gina sarkar dalili: "Lokacin da na ja shi da ƙarfi [ƙara tsanani], yana girgiza da sauri [mita mafi girma], don haka sautin ya fi girma [sautin murya mafi girma]." Binciken ya gano cewa barin magana cikin harsuna da yawa da zana gogewar yau da kullum sun tallafa wa haɓakar ƙarin bayanai masu tsari na tsari.
5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Samfuran Ra'ayi
Babban ra'ayin kimiyyar lissafi da aka bincika shine alaƙar tsakanin kaddarorin jiki na igiya da sautin da take fitarwa, wanda dokar igiyar da ke girgiza (wave equation) ke gudanarwa. Babban mitar $f$ ana bayar da ita ta hanyar:
$f = \frac{1}{2L} \sqrt{\frac{T}{\mu}}$
Inda:
- $L$ = tsayin igiya
- $T$ = tsananin tashin hankali a cikin igiya
- $\mu$ = yawan nauyin layi (linear mass density)
Wannan dabarar tana nuna cewa mitar (wanda ake ganin sautin murya) yana da saba da tsayi kuma yana daidai da tushen murabba'in tsanani. Binciken ɗalibai—canza tsayi da tsanani akan mai mulki—yana sarrafa waɗannan masu canzawa kai tsaye.
6. Sakamako & Abubuwan Da Ake Nufi
Babban Bincike 1: ELLs sun sami nasarar shiga cikin fahimtar kimiyya ta hanyar amfani da tarin harsunansu na yare da yawa da gogewar yau da kullum. "Sarari Na Uku" ya kasance ƙasa mai albarka don haɓakar ra'ayi.
Babban Bincike 2: Amfani da tunani na gwaninta da na hasashe sau da yawa ya riga ya tallafa wa haɓakar ƙarin tunani na tsari na yau da kullum.
Babban Bincike 3: Binciken kimiyyar lissafi ya ba da mahallin ma'ana, na raba don amfani da Ingilishi na gaske, yana haɓaka dabarun maganganun kimiyya da ƙwarewar harshe gabaɗaya.
Abin da ake nufi: Ya kamata a tsara azuzuwan kimiyya na ELLs a matsayin mahallin koyo masu tasowa waɗanda da gangan ke gayyatar da kuma daraja harsunan gida na ɗalibai da tunanin yau da kullum a matsayin albarkatun halatta don gina fahimtar ilimi.
7. Tsarin Nazari & Misalin Lamari
Tsarin Nazarin Maganganun Kimiyya na ELL:
- Rubuta tattaunawar ɗalibai yayin binciken kimiyya.
- Yi lamba ga furucin don tushen harshe: Yau da Kullum (E), Ilimi (A), ko Gauraye (H).
- Yi lamba ga nau'in tunani: Gwaninta (Exp), Hasashe (Img), Tsari (Mech).
- Zana jerin don gano tsari (misali, E -> H -> A; ko Exp -> Img -> Mech).
- Nemi lokutan inda harshe ko tunani ya canza, yana nuna gada ta ra'ayi ko gwagwarmaya.
Misalin Nazari:
Furucin Dalibi: "Wannan [gajeren mai mulki] yana kama da ɗan tsuntsu, tweet tweet! [E, Img] Dogon yana kama da muryar babana, woooom. [E, Img] Wataƙila saboda abu mai tsayi yana da ƙarin sarari don... girgiza a hankali? [H, Mech]"
Nazari: Dalibi ya fara da kwatance na hasashe, na yau da kullum. Furucin ƙarshe yana nuna ƙoƙarin harshe gauraye ("girgiza" na yau da kullum ne; ra'ayin jinkirin da ke da alaƙa da girma na tsari ne) don bayyana bambanci, yana nuna sauyi zuwa tunanin tsari.
8. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Jagororin Bincike
1. Ƙirar Manhaja: Haɓaka manhajojin kimiyya-harshe gauraye waɗanda suke tsara da gina "Sarari Na Uku" a fili. Rukunoni ya kamata su fara da al'amuran da ke da alaƙa da rayuwar ɗalibai.
2. Ci gaban Ƙwararrun Malamai: Horar da malamai don gane da daraja dabarun tunani daban-daban da kuma gabatar da harshen ilimi a cikin mahalli da dabarun.
3>Koyo Mai Haɓaka da Fasaha: Ƙirƙiri kayan aikin dijital masu yanayi da yawa (misali, ƙa'idodin app tare da hangen nesa na sauti tare da tallafin ƙamus) waɗanda ke ba ELLs damar ganin tsarin girgiza da ya dace da "sautin murya mai girma" ko "tsananin tashin hankali ƙasa".
4. Bincike na Tsawon Lokaci (Longitudinal): Bi diddigin yadda gogewar farko da binciken kimiyya a cikin "Sarari Na Uku" ke shafar ainihin STEM da nasara na ELLs na dogon lokaci.
5. Nazarin Tsakanin Harsuna (Cross-Linguistic): Bincika yadda takamaiman harsunan farko (misali, waɗanda ke da al'adun onomatopoeic masu wadata don sauti) ke shafar hanyar haɓakar ra'ayin kimiyyar lissafi.
9. Nassoshi
- National Center for Education Statistics. (2022). English Learners in Public Schools. U.S. Department of Education.
- Moje, E. B., et al. (2004). Working toward third space in content area literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 39(1), 38-70.
- Russ, R. S., Scherr, R. E., Hammer, D., & Mikeska, J. (2008). Recognizing mechanistic reasoning in student scientific inquiry. Science Education, 92(3), 499-525.
- Lee, O., & Buxton, C. A. (2013). Integrating science and English proficiency for English language learners. Theory Into Practice, 52(1), 36-42.
- National Research Council. (2012). A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. National Academies Press.
- ERIC Database. www.eric.ed.gov
10. Nazarin Kwararru & Zargi
Babban Fahimta: Suarez da Otero sun sami zinariya ta hanyar gano binciken kimiyyar lissafi ba a matsayin shinge ga ELLs ba, amma a matsayin mai ƙarfi, ƙaramin abin haɓaka don haɓakar biyu—na ra'ayi da na harshe. Ainihin ƙirƙira ba ka'idar "Sarari Na Uku" ba ce (wacce aka kafa a cikin nazarin karatu), amma aikace-aikacenta a matsayin ƙa'idar ƙira don koyarwar kimiyya mai daidaito. Wannan yana sake fasalin labarin "rashi" na ELL zuwa na tushen kadari, haɗakar fahimi.
Kwararren Magana: Hujjar tana da ban sha'awa: Canje-canjen alƙaluma suna buƙatar sabbin hanyoyi → Hanyoyin gargajiya sun kasa ELLs a kimiyya → Bayananmu sun nuna ELLs suna amfani da tunani mai wadata, gauraye lokacin da aka ba su dama → Don haka, dole ne mu tsara azuzuwan don haɓaka wannan "Sarari Na Uku". Haɗin tsakanin barin maganganun na yau da kullum da fitowar tunanin tsari shine mahimmin juzu'i na tushen shaida a cikin tunaninsu.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfi: Binciken yana da hazaka a aikace. Ya yi daidai da kira na Tsarin Ilimin Kimiyya na K-12 na "kimiyya a matsayin aiki" yayin da yake magance daidaito. Ƙananan nazarin magana yana ba da tabbataccen hujja. Ya yi daidai da manyan yanayin AI da ilimi (misali, bincike daga Makarantar Koyon Ilimi ta Stanford akan koyo mai yanayi da yawa) waɗanda ke jaddada wakilci da shigarwar shiga da yawa.
Kurakurai Mai Muhimmanci: Girman binciken shine Achilles' heel dinsa. Tare da n=13 a cikin ajin ɗaya, shaida ce mai ƙarfi amma ba za a iya yin ta gabaɗaya ba. Takardar ta dogara sosai akan alƙawarin hanyar ba tare da cikakken bayanin ginawa da ake buƙata ba. Ta yaya malami yake jagorantar "girgiza" zuwa "mita" akai-akai ba tare da rufe kwatancin farko, mai amfani ba? "Yadda" koyarwa ya kasance a cikin akwatin baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ya kaurace wa matsalar tantancewa—ta yaya muke auna tunanin tsari ta hanyar da ke ba da darajar amfani da harshe gauraye?
Fahimta Mai Aiki:
- Ga Masu Haɓaka Manhaja: Ƙirƙiri ƙirar "Sarari Na Uku" na kimiyya. Fara rukunoni tare da "bangon al'amari" inda ɗalibai suka sanya kalmomin asali, sauti, da gogewa masu alaƙa da batun. Ƙirƙira tambayoyi waɗanda ke tambayar kwatanta da gogewar gida a fili.
- Ga Shugabannin Makarantu: Ƙaddara lokacin haɗin gwiwar tsara shirye-shirye don malaman ESL da kimiyya. Haɗin kai ba zai iya zama ƙari ba. Saka hannun jari a cikin sauƙaƙan kayan aikin kimiyyar lissafi na taɓawa (igiyoyi, masu mulki, na'urori masu auna firikwensin) waɗanda ke samar da bayanai nan take, waɗanda za a iya tattaunawa.
- Ga Masu Bincike: Maimaita wannan a ma'auni. Yi amfani da tsarin nazarin da aka bayar a nan a matsayin ma'auni a cikin manyan binciken da aka sarrafa. Haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin fasahar ilimi don gina kayan aikin sarrafa harshe na halitta waɗanda zasu iya nazarin sautin ajin don tsarin canjin tunani, suna ba da ra'ayi na ainihin lokaci ga malamai.
- Ga Masu Tsara Manufofi: Mayar da kuɗin ci gaban ƙwararrun. Matsa daga "dabarun ELL" na gabaɗaya zuwa horo na musamman kan sauƙaƙar magana a kimiyya da lissafi. Wannan binciken shiri ne don juya ƙalubalen alƙaluma zuwa injin koyo mai zurfi, mafi haɗa kai ga duk ɗalibai.